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This article discusses psychological types and changes with age. A considerable quantity of observations concerning retests, self and supplementary-estimates, psychiatric estimates, discrepancies; discrimination of the given estimate as relating to true inborn type or admired type or imagined type or overt type; ambivalence and overlying factors like emotions, all part and parcel of so-called clinical experience, have been discussed in a separate paper. One thousand subjects in age groups from 10 to 80 with equal incidence of each sex have been tabulated in various relations and reported in other papers. The persons observed were unselected, the questionnaire being offered wherever opportunity was found.

Age specific divorce rates for the United States as a whole are not available. This paper is an attempt to develop estimates of age specific incidence of divorce for the U.S. female population employing regression analyses. Certain correction factors are suggested to make the estimates built on a world divorce situation basis correspond to the American situation. Results derived in the paper reveal that the divorce curve for U.S. females is L-shaped in form. The age group below 20 years had the highest incidence of divorce (43 per 1000) followed by the age group 20 to 24 (33 per 1000) in 1969, while in 1960 these incidences were 33 per 1000 and 23 per 1000, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the second experiment being done on the cardiac responses of infants in the U.S. The results of the previous experiment had clearly revealed that the effect of repeated stimulation is response decrement and is directly related to age. In addition, the younger infants showed less decrement than the older infants. The subjects of the present study are consisting of infants with different age groups. The procedure described in the previous experiment was used in this experiment. Electrodes were attached to the subjects to obtain the cardiac response. The cardiac responses are then recorded both on a punched paper-tape system and on a polygraph. The results of this experiment are also emphasized in the article.

This paper presents data using an observational technique, APPROACH, which describes the behaviors of young children in naturalistic social situations. Emitted behaviors are recorded on a tape recorder, transcribed, and then coded numerically for computer analysis. Results of assessments of information processing for children ranging in age from 1 year 3 months to 4 years 6 months show substantial changes in the way age groups handle information. The technique is structured to provide data on the incidence of growth-fostering or growth-inhibiting behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chen's data for the raw frequency of use of 138 physics journals in the science library at MIT are re-examined and converted to densities of use-per-metre of shelf. Other units of size for obtaining densities, and their measurement, are discussed. There is no evidence for synchronous obsolescence in the 1955 to 1968 volumes of these journals: instead there is some statistically significant evidence of greater density of use with greater age. Similar evidence elsewhere is cited. The ranking order for heaviness of use is also radically altered by converting raw frequencies to densities of use. It is suggested that, for comparing the relative values of different journals, or age groups, in library use or citation studies, analyses of raw frequencies are valueless, and indeed potentially dangerously misleading, until they are converted to allow for the numbers of available items in each group examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data concerning relations between change in religious affiliation and family stability are examined, disclosing results highly similar to those obtained in a previous study. Religious homogeneity between spouses is shown to be similarly related to family stability among both Catholic and Protestant couples. Results for couples who achieve a common religious affiliation in adulthood are virtually the same as those for couples who have always been religiously homogeneous. The continuity of results over two studies suggests that more intensive research, particularly longitudinal in design, is in order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis was made of the social participation of individuals in four rural communities of the Northeast. A participation scale involving both formal and informal organizations was used. This scale previously developed to measure participation of households, with the minor changes of dropping family visiting and trips to village items, showed high validity as an instrument for ascertaining the extent of social participation of individuals. The communities were generally similar in distribution of individuals by participation scores; in the direction and degree of differences in participation by family status and by age groups; and in the consistency and degree of relationship of participation with socioeconomic status and occupation-residence. Variations in participation among the four communities appeared to be due largely to manifest situational differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines a debate on how much of the high level of unemployment is due to a deficiency of aggregate demand and how much is the result of structural changes which make a growing fraction of the labor force unsuited for the jobs that are available. The relative unemployment rate in 1962 for both boys and girls was lower than in 1958 or 1956. However, the proportion of the labor force accounted for by girls has been rising relatively more rapidly than for boys, with the result that girls in 1962 accounted for a somewhat larger fraction of unemployment than in 1959 or 1958. The lessened importance of first-job seekers in the late forties seems to be connected with a sharp decline in the contribution of the male 20-24 age group to total unemployment.

