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The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

The article reports on the research functions of the Atomic Development Authority(ADA). The papers presented by Australia, Britain, U.S., Canada, Poland and France suggest that research concerned with bombs or radioactive poisons should be confined to the laboratories of the ADA. Sir Charles Darwin proposes the construction of two laboratories in North America, two in Western Europe, one in the southern hemisphere, and one in the U.S.S.R. Each laboratory should have a staff of 100 scientists with $10,000 salary.

Discusses French trade history during the American war for independence, 1776-1783, in light of the Boulton and Watt papers in Great Britain. The hazards challenging 18th century merchants trading overseas; Entry of the 'Steam Engine Parliament' into the shipping business; The business of Bouton and Wattt, selling steam pumping engines to Cornish mine proprietors, in collaboration with John Wilkinson, the chief supplier of heavy castings, operating at Bersham iron works; The issue of Wilkinson supplying canons to France; The problem of shipping equipment to French industrialists during war-time controls; Watt's contact in government, William the second earl of Dartmouth; Vessels used to transport engines; Influence of brothers Jacques Constantin Perier and Augustin Charles Perier.

When the scheme of morphological subdivision propounded is applied to Western Europe, the Central Massif of France appears as a physiographic province with a unity of major relief type and structural evolution. The geographical regions within this province have two other important features in common: they have a similar history and the majority are characterized by a "mountainous centrality" with regard to the rest of France. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the emergence of the general patterns of road and rail communications in these regions.

This paper completes the account of Family Allowance Policy in France. This section deals with developments after the war, and gives an account of the changes and developments that were made necessary in the population programme as a result of post-war conditions. An attempt is made to evaluate the significance of the programme in relation to the recent rise in French fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes developments in French policy on contraception and abortion during the occupation and since the liberation. It includes an account of the relevant legislation and the resulting medical, judicial and police activity, as well as some information regarding abortees and abortionists. The latter, of necessity, relates only to cases which have come to the attention of the authorities or the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on Christianity in France. Campaign of Catholics and Protestants against secular humanism and rationalism; Preaching style of the Protestant Adolphe Monod; Importance of preaching; Motive in approaching the study of elocution.

The article deals with the recent widespread increase in marriage rates in the Western world. A convenient method of studying aspects of the recent history of marriage is provided by easily available data regarding the proportion of single persons at various dates. The article uses these data to disentangle two effects in the marriage boom: the extent to which the cohorts whose marriages have formed the main contribution to the marriage boom are marrying more, i.e. whether the proportion who will ultimately remain single is likely to be lower than in previous generations, the extent to which the mean age at marriage of these generations is likely to fall below that of their predecessors. The raw material for the computations to be presented consists of the proportions single at two recent dates for each of thirteen countries used in the study. The countries included in the study are Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. The study from the proportion single shows that both reduction in the age at marriage and an increase in the proportion marrying at least once in the course of their lives is occurring in several countries.

The article assesses the health effects of the French nuclear bomb tests in the Pacific Ocean on the Australian people. A table showing the average outdoor gamma doses for the Australian population is presented. The reports of the National Radiation Advisory Committee concluded that the French nuclear weapons tests were of no significance as a hazard to the health of the Australian population. It stated that the dose was small in comparison to the average natural radiation. Another table on the estimated yield from several types of nuclear explosives and yield from fissile isotopes is shown.

The article focuses on the emergence of global manufacturing of nuclear weapons and the formation of joint development programs which will provide aid in its production. Four nations are declared to have been manufacturing nuclear weapons through basically freelance efforts wherein three of these countries are found to have large reserves of high end weapons and the ways of delivering them against their foes. France had made the U-235 nuclear arm while China is recognize for its technical installations. India has a dynamic nuclear program for achieving peace and Israel is said to have a military nuclear program under the guidance of its army. Joint development programs were formed to provide aid in producing nuclear arms and delivery vehicles which are usually through cost-sharing basis.

