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The article discusses the highlights of the 50th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the Botany Lecture Room at the University of London in England on January 3, 1969. The minutes of the 49th Annual General Meeting were taken as read, approved and signed. The report of the Honorary Secretaries was presented for discussion of the members present.

The article discusses the highlights of the 37th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the University of Oxford in Oxford, England on January 5 to 7, 1956. A soirée was held at the university's Department of Botany at which exhibits illustrating the ecological work in progress at Oxford were shown. A series of coloured slides of New Zealand vegetation were shown by professor Gordon of New Zealand. Some of the topics of the papers read at the meeting, include field populations of Calliphorine flies.

Information about the autumn meeting of the British Ecological Society is presented. The meeting was held at the Department of Botany of the University of Manchester in England from September 28-29, 1951. Papers discussed at the meeting include problems in the ecology of the lejeuneaceae, geographical affinities of the bryophytes and habitat preferences of mosses.

Information about several papers discussed at the Easter meeting of the British Ecological Society held in London, England from April 3-4, 1951 is presented. Topics include the ecology of Hydropsychideae, or Tricoptera, the localization of Cladocera in lakes and ponds and the relationship between the natural habitat preferences of a particular animal and the choice of alternative ones' in towns. A topic on nature conservation was also discussed.

The article discusses the highlights of the summer meeting on freshwater ecology at Exeter held by the British Ecological Society on July 3-7, 1964. It was held at the University of Exeter in Devon, England, by invitation of Professor L. A. Harvey and the university authorities. H. Gruffydd's paper entitled "The Population Biology of Chaetogaster limnaei" pointed out there were morphological and behavioral differences between a form of Chaetogaster limnaei living in the kidney of Lymnaea pereger and a form living on the outer surface of this snail.

The article highlights a joint meeting of the British Ecological Society's Tropical Ecology Group with the Royal Entomological Society, held at Imperial College in London, England on March 30, 1962. The meeting opened with a paper by P. M. Symmons who spoke on the effect of climate and weather on numbers of the red locust in its outbreak areas. J. P. Glasgow then spoke on the interrelations of tsetse with their habitat. The last paper in the morning session was by Gordon Surtees on the factors limiting mosquito distribution.

The article discusses the highlights of the winter and annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society in the Botany School in Cambridge, England from January 4-5, 1961. In the first paper, titled "Aquatic and Swamp Vegetation in Scotland," D. H. N. Spence discussed the results of a study of lochs. In his presentation, titled "Dormancy in the Freshwater Copepoda," J. P. Smyly explored the function of resting-stages as an ecological adaptation to allow species to survive.

The article offers information about the British Ecological Society' spring meeting held in Cambridge, England from March 27-29, 1957. The section reports on various papers presented at the event, including information on several sessions held during the meeting. Nearly fifty members and guests gathered for the meeting.

The article discusses the highlights of the autumn meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the Department of Botany at Bedford College in London, England on September 19 and 20, 1955. Several papers dealing with various aspects of the ecology of Calluna vulgaris were presented on the 19th, including a paper on experimental work to determine the effect of grazing wether sheep on enclosed areas of Calluneta. A discussion of the effects of burning heather is provided.

The article reports on the highlights of the annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society that was held at the Department of Zoology of the Imperial College of Science and Technology in South Kensington, England on January 7-8, 1955. Exhibits have been featured during the event, including two actinometers for solar radiation, illustrations of the ecology of a rock pool and the breeding of Atlantic seals.

The article reports on the highlights of the Easter Meeting of the British Ecological Society that was held in London, England on April 2-3, 1954. A. R. Clapham, a professor and president of the British Ecological Society, commenced the morning session on April 2, 1954. Several research papers were presented during the meeting, including those from Dr. Eville Gorham, Professor W. H. Pearsall and J. Brereton. On behalf of the Honorary Treasurer, the auditors' account was discussed by E. D. Le Cren during the meeting.

Information about several papers discussed at the Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held at University College London in England on January 6, 1953 is presented. The author cited the presentations of different researchers during the event including the Chemical aspects of humus type natural conditions by E. Gorham and C. C. Dadd and the Bird migration by J. Fisher. Furthermore, the meeting was chaired by Dr. C. B. Williams, and was attended by over 100 members.

Information about several papers discussed at the Easter Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in Burlington House in London, England on April 7-8, 1952 is presented. Topics include the impact of rabbit to the agriculture in West Wales discussed by Prof. A. N. Worden and Ms. Winifred M. Phillips, the physiology of plants and plant ecology. Furthermore, the meeting was headed by Dr. C. B. Williams, president of the society and was attended by nearly one hundred members.