The article presents a clinical study on the results of the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test on two groups of school children. The two groups comprise of a group having normal medical histories and the other having medical histories of poliomyelitis who are matched for age, sex, intelligence, socio-economic status, school, and grade before the onset of the disease. It also cites the three factors evaluated which include the motor control, intellectual control, and affective control which showed significant statistical interrelation.

The article presents information on a study that compares the Revised Stanford Binet Form L intelligence quotients and the various intelligence quotients derived from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This paper reports cross comparisons on 90 white children, divided into three groups with thirty at age levels 6.5, 10 and 14 years, between Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children intelligence quotients (IQ). The correlations between the IQ's were high and significant at better than the .01 level of confidence. Brighter subjects in general tested higher on the S-B scale, with the greatest discrepancies between IQ's occurring in the bright normal and superior groups.

A set of unique data collected in the Rhode Island Health Study indicates that differentials in never-pregnant status are similar to those in childlessness. The study makes possible the comparison of childlessness among three distinct birth cohorts--the depression cohorts having one of the lowest fertility, the "Baby Boom" mothers having one of the highest fertility, and the currently under 30 cohort, who are still in the midst of reproductive processes. Inter-cohort comparisons of differentials in childlessness and never-pregnant status indicate certain new insights into the phenomenon of childlessness. For example, there is an indication as judged from the 30-49-year age group, that the educational differentials in permanent childlessness have disappeared for those with more than eight years of schooling. This result probably suggests the general aversion to childlessness in the United States. Again, the 30-49 group points to a decline in the conventional white collar-blue collar differential in permanent childessness. The religious differentials in childlessness indicate that cohort variations in per cent childless among Catholics are similar to those of Protestants. They probably imply the significance of the general social and economic experience of the specific birth cohorts and suggest that in all cases religious preferences alone are not decisive. An approximate estimate of fetal loss taken as the difference between per cent childless and per cent having been never pregnant indicates that, except for the under 30 cohort, it has no systematic relationship with SES factors. For the under 30 cohort, however, the index is higher among the higher educated and the white collar occupations. It is important to emphasize that the differences in this index by SES factors are not statistically significant at the usual five per cent level of significance. Lastly, an attempt to estimate the prevalence of involuntary childlessness due to fertility impairments indicates that it is about four per cent in an American population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survey appears to show that in 1970 cannabis was only used by a small proportion of the 15-20 year olds and regular use was infrequent. The survey method described seems to have been reasonably successful for this population and encourage serial examination of drug usage in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship between alcohol and marihuana. In general studies based on diverse samples, and from a variety of geographical areas, indicate that most marihuana smokers also drink alcohol. Among youths who, as a rule, show a greater affinity for marihuana, the proportion of alcohol consumers is higher than the proportion of marihuaria users. Another specification appropriate for marihuana and alcohol refers to the fact that acceptance of either or both of these drugs differs with the particular age group.