The article reports on the joint proposal of France, Great Britain and United States for a program on regulation, limitation and balanced reduction of all armaments and armed forces. The First Committee took the three nations draft resolutions on the top of its agenda, several days after the Sixth General Assembly on November 6, 1951 in Paris, France. In their proposal, the three states incorporated the recommendation of the Committee of Twelve for a single new disarmament commission. This commission will be tasked to prepare proposals to be embodied in a draft treaty according to several guiding principles. One of the principles indicate that the United Nations plan for international control of atomic energy and weapons to continue serving as the basis for atomic energy control.

The article presents several statements that were read at various conferences held within the French Atomic Energy Commission toward the end of 1949. Professor F. Joliot-Curie discussed the Commissariat's efforts on completing and putting into operation the first French atomic pile of uranium oxide and heavy water. Dr. L. Kowarski elaborated on the purpose of the operation of the first pile. Dr. J. Gueron centered on the function of the General Chemistry division in analyzing and controlling of substances to be integrated in the pile. Dr. B. Goldschmidt explained the responsibility of Applied Chemistry division in the production of uranium compounds, oxide and metal.

The article presents a speech by L. Kowarski, Scientific Director of the French Atomic Energy Commission, delivered at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, February 6, 1948. He discusses the developments of atomic energy in France including the construction of nuclear reactor and cyclotron, and the development of physical testing methods and chemical research programs for preparation of graphite and uranium. Atomic energy developments in other European countries are also presented.

The article examines the patterns of access to business leadership in France. The question of patterns of access to elite membership has been a recurrent one in the literature on elites. It has been especially prominent in studies of business elites, and most such studies dutifully include information on the social origins and educational attainments of elite members. Without denying the emergence and great importance of some managerially controlled firms, it may be that the generally accepted view of the situation in the United States has been applied to the business elites, of other countries with insufficient care. The analysis seeks to examine the effects of some of these mechanisms in the case of access to business leadership in France. Differences in patterns of access can be described in terms of differences in the experiences and strategies of founders, heirs, managers, and owner-managers. Founders and heirs, for example, display radically divergent patterns in terms of social origins, education, and even in the growth rates of their firms. In order to research the problem of access to the business elite in terms of the possible formation of a hereditary technocracy, future inquiries will need to investigate a number of factors which have generally been ignored in studies of the patterns of access to business elite membership.

The population and economic power of France are concentrated east of a line from Le Havre to Marseille, and especially in the Paris agglomeration. A policy of aménagement du territoire has attempted to counter the weight of Paris by encouraging decentralization of factories and offices. Regional metropolises, or métropoles d'équilibre, can provide more effective leadership and better prospects for a new national equilibrium than reliance upon the largest center in each of the twenty-one planning regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In volume V of Business History, (22-44) Professor S. B. Saul presented an important description and analysis of the British motor industry before 1914. The French automobile industry in that period surpassed Great Britain's in importance and the following pages afford a view out through the history of a particular firm. Rochet-Schneider Ltd. was the leader among the half-dozen significant companies in this region during the first decade of motorcar manufacturing. It was another of the many automobile concerns deriving from the bicycle trade, which was as typical a development in France and the United States as it was in Great Britain. The Rochet-Schneider policy of offering costly vehicles to a small luxury market, a programme that it had followed for at least a decade, was gradually pulling it out of the mainstream of the French motor industry in the years before 1914. While a few firms such as Delaunay-Bellevile and Hotchkiss followed the same line as Rochet-Schneider, most of the others, including the two largest by 1914, Renault and Peugeot, had detected the market and were taking advantage of it with lower-priced models. An explanation of the Rochet-Schneider policy may lie in the interests of the Zafiropulo brothers, the leading figures in the firm. Although probably bolder than most French financiers, their wide-ranging investments in railways, mines, shipping lines and petroleum meant that they could devote only part of their attention to the motor industry.

