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Presents abstracts of research papers and speeches on geographic study. Erosion cycle in a rugged mountain region and changes in settlement patterns at the eastern Canadian Arctic; Contributions of U.S. scientists to the geographic knowledge of the Central Pacific; Establishment of a unique climatic study.

The article reflects on the pursuit of pure science by the scientific community in the U.S. Indications showed that this endeavor is becoming more and more expensive. The authors of this paper attempts to defend one special kind of pure science, the physics of elementary particles. This is the branch of physics that looks for the fundamental constituents of matter. They proposed that in any intelligent discussion of the impact of pure science in society, it must be based upon knowledge of the development of modern physics and of the role of the study of elementary particles in the history of science.

The article offers news briefs related to education. The third in a series of meetings of Francophone scholars of comparative studies was held at the Center International d'Etudes Pédagogiques, Sèvres last January conducted by the auspices of the French Ministry of Education. The Sixth General Conference of the Comparative Education Society in Europe will be held on June 4-9, 1973 at Frascati, Italy. A recent report on the upper academic secondary curriculum in Europe in chemistry, physics, the mother of tongue and economics, published by the Oxford/Council of Europe Study for the Curriculum and Examinations.

Explores the physiographic divisions of the U.S. Explanations concerning the need of natural divisions; Details of the work of the Association of American Geographers; Account of the designation by professor W. M. Davis of dominant factors in topography.

The article presents the personal narrative of Luis W. Alvarez and his visit of Ernest Lawrence's laboratory in Berkeley. He accounts his visit of the old building in Berkeley as the most exciting place he has ever visited for new physics was done on that place every day. Lawrence's laboratory had accelerators each powered by a radio-frequency oscillator. Alvarez mentions the fact that Lawrence talked about the Sloan tube and the cyclotron. he reveals that he was impressed by pieces of experimental equipment in the Radiation Laboratory.

The article presents the personal narrative of Otto R. Frisch and his involvement in nuclear fission. He considers his part in its study as a result of chance. He mentions his interest in physics started with his aunt Lise Meitner's influence. He attributes to chance his presence in the development of Niels Bohr's idea that the atomic nucleus was like a minute drop of liquid. He reveals his summary article on nuclear physics for the 1939 annual report on the progress of chemistry is again the result of chance.

The article reports on the rise of international cooperation among the scientific community in high energy physics. Before the Second World War broke out, and even before the advent of Adolf Hitler, the basic research enterprise in physics was concentrated in Western Europe, and to a remarkable extent in Germany. The great emigration to the U.S. of German and Italian physicists after 1933, followed by the spectacular contributions of American physics to the winning of the war brought about a marked shift in the center of gravity of physics research towards the U.S. after the Second World War.

The article aims to describe the philosophy of physicist Neils Bohr. The author stated that Bohr's philosophy falls into three parts, one that which he understands, one which he did not understand, but he felt it was clear to Bohr, and one that Bohr himself saw only dimly. He also stated that Bohr never brought up to his philosophy as his own and that he used to speak of it as a whole lesson to be illustrated from quantum mechanics. Bohr's philosophical ideas were not originally inspired by physics, but the aspects of the new theory suited his philosophy well. The author also cited Bohr's interests including biology and quantum physics and as well his career developments.

The article focuses on the discovery of the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction. It talks about the performance of the experiment conducted by physicist George Weil, who had withdrawn the cadmium control rod and by his action has unleashed and then controlled the energy of the atom. Accordingly, the experiment was a tribute to physicist Enrico Fermi, with whom, more than to any other one person, the success of the experiment was due. Fermi had been working with uranium for many years, and in 1934 he had bombarded uranium with neutrons and produced what had appeared to be element 93 and element 94.