Information on several papers discussed at the 27th annual meeting of the British Ecological Society that was held in 1941 at the Botany School in Cambridge, England, is presented. Topics include the secretaries' report for the year 1940, the recent expansion in the research staffs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the recent observations of the soils of lowland topical regions. The symposium featured notable persons including P. W. Richards, G. E. Blackman and M. F. Mare.

Responds to the comment made by economist Paul A. David on the author's paper on agricultural labor productivity in rural England from 1850 to 1914. Attempt of the author to demonstrate the existence of regional variations in farm labour productivity; Factors influencing the pattern of regional differences in productivity; Comment of the author on the analytical style of David.

The article examines a group of secular accounts, dating between 1434 and 1446, kept during the building of Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, England. To explain and illustrate the methods shown in this group, reference will be made to other building accounts with dates ranging from 1237 to 1538. The accounts are compotus rolls, designed to provide annual statements of receipts and expenditure. Each Tattershall account consists of a series of paragraphs. In the first is stated the name of the person rendering the account, three of the accounts being attributed to Thomas Croxby, overseer or supervisor of the works of Ralph, Lord Cromwell, and the fourth to John Southell, clerk of the works. In the rolls for 1438-40 and 1445-46, which appear to be fair copies of a final account, the sum of the items in each paragraph is put at the end of it, in the centre of the page, in an orderly fashion. A closer examination of separate paragraphs leads to the deduction that the compotus rolls have been drawn up by reference to other, more detailed, books and papers and provides some indication of their nature. However, the accounts are too fragmentary to do more than sketch the stages in rendering an account.

The article examines upward social mobility in England in the eighteenth century with reference to the Whitbread family of Bedfordshire, England. Among those families often cited as notably successful in using wealth from trade to found a landed family are the Whitbreads of Bedfordshire, who in the eighteenth century took the circuitous route from Bedfordshire lesser gentry, to London brewers, and finally back to Bedfordshire as great landowners. The Whitbreads provide a good opportunity for studying upward social mobility in the eighteenth century from the viewpoint of one family's experience over several generations. Their rise is analyzed by applying to eighteenth-century England the five scales of the social hierarchy: the ideological, economic, social status, legal, and political. The article examines both the particular combination of these scales that was important to the rise of the Whitbreads and the height to which they climbed each of them. By the seventeenth century the social status of the Whitbreads was already well advanced.

Information about the Winter and Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the Science Lecture Theatre of Goldsmith College in London, England on January 3-5, 1966 is presented. Various papers regarding ecology were discussed in the event. Also, exhibits were conducted which showcased ecological dynamics.

The article discusses the highlights of the spring meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the Departments of Zoology and Botany in the University of Durham in Durham, England on March 29 to 31, 1955. A general account of zoological work in progress at Moor House was given by professor J. B. Cragg. J. A. Svendsen discussed the ecological studies on the earthworms associated with sheep dung at Moor House. It offers an overview of the group of papers on the ecology of litter fauna and flora.

Information about the annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society is presented. The meeting was held at the Department of Botany of the University of Oxford in England on January 5, 1952. It focused on the reporting of the honorary secretaries on the activities of the past year, which include the minutes of the previous annual meeting, the summer meeting and autumn meeting.

Information about several papers discussed at the British Ecological Society's symposium on ash as a forest tree in the British Isles on February 25, 1950 at the University College in London, England is presented. E. W. Jones iniated a discussion titled "Some features of the biology of ash," differentiating the F. excelsior tree from other British trees. A. H. Popert gave a lecture titled "Sylviculture of ash in Great Britain." Other speakers included W. B. Turrill, Arthur Tansley and J. Chear.

Information about the annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the University College in London on January 6-7, 1949 and its thirty-fourth annual meeting held at Bristol University in London on January 9, 1948 are presented. Various woods and rare plants in Great Britain were discussed in the 1949 event accompanied by exhibits of various photographs of species while the 1948 meeting was about hydrography and ecology.

Information about several papers discussed at the Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the Department of Botany, University College in London, England on January 11, 1947. It was attended by Dr. A. S. Watt, chairman of the society, and approximately 100 members of the organization. During the event, the minutes of the previous meeting were presented and signed by the officers.