Discusses the mass influx of French capital into Russian industry between 1894 and 1914. Factors which shaped French investment-decisions; Reforms by the Russian government; Evolution of French capital investment; Development of metallurgy in South Russia; Implications of Russia's economic crisis at the turn of the century; Distribution of French capital; Difficulties; Costs; French investment in Russian banks; Risks.

This article presents an ethno-telephonic survey of French Louisiana. The Louisiana French, with distinctive language and culture, number more than half a million whites and additional thousands of African Americans. Surprisingly, the significant culture region of French Louisiana does not appear to have been delimited in detail upon a map hitherto. In the belief that the occurrence of French names would be a valid basis for mapping the distribution of the Louisiana French, the author made a regional analysis of names in the telephone directories of 1939. Directories were assembled from 115 Louisiana and 6 nearby Texas communities, including all exchanges of the regular Bell system of Louisiana and 18 exchanges of local telephone companies.

Delves into the geography of some countries. Discussion of the conditions of countries such as France, Great Britain, Germany and Belgium; Analysis of local causes of factors such as low prestige of geography in some countries; Importance of improving the conditions for geographic research.

The article comments on the evolution of the baccalauréat examination in France citing reforms to the transitional baccaulauré in 1966 and 1967. Problems arise from attempts to adjust an examination indicating the history and evolution of education in the country. French Prime Minister, M. Georges Pompidou has outlined their plans for education which constitutes reform and a revision of the whole structure of advanced secondary and higher education relevant to policies on the democratization of education.

The article discusses key issues concerning the French experience on the difficulties and complexities of educational planning in industrial societies. Key issues discussed include the motives of the state in engaging in educational planning, the social and economic background of educational planning and education policy in France, the key features of French educational policy, the peculiar difficulties and determinants of educational planning in France and the issues' implications for comparative education.

There is considerable evidence to support the proposition that spatial distances between occupational groups are closely related to their social distances. Several studies show that patterns of residential distribution by occupational stratification in a number of American cities in 1950 and 1960 are quite similar to the pattern which was initially observed for Chicago in 1950. There is some reason to believe that the generalization can be extended to include cities in other modern, urban, industrialized nations. There are those persons, on the other hand, who disagree. Theodore Caplow studied Aix-en-Provence (population approximately 27,000) about 1950 and concluded: "The familiar ecological principles which explain urban structure in the United States do not adequately account for urban structure in France…. Indeed, without the influence of uncontrolled land values, spatial distributions in France are often singularly inexpressive of social structure…. Neither the distribution of the population by social class, nor the distribution of institutions by class affiliation conforms to the fundamental spatial division of the community or to any other precise demarcation." It seems possible that this divergence of observations may be a consequence of difference in city size and classification, since studies in the United States have been limited to larger cities. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to make comparisons of residential segregation by occupation between cities which are more nearly alike in both size and function. Paris is the only city in France which approaches Chicago in size. It is true that Paris, a national capital, has more administrative activity, but it is also a raft center with extensive manufacturing, wholesale, and retail trade activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study that makes a cross-cultural comparison of managerial behavior in England and France. A successful manager is a very efficient learning system. He uses the values that he inherits from his culture to forge conditions sufficiently strong for the execution of business. Very often the desired goal, or sub-goal. is not achieved, and this may cause the manager to modify his beliefs--within the limits of his culturally determined value system--and thus his future behavior. According to the model used in the article, the notion of profit is an intellectual abstraction for the French, whereas for the English manager it is more the result of a personal effort. In the French model, if the organization is efficient then profit ensues automatically; if there is no profit, it is due to malformation of some part of the system. In England, personality is brought into play. Lack of profit implies personal failure, which is traceable to managerial weakness, or perversity, an excessive preoccupation with boundary defense perhaps, or lack of cooperation. The Frenchman will react to defeat with detachment or resignation, the Englishman with aggression and defiance. In neither case is such a reaction necessarily logical. The logic of the reaction depends upon a careful a priori evaluation of the value of goal achievement.