The article presents the author's comments on the philosophy of science in the Soviet Union. The author notices that in spite of the clear advances in various sectors of Soviet science and the much publicized recognition and even overstatement of Soviet attainments on the part of some who before had denied the very possibility of high-level Soviet accomplishment, the tendency persists to view the dynamics of Soviet science simplistically in terms of what has happened in genetics and to dismiss the contrary evidence of Soviet progress in the physical sciences as the result of a special dispensation from the Soviet leadership. Thus, the author holds that Soviet science is indeed compatible with totalitarianism, in fact, it has grown into a strong knowledge that the world is worried of.

The article focuses on atomic energy programs in the U.S. in 1950. The production of uranium 235 and plutonium was at the highest. Atomic weapons and fissionable material were produced at the rate authorized by the U.S. President for 1950. Progress on the nuclear reactor development program are discussed. Several nuclear facilities were constructed. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) supported research developments in physical sciences, established fellowship programs, considered ways to urge private financing of real estate development and completed its inventory and cost appraisal of its plant and equipment. A special panel was appointed to study the security system by the AEC. A working committee was established to evaluate technological information useful to industry.

The article explores the status of the physicists, specifically the merits and perils associated with the profession, as of mid-twentieth century. Contributions of physicists throughout the world include the universal distribution of electric light and power by Michael Faraday, the discovery of X-ray machines which makes diagnosis of internal injuries easier and faster, and the establishment of instantaneous wireless communication. It is inferred that projects in which the physicists played a prominent role were successful such as the primitive radar equipment which enabled a pitifully small number of Spitfire pilots to win the Battle of Britain.

The article presents a speech by J. Robert Oppenheimer, Director of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. He discusses different applications and disciplines in science, universality, interaction of science and technology, the role of scientists, and scientific approaches to social problems.

The article presents a discussion on radiation chemistry. It also cites a brief history of radiation chemistry which started in 1942 when a group of physicists met in Chicago, Illinois to outline a chemical attack on atomic energy. Radiation chemistry or photo-chemistry is a highly essential phase of atomic energy development. It also cites the studies conducted on the effects of high-energy radiation which resulted in the finding that chemical elements alone were chemically insensitive. It also presents the new types of radiation and examines the effects of high-energy radiation on biological materials.

The article presents an interview with the scientist named Hannes Alfven. When asked about space exploration, he refers to its impact on the advanced studying of plasma physics. He has stated that the solar system evolved from plasmas. Moreover, Alfven described in detail his plan for an asteroid mission.

The article discusses the author's perspective on the developments of science in the U.S. after the World War II. He points that the meeting of the imagination and enthusiasm of the scientists through large-scale enterprises resulted in an unprecedented rate of development. He emphasizes that the possible success gave a complete solution to those problems which can be solved with relative ease. He adds that this development is useful for applied fields which include solid state physics, computer technology, and in space effort.

Information about the International Conference on High-Energy Physics on May 14, 1956 in Moscow, Russia is presented. The event took place in the lecture halls of buildings belonging to the Academy of Sciences. It opened with a general session, in which a description was given of the existing big accelerators in Russia and of the ones under construction and under planning.

Concepts find expression only through patterns of symbols, thus models provide researchers with handles on reality. But most conflict analysts would insist that a useful model is more than a conceptual framework for organizing physical phenomena, it is also a theoretical formulation for postulating relationships and predicting observable events. And for quantitative purposes, it is also desirable for the model to utilize a closed symbol system which preserves the important relationships among the referents. Such models are termed analytic and are commonplace in the physical sciences. Because the purpose of a model is to simplify complex phenomena, it is inevitable that certain elements of conflict are omitted.

This article presents a comparative study of the determination of Ph.D. dissertations in the physical and social sciences. Physicists are the most likely to cite their own dissertations and also the most likely to cite dissertations from international sources. Political scientists are the most likely to avail themselves of findings outside the immediate locale of the citer. In both the physical and social sciences approximately 70 percent of the citations refer to dissertations which are cited within five years of their approval. No similar studies exist for political science and the physical sciences, but the existent data suggest the possible hypothesis that the dissemination of information in the social science journals is more dependent upon the relationship between the doctoral origins of journal editors and contributors than is the case in the physical science. Political scientists are the most likely to avail themselves of findings outside the immediate locale of the citer, 60.9 percent, with physicists being the least likely a 18.4 percent.