This article discusses several papers on the economic history of England. In the journal "Sussex Archaeological Collections," P.F. Brandon discusses the fortunes of agriculture at Barnholme, Sussex, which was a home farm of Battle Abbey and included heavy uplands and exposed marshlands both much affected by weather conditions. His documentation is largely for the period after the Black Death and his verdict on the farming techniques practiced there is generally favorable. Two more articles are concerned with problems on a larger scale. In a fascinating attempt to explain the background to the astonishing parliament of 1386 and its attack on the king, J.J.N. Palmer reconstructs the business of the previous parliament, the official records of which are lamentably unrevealing. C.S. Cattel's paper "An Evaluation of the Loseley List of Ironworks Within the Weald in the Year 1588," suggests that iron making was fairly stagnant ill the first part of Elizabeth's reign. In an interesting paper on the "Genesis and Structure of the Foley "Ironworks in Partnership" of 1692," R.G. Schafer describes how the Foley brothers settled their personal rivalry by establishing a protean board of directors, creating a form of corporate entity which was not only unusual for its time but allowed the Foleys to control the charcoal iron industry well into the eighteenth century.

This article presents information on several papers and studies, which deal with the economic history of Great Britain. Two studies of general interest concern secular trends in the late medieval economy. The concept of the thirteenth century as a period of boom forms the target for a lively onslaught by E. Miller, "The English Economy in the Thirteenth Century: Implications of Recent Research" in the periodical "Past and Present." For all the signs of expansion, he argues, thirteenth-century England did not enjoy a growth economy in the technical sense. People increased more rapidly than the capacity to produce, and society faced a progressive crisis, in which average production per head was falling. Yet this does not permit us to go to the opposite extreme and make the period after 1350 an epoch of economic growth. Another paper discussed is "Monetary Movements and Market Structure: Forces for contraction in Fourteenth-and Fifteenth-Century England" by H.A. Miskimin that was published in a previous issue of the periodical "Journal of Economic History." In a discussion in fact confined to the fourteenth century, Miskimin attempts to reconcile the demographic and monetary theories of recession. Population changes caused a secular shift in demand, altering market structure and prices.

This article discusses a study on social status and clique formation among grammar school boys in London, England. This paper reports on another aspect of the inquiry into the effects of social class at adolescence, which has been carried out at the London School of Economics and Political Science in England under the direction of Doctor H. T. Himmelweit. Within the broad framework of the research project, an important place was allotted to problems of peer group selection. Moreover, the paper is based on information from three sources: a choice of friend questionnaire, a sociometric questionnaire and an open-ended question on the attributes of a good friend. The most interesting conclusion which has emerged from these data points to an important difference between this country and the U.S. In both countries, the adolescent's value system largely determines his friendship choices. In England, it has been shown that similar class stereotypes may be found and it is quite possibly true that such friendship criteria as are embodied in the choice of a friend questionnaire reflect parental values. It could also be argued, that the working class boys in the grammar school are exceptional, in that they come from homes where middle class values are prevalent. In England, it may be said in general that by having secondary grammar and secondary modern schools, the working class pupils are divided into those who will be given an opportunity for social ascent and those who will not. England deliberately segregates the new recruits to the higher social levels and gives them more advanced training in separate schools. Under these conditions, several factors combine to give the working class boy those attitudes, interests and motives which are concomitant with his future social position.

This article provides a summary of the paper "Adaptations of Animals to Life in Tropical Swaps" presented by L. C. Beadle at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held in London, England, on April 24, 1969. The paper defines a swamp as a stretch of shallow and slow-flowing water in which the conditions are dominated by the effects of closely-packed emergent vegetation. It discusses the possible conditions in swamps that might be expected seriously to affect aquatic animals.

A conference paper about insects in water-filled tree-holes is presented. It describes the population variations and life-histories of the insect species chironomid Metriocnemus martinii Thienemann and the ceratopogonid Dasyhelea found regularly in Wytham Woods, in Berkshire, England. In this study, the population curves for larvae and pupae had been recorded in various tree-holes and varied from hole to hole as well as from season to season.

This article provides information on the biennial conference of the British Sociological Association at Queen Elizabeth College in London, England on March 22 to 24, 1957. The theme Sociology in Retrospect and Prospect was an appropriate one in view of the increasingly felt need to undertake a systematic re-assessment and clarification of the main issues involved in sociological theory and practice. A large theme of this nature could not be pursued in exhaustive detail, but the papers in both the plenary and the group sessions were such as to stimulate much thought, and the degree of interest shown in the conference was such as to suggest that this theme was one of central concern to all. The attendance was greater than had been anticipated. Although not central to the theme of the conference, perhaps one of the most significant facts about it was that it became the basis for a consciously contrived effort to begin and foster co-operative relations between the British Association and the American Sociological Society. Another encouraging feature was that 39 students were sufficiently interested to become student members of the association. The executive officers were very helpful throughout, and finally it proved possible to send over a small delegation.