The present study deals with mate selection in two populations living in France, the French group and the foreign group, primarily composed of natives of Southern Europe , Spaniards and Italians, and of Moslem immigrants from North-Africa. It is a commonplace to say that in the industrial and urban cultures the patriarchal family has disintegrated in such a way that parents no longer select their children's mate, whereas these have a free choice. However, far from being complete, this freedom is still subject to the influence of several factors the pressure of which the individual is unaware of. In his choice of a spouse, the individual in France is still influenced by factors related to geographical proximity, identical social and occupational category and existing norms relative to mate selection. Homogamy within the kin-group is nevertheless disappearing. Whereas endogamy still subsists in underdeveloped populations, marriages between blood-relations tend to disappear in France.

Although the history of population in Europe is known in broad outline, there are few precise estimates of its size and distribution in pre-censal periods. An attempt is made to review the evidence for population size and population change in the fifteenth century; to calculate densities for as many areas as possible, and by extrapolation. to prepare a population map for France and the Low Countries in the fifteenth century. The primary sources are the hearth rolls, which were compiled for the purposes, and give the number of hearths in each named settlement in a number of areas. Collateral materials of similar quality were used for some urban places not included in the hearth rolls. The map compiled from these data indicates that France and the Low Countries in the fifteenth century were a well-peopled region in which the density of population varied directly with the quality of the soil. Land quality was utilized in extrapolating from the areas for which population density is established to the remainder of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication trends provide insights into the changing character of geographic research and the evolution of national school of geography. Analysis of articles appearing in the Annales de Géographie, a major French geographical publication, reflects changing patterns of emphasis of French geographers. Systematically, topics of Physical geography have been consistent in their importance. Topics of economic geography have increased sharply at the expense of cultural geography. Regionally, articles on metropolitan France have invariably been greatest importance. Africa and other parts of western Europe have been of secondary importance, whereas Asia and Latin America are proving increasingly attractive as research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the Caribbean region, there is an ever-growing awareness of problems which have been brought about by increasing population pressures and limited economic development. This study attempts to analyze the underlying cultural conditions-especially French governmental policies and social structure of Guadeloupean society-that affect, and have affected, agricultural production on Guadeloupe. The study illustrates how these conditions have changed in their impact from time to time, creating different circumstances of crop production.

Focuses on the historical speech delivered by French revolutionary politician and orator Honoré Mirabeau on June 23, 1789. Background on the mood and atmosphere of the assembly where the speech was delivered; Details of the first published account of the speech; Information on various other versions on the speech.

Focuses on rhetoric at the Paris, France-based University of Paris during 1550-1789. Historical background of the University; Organization of the University; Place of rhetoric in the Arts curriculum; Methods of study used in the University.

Focuses on French dramatist Edouard Bourdet. Factors that led to establishment of Bourdet's theatrical career in New York State; Reviews received by Bourdet for his plays in the state; Features of the play 'Times Have Changed,' directed by Bourdet in 1945.

The article presents a study on the demographic transition in France in the eighteenth century. It should be remembered that in the demographic field, the eighteenth century is essentially a period of transition. It is notable that during the eighteenth century, the population of France increased by seven to eight million inhabitants, which means that, during this period France was a country in which the population was already both large and dense. This country, with a dense rural population, was also one of the most highly civilized of its time. According to the population statistics provided in the article, the number of births has remained more or less same between the period 1770 to 1783. It is also notable that the rate of marriages increased from 185,069 to 229,827. The death rate among civil population marginally increased in the same period while the increase in the death rate of persons in religious orders was almost negligent. Number of births in France in 1784 exceeded the number of deaths by 78,493.