3-, 4½-, and 6-year-olds were administered a static, 3-choice number judgment task consisting of 16 problems which varied in magnitude of number (N) and in number difference (N[supΔ]), length difference (L[supΔ]), and density difference (D[supΔ]) ratios. When N and L[supΔ] were small and N[supΔ and D[supΔ] large, all age groups made a high percentage of accurate number judgments. When N was large and N[supΔ] small, all age groups judged on the basis of length. On most problems older children were more accurate than younger children, and on no problem was any younger group more accurate than any older group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5 age groups (CA 7-9, 10-12, 13- 16, 20-21,∼ 27) of Ss were selected from 2 contrasting populations in urban and rural Yucatan. Whereas all urban Ss were in school, only the 2 younger rural age groups were in school--older rural Ss had little or no schooling. The Ss were tested on a short-term and incidental memory task. The developmental changes in memory performance of the urban-educated Ss were very similar to those reported for analogous tasks with American middle-class Ss. The performance of rural Ss did not show these consistent developmental changes. This fact, along with the results of several features of the data, support the hypothesis that formal schooling is an important factor in the development of mnemonic skills in short-term memory. Data from the incidental memory task implied that the development of selective attention is independent of short-term memory development and is probably influenced by both school and certain cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Kyoto, Japan, and in Austin, Texas, complete families with young children participated in a free word association experiment on 2 occasions, 1 year apart. American parents used primarily logical transformations (synonym, contrast, etc.). Japanese parents used mainly iconic transformations (blossom-pretty, black-crow, etc.). But both Japanese and American children initially used primarily enactive transformations (knife-cut, rip-pants, etc.) and developed in opposite directions thereafter. It was concluded that (1) the child's early cognitive dictionary structure is an endogenous creation, not an imitation of the parents' dictionary structure; (2) in children (whether Japanese or North American) an early endogenous principle for organizing lexical entries is "action upon referent," and (3) culture predetermines the operative component (rules) of adult dictionary structures as well as the figurative component (vocabulary). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The game of "Simon Says" was played individually with children in preschool, kindergarten, first grade, and third grade. Errors decreased significantly with grade. First graders (average age 7) made substantial numbers of errors, indicating that "Simon Says" is more difficult than other tasks used to study children's impulsive errors and that estimates of ages at which children are able to inhibit impulsive responding depend on the demands of the task or situation. Third graders, first graders, and kindergarten girls improved with practice; kindergarten boys and preschoolers did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous researchers have found that 4- and 5-year-old Ss have great difficulty in discriminating orientation. Some studies, however, have shown improved performance following brief sensorimotor training. 2 experiments were conducted to pinpoint the sources of difficulty and to determine the best methods for improving performance. Results indicated that demonstrations teaching the relevance of orientation are necessary and sufficient to produce improved discrimination and that sensorimotor training contributes little additional benefit. The demonstrations featured a standard that could be rotated to illustrate relationships between forms differing in orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between type of label and perception of faces was assessed. 64 second- and sixth-grade Ss were randomly assigned to 4 experimental conditions in which various kinds of labeling training were associated with 4 purple and green smiling and frowning faces. All Ss then judged the similarity of pairs of the faces. Results revealed the predicted effects of labeling only for white children. Labels associated with color cues augmented the perception of color differences, whereas labels based on expression increased differentiation of expression variations, but not of color cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children 3-5 years old `were shown pairs of stimuli in which the larger stimulus was either shorter than the smaller stimulus or of equal height and asked to judge which stimulus was the "big 1." 3-year-old children answered with above-chance accuracy; most children over 4-5 seemed to define the word "big" as meaning tallness, though further experimentation showed that they did not have conceptual problems with bigness per se. The outcome was discussed in relation to recent findings in conceptual and semantic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic and cognitive factors governing passive-voice comprehension were explored. 96 children, divided among 3 grade levels (kindergarten through second), identified the object referred to by nonsense-syllable actors and recipients in passive sentences and reversed active sentences and a classification matrix. Comprehension of passives did not require reversal to an active form since children who understood passive sentences did not necessarily pass the language and matrix reversal tasks. Level of comprehension of passives, but not backward repetition, was affected by actor content. But, there were significant inter correlations among the tasks, and, therefore, some overlaps in linguistic and cognitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preschool, third-, and sixth-grade children classified as socioeconomically disadvantaged or nondisadvantaged were subjects in a voluntary-delay-of-reinforcement paradigm. Following the first day's "work" session, subjects were given the option of selecting a toy costing 3 tokens then and paying the remaining 2 tokens when they had earned them or waiting until they had saved, up enough to buy the toy. Results indicated a shift from preference for immediate reinforcement in preschool to deferred selection in sixth grade for both socioeconomic groups. Relations between the present 1:1 value ratio and the ratio of <1 represented by traditional delay-of-gratification investigations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uni- and multidimensional processing of 6- and 9-year-old children was studied using recall tasks in which an array of stimuli was reconstructed to match a model array. Hierarchies of perceptual salience were assessed prior to Ss' participation in tasks in which the salience of the relevant dimensions was varied. The results indicated that both age groups were able to solve multidimensional problems but that solution rate was retarded by the unidimensional processing of highly salient dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the magnitude, sources, and consequences of differences among age strata in various dimensions of religious orientation and practice. A national sample of 4444 Lutheran church members, ages 15-65, completed a 740-item survey. From these data six age groups were empirically formed; these exhibited significant differences on 43 of 52 major scales. Patterns of age strata differences supported a "selective gap" theory rather than a "great gap" interpretation of contrasts among age strata. The youth stratum, 19-23, was found to be most heterogeneous in their beliefs, attitudes, or life styles. Although some within-stratum solidarity was evident, it generally was weak and overshadowed by lineage solidarity. Implications of combined aging and cohort effects conclude the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of youth-group consciousness and counterculture behavior during the 1960s is accounted for by two competing theoretical rationales: the "movement sweep" and the "blend" theses. This study explores the development of youth stratum consciousness in four groups of youth: white collar and blue collar students and nonstudents. The research employs a social movement paradigm suggesting an explicit developmental sequence from initial awareness through crystallized ideology and behavior expression. The attempt to operationalize generational consciousness based on Mannheim's definition was partially successful. The data clearly provide little support for the "sweep" thesis of youth movement phenomena, but do suggest some confirmation for the "blend" perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of studies was conducted to investigate possible differences in the exploratory manipulation and play behavior of human infants 7½-11½ months of age as a function of the attributes of the stimulus, the familiarity of the subject with the stimuli, the age and sex of the infants, and individual differences. The data from a variety of situations and samples coalesced on the following conclusions: (1) exploratory manipulation time was an increasing function of the contingent responsiveness of the stimulus objects (e.g., their sound potential and plasticity); (2) there were only inconsistent effects associated with the configural complexity of the objects and thus its status as an effective attribute remains ambiguous; (3) there were essentially no changes in the distribution of exploratory manipulation between 8½ and 11½ months across different levels of stimulus responsiveness; (4) there were no effects for experimentally introduced long-term familiarity with the stimulus objects, nor were there correlations between maternal ratings of toy familiarity and the length of time the infant played with a toy; (5) short-term familiarization with a given stimulus attribute temporarily eliminated that entire attribute as a variable in governing the duration of time the infant subsequently spent manipulating objects varying in that attribute; (6) infants displayed more concentrated exploration and cognitively richer play with increasing age; (7) the complexity and richness of infant play behavior cannot be easily subsumed by a few factorial dimensions; (8) the density of free-play behavior (the amount of manipulation versus noninteraction) showed selective stability during the younger but not the older ages studied; and (9) approximately half the subjects could be classified into groups which differed from one another in their style of play behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the developmental aspects of temporal orientation in adolescents. Research with regard to developmental influences on temporal perspective was needed to clarify whether temporal perspective develops in a continuous or discontinuous fashion. Similarly, investigation was needed to determine whether sex differences existed at various age levels of adolescence. Four age groups that covered the span from preadolescence to young adulthood were utilized. To measure temporal orientation, the Time Reference Inventory was administered to each group in its usual classroom setting.