This article introduces the summaries of papers presented at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held at the University College in London, England, on April 24, 1969. The African papers concentrated mainly on conditions in freshwater swamps. The South American papers were more general. The summaries of the main contributions are grouped according to continent.

The article is in memory of Philip Andrews, with whom the author has worked in the journal, "Oxford Economic Papers." Philip's enthusiasm was unflagging and his energy inexhaustible. He was always full of ideas about the ways in which the policy should evolve and, at the same time, he was ready to devote unlimited effort to the exacting labor of producing the journal without secretarial assistance. Philip had a strong sense of continuity. He was anxious to ensure that the lines of research, both empirical and theoretical, with which he had been associated should be carried forward and he became the leading member of the Oxford Economists' Research Group. Philip read widely, far beyond the field of economics, both in philosophy and in general literature. Moreover, if he was, in one sense, a genuine revolutionary in his own subject, he was also a traditionalist in that he looked back with regret to the works of an earlier generation when the subject was less narrowly confined within a barrier of conventional assumptions and less exclusively concerned with the manipulation of equations.

The article reports on the training practices for the profession of accounting in England and Wales. There are four professional organizations in Wales and England that influence training for accounting and they are: the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants, the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants, and the Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants. There are chartered accountants and certified accountants with 50% of those chartered and 35% of certified employed as partners or employees of firms in public practice.

The article examines the notion of communicative competence and the implications that can be drawn from it for language teaching. The impetus for the paper came from the author's experience in Sweden last year. Within the last five years there has been an increasing and justified concern for communicative activities in language teaching. The evidence of it can be seen in the titles of papers, articles and dissertations. A conference was held in England last year on "The Communicative Teaching of English." Communicative competence is not simply a term, but is a concept basic to understanding social interaction. It is commonplace to point out that the tenets and concepts of a discipline profoundly influence the questions one asks and the solutions one seeks. The author suggests a model for language teaching which sets a framework for identifying and discussing strategies and techniques in the teaching process, taking into account the social meaning of language. The necessity to develop communicative competence is especially important in second language and second dialect teaching.

The paper analyzes penetration of total solar, T, near infrared and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). PAR, measured by tube solarimeters at Rothamsted, England in five different crops, includes sugar beet, field beans, kale, and spring wheat. The measurements are used to obtain the sunfleck parameters in Monteith's theory. Crop transmission parameters calculated from the daily radiation totals changed little when crop cover was full.

This article focuses on the Layfield report on Greater London Development Plan, plan that requires local authorities to state their objectives, present alternative strategies for their future development and evaluate the alternative strategies for their future development. Begun when the Greater London Council (GLC) was formed, its origins ante-dated the 1968 Town and Country Planning Act. GLDP is an attempt to define planning objectives and to evaluate a plan for London, England it was backed by many research papers and studies and it was subjected to detailed examination by inquiry. Named the Layfield Inquiry after its chairman, the GLDP was the largest planning inquiry held in the country. The Inquiry accused the GLC of over-ambition for trying to argue as if it could alter population and employment trends when it had neither the statutory powers, nor the real power to do so; variable quality in the treatment of issues--so that, for example, it took much more seriously highway planning where it had responsibility than public transport where it had not (until it took over London Transport in 1970); no logical connection between facts and policies, or between objectives and policies; and describing objectives so vaguely that they were not operational.

The article presents a study on the ecology of corticolous lichens. The study involves the use of a mathematical simulation model for predicting the productivity of epiphytic corticolous lichen in relation to the environmental conditions at Devon, England. Rates of net carbon assimilation were calculated for Parmelia caperata for a simulated time period of two years and weekly totals of net carbon assimilation were computed for lichens at each height. It was found out that the model appears to yield a calculated result which compares with the vertical distribution of P. caperata measured in the field. Moreover, the alterations in the vertical evaporation gradient are shown to have a strong effect on the vertical distribution of these species.

The article reports on the observations of the patterns in a chalk grassland community. This paper focuses on the rapid of spread of Brachypodium pinnatum on some areas of basic soil in Southern England. Interest in the relationship of the species with the environment are recorded to look for clues in the spread of the species where they persisted and grazing sheep and rabbits lessened. Structure of chalk grassland sward were investigated with patterns of covariance analyses using techniques of spatial variations in soil nitrogen, boron and iron levels.

The article presents a study on the distribution of freshwater macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum. This paper focuses on the influence of nitrogen supply in this specie. Ceratophyllum shoots were gathered for the study which were abundant in a series of flooded gravel pits in Brandesburton in north-east England. Water analyses were recorded looking for clues in the difference of composition in nitrate content during the winter and summer. The experiment's results in the effects of nitrogen supply is briefly discussed.