Presents a critical analysis of the seventeenth century rhetoric work 'L'Art de Parler' by Bernard Lami, published in Paris, France in 1675. Writers who have drawn inspiration from the work; Factors which account for extensive and continued interest in 'L' Art de Parler'; Logical arguments which are discussed in the work.

Rent and food are generally the two largest items in the family budget. The provision of convenient, adequate and inexpensive living accommodation is therefore an aspect of population policy which cannot be ignored. This is particularly true of French population policy which is designed to increase natality. From the first there emerged a serious picture of overcrowding and ageing. In comparison with 1926 it was found that there had been a marked increase in the number of families to be housed, an increase far larger than the growth of the population during that period. There were other factors which aggravated the situation. The ageing of the population, coupled with the reluctance of parents to live with their married children, resulted in an increased demand for small flats and houses for the age group 60 and over. Constant pressure was exerted on the accommodation in large towns and cities by continued migration from the country. This sorry state of affairs is further documented by the studies of private individuals and organizations conversant with local conditions and is reinforced by a multitude of less ambitious surveys carried out in recent years by various agencies.

In recent times France, with a recurrent labour problem and a population shortage, has experienced constant need for manpower. There are various devices by which immediate labour needs may be met: by increasing the length of the working day or postponing the retiring ages by improving the efficiency and organization of industry and agriculture to achieve greater productivity per man hour. The simplest means of increasing the supply of labour, however, is through immigration. This method has the advantage of immediacy and cheapness. The country of emigration bears the cost of maintaining and educating the unproductive child and of teaching it a skill. The country of immigration, on the other hand, gains a worker who, in general, makes a contribution to the national income which is far in excess of his consumption. After the first world war France signed immigration treaties with all the main European countries with an exportable surplus of manpower: Poland, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Austria, Yugoslavia, Greece and Romania. These agreements assured to immigrants wages and working conditions equal to those enjoyed by French men and women and gave France permission to recruit workers either individually or collectively.

The article presents information on assimilation of foreigners in France. During the past fifty years, the country has become prominent in encouraging immigration. A host of problems has naturally attended this large immigration. Questions of quota, selection, sanitary and professional inspection, protection of the labor market, teaching, welfare and police supervision were among those which faced the French administration. Numerous new departments were created by the ministries concerned, those of Labor, Agriculture, the Interior, Foreign Affairs and more recently by the Department of Public Health, now known as the Ministry of Population. The drawback in having so many departments has been a lack of cohesion in the activity of the agencies involved, each of which acts independently, keeps within the narrow limits of administrative specialization, and thus finds itself unable to view the question as a whole. The article is based on first-hand inquiries carried out on the spot by sharing the life of immigrants and, more particularly, by working with them and living in their midst and study of statistics concerning the alien population in France.

The article discusses several highland problems that are existing in Auvergne, France. The said problem includes declining in population of many rural areas in the region, disappearance of old jobs due to the decline of rural industries and the shrinkage of agricultural labour requirements, provisions of vital service, rejection of farming as a way of life in the country and lastly, the construction of agricultural surface, as subsistence polyculture and traditional extensive grazing disappear, and the increase of uncultivated and wooded areas. It has been concluded that many efforts are being made to strengthen the role of forestry in the agro/silvo/pastoral balance of the auvergant highlands which are used far less intensively than in the past including the SOMIVAL Afforestation Action.

The article focuses on the debate regarding the French nuclear policy in Paris, France. The two publications "La Force de Frappe," and "La Force de Frappe et le Citoyen," are made to present some of the technical, strategic and economic information necessary to appraise the question. "La force de Frappe et le Citoyen," has the advantage of being more consistent and logically direct and thus the more persuasive. The opinion is expressed that as far as the purely military, big-power effectiveness of the force de frappe is concerned, it will always be decisively conditioned by its being several years behind the latest weaponry. The only weapon system that can be afforded is that which, in the big power arena, has found its defense.