The manifest goals of this research were to: (a) devise a means of measuring the relative importance for youth of two potential types of referents-parents or peers and (b) obtain information on behavioral correlates of parent and peer orientations. Tests of relationship were made relative to parent or peer orientation and: the age-grade level, sex, the perceived source of need satisfaction, and the socioeconomic class of respondents. Ordinal type scales were used where applicable to gain measurements of the variables. Chi-square tests and rank-order correlations provided the measures of association between type of orientation and the independent variables. All the associations were found to be significant, except socioeconomic class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between birth order and friendship associations is analyzed in a study based on a total sample of women college students in the Middle East. The main finding of the study is that last-born girls tend to visit with friends more frequently than first and in-between children. However, the same pattern by birth order does not always hold when intensity of interaction with friends is considered. Theoretically, the relatively high participation with friends on the part of last-borns as compared to first-borns may reflect the beginning of change in the functions of the family. Moreover, the apparent high friendship interaction of all the different groups studied emphasizes group solidarity based on affectivity as its major base of strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deviant sexual behavior has often been portrayed as the consequence of the frustration of legitimate sexual outlets. Viewing male sex aggression as a deviant sexual response, one finds that, although these males are the sexually most successful, they also tend to be the sexually most dissatisfied. It is suggested that sexual satisfaction is largely a function of the nature of peer group associations rather than of a given quantity of sexual outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a study that attempts to present normative data at various ages for a content test in use with children, the Despert Fables. The Despert Fables for ages 6 through 14 years are responded to with sufficient consistency that, for normal subjects, certain responses may be interpreted as "popular responses". The criterion used in this study for a response to be listed popular is 25% or more. In conclusion, it seems that this technique is most appropriate for children under eight years of age. The first step towards a meaningful revision of the fables has been made. Some fables can be dropped out with little loss of significant material while others need to be added, particularly to get at such information as fears, castration and identification.