Information about the papers discussed at the joint meeting of the British Ecological Society and the Association of Applied Biologists in London, England on March 11, 1960 is presented. Topics include the destruction of natural ecosystems, the monoculture of heather and its effects on hill grazings, and the effects of grass crop production on soil fertility. The event featured several ecology and biology experts including T. E. Williams, C. H. Gimingham and P. W. Richards.

The article presents a study about the theoretical approach to a study of chalk grassland in England. This paper focuses on the six parts that make up the studies recorded in the past. A brief review of the history in literature of British Chalk Grassland is presented showing the general framework of the previous studies. Different variables in soil formation is detailed and the concepts in vegetation analysis are discussed featuring a functional approach which is a valuable tool in the assessment of various factors affecting the ecosystem balance.

The article discusses the resemblance of fusain, a stick of black carbon material for drawing, among recent charcoal produced in forest fire. The paper considers certain fragments of carbon, which were interpreted as fossil charcoal produced by fire. It examines fusain in three floras: Eastern Greenland, a large delta formed during Rhaetic and Lower Liassic time; North Yorkshire, a large delta formed during Lower Oolitic time; and South Wales, sediments of Rhaetic or basal Liassic age filling fissures in Carboniferous Limestone.

The article presents a study on the soluble salts in dune sands from Blakeney Point in Norfolk, England. Ten soil samples were taken in each of the seven dune areas to a depth of 3 cm. The samples were mixed together and then dried to about 100 degree Celsius. The mixtures were shaken occasionally for a week and filtered with the use of Whatman 541 filter papers. It was found out that the total concentration of soluble salts is greatest in the embryo dunes near the sea with approximately twice the concentration in the sand hills that is a few yards farther from the tide mark.

Information about the topics discussed at the Autumn meeting of the British Ecological Society, that was held on September 22-24, 1956 in conjunction with the Botanical Society of the British Isles at Southampton University, is presented. Topics include the micro-evolution of Glyceria, the general ecology of Spartina in Great Britain, and the boring activity of Limnoria tripunctata. The event featured several ecology experts including Dr. M. J. Borrill, C. E. Hubbard, and S. K. Eltringham.

The article reports on the highlights of the autumn meeting of the British Ecological Society that was held at the Botany School of the University of Cambridge, England on September 27-29, 1954. A soirée was held to open the meeting, and an extensive range of exhibits was organized as part of the event. The exhibits covered topics like fossil stone stripes, air photographs of British vegetation, botanical illustrations, culture collection of algae and protozoa, heaths and soils, interglacial pollen and the brown coal deposits.

Information about the annual meeting of the British Ecological Society held on January 5-6, 1950, at the Department of Botany, University College in Leicester, Engalnd is presented. The meeting, which was attended by 60 members and guests, opened with ecological exhibits and a method demonstration. The general meeting started with a signing of the minutes of the last annual meeting, followed by the council's report, election of officers and members, and presentation of various studies.

Information about several papers discussed at the first Summer Meeting of the British Ecological Society heldo at Sheffield, England on July 2-5, 1946. The event was attended by approximately forty members together with many interested guests from the Sheffield district. Participants discussed the vegetational history of the Southern Pennines.

The article provides information on the annual meeting of the British Ecological Society in the University Department of Botany held in Oxford, England from January 5-6, 1944. H. N. Southern gave an interesting lantern lecture upon the ecology of birds. Exhibits set out to illustrate various aspects of ecology were examined. The feasibility of employing echo-sounding to give an outline of the main algal beds is examined.

The article describes methods used in the chemical analysis of the eighteen monthly samples of the River Wharfe taken at Grassington Bridge, Pool Bridge, and at Ulleskelf in England conducted from June 1926 to November 1927. Suspended solid samples of 250 or 500 cubic centimeters were filtered through a Munktell's No. 1 F filter paper. With regard to dissolved solid samples, 100 cubic centimeters of the filtrate from the above determination were evaporated to dryness in a previously weighed platinum dish.

The article presents studies on the vegetation of Nottinghamshire, England. This paper explored the geological structure of the ecology of the Bunter Sandstone and superficial deposits. Different conditions were also taken into account including the climatic and edaphic focusing on the flora of the Sherwood forest. Different plant communities were subjected for thorough investigation recording the botanical information and general account of vegetation. The result of the experiment is discussed in brief.

The article discusses the highlights of the 7th Annual Meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the Botanical Department of the University College in London, England on December 18, 1920. The Honorable Treasurer presented the financial statement and balance sheet to December 31, 1919. Papers presented during the event included one by T. G. B. Osborn, a professor at the University of Adelaide, on the vegetation of South Australia.