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This article presents an analysis of the cooperative agricultural settlement systems in Israel and the United Arab Republic of Egypt. It seeks to establish significant similarities and differences between the agricultural systems of the two states. Agrarian reform in Egypt provided the foundation for cooperative agriculture and its important developments. In Egypt According to the preliminary reports of the 1960 census, there were almost 400 cooperative settlements, with a combined population of almost 200,000 persons. In Israel, in 1960, there were 347 cooperative settlements and a combined population of close to 120,000 persons. In both countries the tendency has been toward an increase in the number of cooperative settlements and in the number of persons living in them. As more Egyptian land is redistributed, there is continuous formation of new settlements of the cooperative type. The new lands which will become available through irrigation schemes of the High Aswan Dam Project will obviously encourage further growth and development of the cooperative settlement system. Growth in the Israeli system has been greatly influenced by continuous immigration. The regional planning schemes call for the inclusion of new cooperative settlements, denoting an optimistic outlook with regard to cooperative settlements in Israel. Certain characteristics implied and discussed in this study distinguish the cooperative settlements from collective enterprises. The distinctions made by researchers M.S. Menon and Otto Schiller would support the use of the term cooperative in this study. In Israel there are two major forms of agricultural cooperatives, the kibbutz (communal settlement) and the moshav ovdim (cooperative small-holders' settlement). This paper compares only the latter with the Egyptian Agricultural Cooperatives of Land Reform (Al-'Gamiat Al'Taawoonia Lil Islah Al'Zirai).

The article focuses on the needs in physics in Egypt and discusses ways in which the U.S. aid program could give effective help. There is a great shortage of equipment for instruction and research at the universities and even the Atomic Energy Establishment at En Shass which has adequate equipment and lacks the trained personnel to use it. The relatively prohibitive cost of the U.S. and westem European equipment over that from the Soviet Union and her satellites makes it difficult for the U.S. to help the United Arab Republic remedy her lack of equipment. The Russian bids on specified electronic equipment run from one third to one half of the prices asked by the U.S. and western European firms.

The ancient Egyptians often regarded anal intercourse as a sign of submissive behavior and Egyptian mythology includes several stories demonstrating this belief. Whether this belief derived from a magical belief or from observation of animals or from an attempt to make a man ‘womanlike’ is uncertain. Evidently quite early in recorded history, however, there is evidence that man recognized that certain forms of sexual behavior implied a dominant-submissive relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author focuses on the relationship between agriculture and industry in Egyptian economic development since 1938. The author remarks that to test predictions derived from the economist W.A. Lewis theory of growth against Egyptian data may throw some light on the relevance of the model. Lewis assumes disguised unemployment in the subsistence sector. This implies that the supply curve of unskilled labour to industry is perfectly elastic. The operation of the model is familiar. As long as the industrial real wage remains constant and provided that profits are re-invested, the share of profits in national income will increase. And since larger profits mean larger investment capital formation will also grow relatively to national income. According to the author the preliminary question to ask is whether Lewis's assumption with regard to disguised unemployment applies to Egypt. The development of employment in Egyptian industry since 1937 in relation to migration from rural sectors has also been studied.

Presents a study which examined the marginal productivity wage theory and subsistence wage theory in Egyptian agriculture. Hypotheses of agricultural wage determination; Results of time series analysis; Real wages and labor's share in agriculture from 1914 through 1961.

Presents a revision and extension of an estimate of labor requirements in Egyptian agriculture earlier carried out and published by the Ministry of Agriculture in Cairo. Definition of underemployment; Groups of permanent farm labor; Number of working days required for plant production per person in permanent labor force.

The Libyan Desert of the Kurkur area, west of Aswan, was primarily modeled by running water in late Tertiary and early Pleistocene times and has been subsequently remodeled by wind. Analysis of the desert landforms thus sculptured under semiarid to hyperarid conditions shows that drainage characteristics, slope forms and surficial materials are distinctive from those commonly associated with humid environments. Areas of smooth slopes and limited relief are dominant and stream dissection is limited, with very coarse texture a characteristic. Steep, parallel rectilinear mid-slopes off set by sharp, angular breaks in gradient provide a bimodal slope distribution in gentle and steep categories. Lag, talus and water-transported scree essentially replace the concept of the soil mantle. Alluvial and colluvial deposits are extensive even though thin and rarely activated. This example from Kurkur suggests that systematic studies of land-form differences between arid and humid environments are both possible and desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on 'Precepts of Kagemni and Ptah-Hotep,' which is considered to be the oldest manuscript in existence and contains the written version of a set of teachings regarding speech which dates back to the early Egyptian dynasties. Direct quotation wit reference to speech which have been identified; Significance of mention of a vizier during the reign of Huni of the Third Dynasty; Information about vizier Ptah-Hotep who held office under the reign of Isesi of the Fifth Dynasty.

This article discusses the influential factors in the acceptance of birth control and the consequential approaches to family planning by focusing on the classic example of Egypt. The majority of Moslem authorities have declared the use of contraceptives lawful. All four orthodox schools of Islamic law have allowed the use of coitus interruptus, and more recently there have been other official pronouncements allowing birth control for health purposes only and setting the consent of the wife as a prerequisite. Most of the authorities seem to oppose sterilization and the Egyptian "fatwa" (respected Moslem authority) has declared that abortion is permissible only if the mother's health is endangered. The fatwa emphasizes that the purpose of marriage is procreation, but believes that man should be able to provide adequately for his children. The Egyptian peasants, however, are much less concerned with what the Moslem authorities state on the subject of birth control, since the official Moslem opinion does not crucially affect their lives. What is more important is their basic orientation and view of the world.