The article reports on judgments of character made from photographs, analyzed to test the hypotheses of consistent individual differences and stimulus generalization implicit in the use of such tasks as projective devices. The basic design of the photograph collection was to obtain pictures of men and women of four different age levels, teenage, young, middleeaged and old. In the checklist answer form, the separate answer booklet asked that each person pictured be evaluated in terms of thirty trait terms, indicating which terms applied and which definitely did not apply, leaving the other terms unchecked.

This article examined the drug of misuse to determine the age groups which are particularly associated with their use and abuse. To identify a particular age group abusing these particular drugs is quite difficult, since of the number of registered addicts known to the Home Office the age range is considerable. In the United Kingdom, since 1965, the suicide and accidental overdosage deaths from barbiturates has almost doubled and of the total annual drug poisonings two-thirds are due exclusively to barbiturates. The misuse of barbiturates seems to be more acute in the middle!aged who become psychologically, if not physiologically, dependent upon the drugs.

The article presents an overview of youth sociology. It may be useful to indicate which age groups are meant when one uses the term youth. Roughly, the population of discussion is between 13 and 24 years but a distinction must be made between adolescents, on the one hand and young people or young adults, on the other. Sociologically it is meaningful to subdivide youth, although different ways of doing this are possible. The period of adolescence with all the physiological changes it involves is practically over at the age of 18, in some social and ethnic groups and in some geographical regions of the world much earlier. As a rule, it takes some time before individuals' full psychological reaction to physiological change sets in, leading to new attitudes and forms of behaviour which one can classify as adolescent. The age for the onset of physiological and biological puberty, although in itself a complex phenomenon, has come down considerably. During the last seventy-five years and the variance in certain measurable variables of puberty has probably increased, biological maturation in a relatively homogeneous population is probably less homogeneous than it was fifty years ago. Dating starts earlier and also premarital sexual activities and relations.

This article focuses on the present scenario in the field of social gerontology regarding the problems of elderly people who are increasingly occupying the general public and those who are responsible for policy in the sphere of labor and welfare. But, in spite of important developments in research, the factual basis for policy making is still very weak. The situation of the elderly no doubt varies from country to country, but intelligent discussion regarding the differences and their economic and cultural background is hampered by the lack of knowledge about basic facts in many countries and the incomparability of existing material. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers from various disciplines have been engaged on research into old age, but they tend to be working in relative isolation. The absence of systematic means of communication outside the United States prevents most of them from assimilating the work of people in other countries. In order to improve these conditions the International Association of Gerontology, in 1955-56, established a Social Research Committee consisting of economists, sociologists, psychologists and physicians with a branch for Europe and a branch for the United States.