A distinction between two types of concepts, N-concepts and S-concepts, is presented. It is claimed that there is a fundamental difference between these two types of concepts and that S-concepts are used only in the social sciences, not in the natural sciences; hence there is a fundamental difference between social and natural science. Also, several different kinds of S-concepts - primary and derived, intra-cranial and extra-cranial, descriptions and evaluations, etc. - are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of physical models in sociology. The author feels that one of the reasons why physical terms are used by social scientists is because physics is best known among the sciences and this makes the reference to its elementary terms easily understandable. The author at the same time also feels that another reason for this may be that social scientists want to draw on the prestige of physics as the most advanced among all sciences. The author says that a social scientists, when asked to measure the terms used might resort to pressing the analogy too far by drawing on the properties of her physical model without having prepared his social system so as to be in some sense isomorphic to his physical system or he may introduce trivial or irrelevant categories or variables in his social system so as to fit more or less. The author feels that reasoning inside a physical model does not only require an abstract effort, it somehow makes use of our experiences with the physical world as well, thus making the use of physical models conducive to theoretical sociological work, but great care must be taken.

The article discusses value as the unifying concept of the social sciences. There is a clear indication that the best thought of the present time is disposed to view each distinct scientific area as a special case of some broader and more general principles with which every science must be concerned. There is a real sense in which all science is a conscious attempt to identify the invariants of form amid the changing content of variegated experiences. There is a true unity of the senses and a consequent unity of the arts that appeal to different exteroceptive channels, so there is a true interdependence among the sciences. The real subject matter of all the social sciences is clearly identified as the cataloging of human needs and the construction and testing of devices for their satisfaction. If the study of a culture cannot be pursued without an examination of the premier values that the culture embodies, then it is thought that physical science and technology are affected by the special values of the persons who transmit and develop them.

To sum up briefly: Firstly, the laws we invent are generalizations covering a vast number of data, not the laws of command which strict determinism suggests. If we find analogies in social laws it is because we must work on statistically derived means of behavior, rather than on the seemingly exclusive categories—like cause and effect—of the physical sciences. Secondly, the search for ultimate causes is as meaningless as the limiting of geography to examine one cause among many. Each circumstance must be set against the historical frame of reference wherein its origin lies, and it is in that context that the geographer will most nearly approach the solution of causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the historical geography of the U.S. Notion of physical geography embodied in the recommendations; Evidence of disagreement about physical geography; Definitions of geography in the twentieth century.

Explores microgeography in a piece of land in northern Illinois. Inclusion of microgeography and illustrations; Involvement of the interlocking of human life over the whole earth in problems of the time; Observation of establishments from a geographic point of view.

Examines the coinage of new terms in geography. Issue on whether one should make some similar brand new term every time a person gets a new idea in geography; Specialists in different sciences differing greatly in the freedom with which they can successfully coin new terms; Need for the object of the language to be understood.

The article presents the statement issued by the Council of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences regarding visas and immigration restrictions in the U.S. The statement, which was transmitted to the President's Commission, tried to convince the government authorities to lift or lower down the restrictions. It called attention to the contribution which Britain had made in the development of penicillin and noted that the production of mesons in a cyclotron was made possible as the result of the introduction of a new technique acquired in England by a visiting physicist from Brazil. Several recommendations regarding the matter are presented.

The article announces awards given to scientists in the U.S. in 1952. The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Dr. Felix Bloch of Stanford University and Dr. Edward Mills Purcell of Harvard University, while the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was shared by Dr. Archer Martin of London and Dr. Richard Synge of Scotland. The Nobel Prize in Medicine was given to Dr. Selman A. Waksman, an American scientist in Rutgers University.