The article reports on the submission of proposals for partial measures of disarmament to the disarmament committee by Great Britain, Canada, France, and the U.S. The proposal represents the final basis for a first-step arms control treaty, and being regarded as a realistic program which could be put into effect at once. Meanwhile, the West offered an inspection of a latitudinal zone which includes all the Arctic Circle plus Alaska and a portion of Eastern Siberia, and a longitudinal zone covering nearly all of Europe and part of Soviet Asia.

The article focuses on the educational development in the Saar River Valley in France and Germany. No area in Europe, not even the Ruhr, suffered the physical devastation to be seen in the Saar in 1946. Over 65 percent of the houses, 60 percent of the factories and more than half the schools were ruined. But now, like everywhere else where the German lives and works, the people of the Saar also believe that they are on the march to industrial and commercial ascendancy. Between six and seven hundred entirely new schools and additional annexes to schools have been built since 1947. A magnificent Arts and Crafts school, ranging from ballet and weaving to sculpture and photography, is nearing completion. The vast College for Domestic Science, attended by some three thousand female students per week, has no equal in this country, either in buildings or in up to date equipment. Saarbrücken, a university in Saar is the first European university situated there. The rector, M. Joseph Francis Angelloz, is a Frenchman, a Catholic from Haute Savoie, with a brilliant academic career to his credit and one closely allied with international problems. He sees his task, as first head of the University of the Saar, as one based on Franca-German understanding and the ultimate attainment of European unity.

This article focuses on the trade union theory of strikes in France before 1914. Revolutionary syndicalism in France before 1914 is original: in contrast to trade unionism in Britain and to German unionism, it wished to provide alone for all the needs of the working classes. Trade unionism is enough for everything its leaders had stressed repeatedly at the beginning of the century. They refused, in the work of the emancipation of the laboring classes, to use the services of middle class intellectuals who inspired and dominated the socialist parties. Since they took charge of the whole working class movement, it was natural that they should credit it with a wish for a fundamental transformation of society. Therefore, instead of the statement that "French Trade Unionism asserted that it was all-embracing because it was revolutionary", it would be more correct to say that it was revolutionary because it asserted that it was all embracing. It is therefore necessary to underline the capital importance of action and methods.

The article presents world news briefs on developments in atomic energy as of November 1952. Great Britain exploded her first atomic bomb on the Monte Bello Islands off the northwest coast of Australia. An atomic plant capable of turning out 1,500 kilowatts and 600 grams of plutonium yearly will be inaugurated in Saclay, France.

This article focuses on the French working class anti-militarism as revealed in the “Carnet B.” The opening of public records including a number of files of the "Carnet B" provide new material for an analysis of the nature of French working class anti-militarism. The Carnet B was the list of anarchists, trade unionists, and socialists, whom the Ministry of the Interior considered liable to interfere with military mobilization, that is presumably the most active anti-militarists. They permit us not only to discover the strength of these elements e.g. in particular localities, but also their social and other characteristics and functions in the labor movement. Not to mention the political danger they actually represented. The function of Carnet B is that it was originally designed to keep a record of possible spies, Carnet B had by 1914 become a device for preventing the possible sabotage of mobilization by the labor movement. These files clearly contained more than casual or improvised information, nor were men likely to be put on the list for some irrelevant activity that had brought them to the attention of the authorities.

The focus of this article is to reflect on the forms and the strength of the hostility to the State within French Socialism between the formation of the Section Francaise de I'Internationale Ovveriére (SFIO) and the eve of the war. The thesis will be that this hostility characterizes the most favorable trends to revolutionary syndicalism. The SFIO was formed at the price of the explicit abandonment of ministerialism, while a series of current developments had not yet reached their culmination the separation of trade unionism and socialism in France and the radicalization, the world over, of the working class move mend. The most favorable currents towards revolutionary syndicalism were defined out and organized between 1904 and 1907 in difficult conditions, on the margin of the older groupings.