Effects of intent and consequences on the moral judgments of 3 age groups of children (5-11 years) were measured using 4 stories combining positive and negative intentions and consequences. Subjects made their own judgments and attributed judgments to a story figure who had no access to intent information. The use of intention increased linearly with age for judgments of actors producing negative consequences, while all age groups tended to use intent cues for the positive-consequence stories. Social perspective taking, measured by own versus other rating differences, increased with age for both positive- and negative-consequence conditions. Results were compared with the existing literature on moral judgment which has utilized only negative-consequence paradigms. A socialization explanation was advanced for the differential findings on positive and negative consequences. The social perspectivism findings were discussed in terms of the relationship between role taking and moral judgment skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjects ranging in age from 5 years to adulthood were given an 8- serial position probe-type short-term memory task. Half at each age level were given organizational cues which included instructions as well as temporal and spatial cues supplied during item presentation. An age-related increase in the level of short-term memory was found, which was reflected primarily in the early portions of the serial position curves. The performance of the older subjects (10 years and up) was facilitated by the organizational cues, whereas that of younger subjects was not. The results were discussed in relation to Flavell's (1970) theory of the onto genesis of memory and similar notions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

20 pairs of random visual patterns were used as stimuli to test the curiosity property of complexity at 3 age levels: 5 years, 9 years, and 19 years (college students). Stimuli were constructed according to a modified At-tneave technique; in accordance with this procedure. stimuli varied in complexity from 3 to S sides. Each was paired with a standard 4-sided figure and presented at each of 4 temporal exposures. For each pair, the subject chose 1 of the stimuli to look at again. There was a tendency on the overall for the complex figure to be chosen more frequently; the effect of lengthened exposure time did not alter the likelihood of a complex choice at each age level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation of substance, weight continuous and discontinuous quantity, number, area, distance, length, 2-dimensional and 3-dimentsional space and their relation to age, sex, IQ, MA, and vocabulary were assessed in normal and emotionally disturbed children in first and second grades. Although the emotionally disturbed children were 2 years older, their level of conservation was not higher than that of the normal children. In contrast, normal older subjects performed significantly better than younger subjects, even though their age difference was only 1 year. Boys obtained consistently higher conservation scores than girls. Conservation was positively correlated with IQ, MA, and verbal ability. An analysis of nonconservation responses suggested an interaction effect between the frequency and type of nonconservation, on 1 hand, and the particular task and configuration of the manipulated object, on the other. The results both support Piaget's theory of age-dependent cognitive development for normal subjects and suggest significant individual differences within a given age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on the hypothesis that the effect of exposure to rewarding peer models, as compared to nonrewarding models, depends on the subject's general history of reinforcement from the peer group. 56 nursery school children were selected as Ss, and the behavior modeled consisted of a series of altruistic and "incidental" responses. It was found that Ss exposed to an altruistic peer model displayed significantly more altruism than Ss not exposed to a model. It was also discovered that Ss who had a history of frequent reinforcement from their peers imitated a rewarding model significantly more than a nonrewarding model; on the other hand, children who received infrequent reinforcement from peers imitated nonrewarding peers significantly more than rewarding peers. The results are discussed in relation to Mowrer's secondary reinforcement theory of imitative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children at 1, 4, 6, and 12 years of age were tested on the object-discrimination, oddity, and conditional-oddity problems. The object-discrimination problem can be handled by 1-year-olds, the oddity problem by 6-year-olds, and the conditional-oddity problem by Ss between 6 and 12 years of age. The major response tendency found from an analysis of Ss' choices over trials was a position preference on the part of 1-year-old Ss on the object-discrimination problem With more complex problems and older age groups, Ss appeared to vary in the type of responses they made both among themselves and over trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment is concerned with the question, "Are young children superior to older children in recognizing spatially disoriented visual stimuli?" This particular question and several related ones have received attention by psychologists (see 3, 16, for review of experiments), and, as a consequence of their research, apparently contradictory answers have been offered. Much of the early literature, poorly documented and heavily anecdotal, supports the generally accepted idea that children do recognize inverted pictures as easily as normally oriented ones (11, pp. 313-314; 14, p. 190; 15, pp. 70-71, 78). Although it was not common to test adults and children in the same experiment, apparently it was tacitly assumed that adults could not perform as well as children. For example, Newhall (13) concluded that stimulus recognition of 3- to 5-year-old children was not affected by stimulus orientation. The stimuli in his experiment were very simple and differed greatly in form one from the other (chair, horse, boat, rabbit, child). Perhaps adults' performance would be identical with the children's in this situation; without comparison data from other age groups, any conclusion is unwarranted. Experimental evidence has been offered to support the rather vague claim that some adults do have difficulty when visual stimuli are inverted or otherwise spatially disoriented, but in these experiments data on children were not collected (1, 2, 6; see 8, pp. 71-73 for review). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which examined whether semantic differential can be used as a true measure or meaning for a wide range of age groups. Semantic space generated by semantic differential; Scales used in the study; Results of the study.

Relations between dependence on adults and social acceptance by peers were studied. Dependency was measured as the observed number of social inter- actions with adults in nursery school free play situations. A negative relation was obtained consistently between dependency scores and measures of peer social acceptance obtained after several weeks of acquaintance. Significance of correlations varied for categories of dependency scores but, in general, significant negative relations were found to exist between dependency and sociometric scores, teacher judgments of popularity, ob- served social acceptance in play, and number of observed friendly interactions with playmates.

This investigation proposed to demonstrate that observed preschool group behavior is related to sociometric scores and to teacher judgments of social acceptance. A method for recording social interactions was devised and it provided reliable quantitative measurement of both social participation and social status. Interactions of each of 19 children of two preschool groups were recorded for a minimum of zoo minutes. The children were given three or four picture sociometric tests at 10-day intervals and teacher judgments of best friends of these children were obtained at times correseponding to the sociometric tests.

Focuses on the derivation of the indices of peer status. Assumption of the derivation of the indices; Types of peer status indices; Validity of the indices.

In order to establish the relationship of personal traits and characteristics with the success of Village Level Workers in the service of the National Extension Service, 178 Village Level Workers of the eight districts of Bombay State, India, were selected by stratified randomization. Two main tests- Check-List Rating and Physical Accomplishments Score-were employed to differentiate between the most effective and least effective Village Level Work- ers. The most effective Village Level Workers were in the age group of SE to 40 years, had graduated from high schools, were married, and had rural backgrounds and aptitudes for social work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the concomitant relationship of age and the intensity of participation of rural people in formal organizations. The Chapin Scale was used to determine the participation behavior for each person ten years of age and over in 435 rural families. The data show several significant phases by age groups on the total participation profile. First, the avenge score is higher in the 15-19 age class as compared with the preceding five year age group. Second, the scores decrease at twenty years of age and the low point for the entire age structure occurs in the ten years between twenty and thirty. Third, the scores gradually increase alter thirty years of age. Among males the peak comes in the 55-59 age group. The highest point for females appears to come about ten years earlier. Fourth, the older age groups have markedly lower scores than the age classes with the highest scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is a difference between this generation's conflict with its elders and other such conflicts. No longer do the young want to replace the older generation and do it one better. Many young people want to leave the middle class system altogether. They are convinced that they never will want to be like their elders and that they must fight for their and other's rights to live outside the system. The communication system of the young (Folk Rock Records) are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]