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The purpose of this paper is to make a detailed comparison of three macroeconometric models of the U.S. economy with regard to their predictive ability and policy multiplier properties. Three models are the St. Louis Model, the Wharton Model and the M.P.S. Model. These models are constructed with different emphasis on the treatment of the monetary phenomena, depending upon the philosophy of the model builder. They may respectively be called a monetarist model, a Keynesian-type income-expenditure model, and a structural model which emphasizes the monetary structure for the stabilization policy analysis. The structure of each model is not discussed in this paper but only a brief sketch of their special features is given in the next section. The predictive performance and the policy multiplier analysis are discussed in the 3rd and 4th sections, followed by some concluding remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the Stochastic Dominance (SD) approach to the evaluation of risky assets. Given a set of portfolios, the familiar EV procedure chooses a set of EV-efficient portfolios while the SD procedures choose SD-efficient sets that usually are quite similar to (but not identical with) the EV-efficient set. The SD approach can be employed as a refinement of the EV model or as an alternative method of evaluating portfolios. The SD view has certain conceptual advantages in the screening of a set of portfolios, but the EV model has the important advantage of an optimizing algorithm that builds efficient portfolios. Also, the SD approach requires more data than the EV approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need for human resource accounting through which positional replacement cost is measured. A great deal of the research previously done in human resource accounting has focused upon the problem of accounting for human resource costs, especially historical costs. Although some previous work has been devoted to the replacement cost of human resources, this area has received relatively little systematic investigation. Two of the major applications involve their use in planning and controlling the use of human resources and in developing surrogate measures of an individual's value to a formal organization which, in turn, has additional implications for the management of people. The need for measures of positional replacement cost, has developed a normative model for its measurement, which has presented the results of a study to apply the model in an insurance company, and has suggested some of the implications of measuring such data for management. Accounting systems are designed to measure and communicate data.

The article presents a study about the theoretical approach to a study of chalk grassland in England. This paper focuses on the six parts that make up the studies recorded in the past. A brief review of the history in literature of British Chalk Grassland is presented showing the general framework of the previous studies. Different variables in soil formation is detailed and the concepts in vegetation analysis are discussed featuring a functional approach which is a valuable tool in the assessment of various factors affecting the ecosystem balance.

‘Rural’ is variously used to designate both physical areas and individuals, and to refer to three different substantive aspects: (1) an ecological facet, (2) an occupational dimension, and (3) a cultural complex. In this paper, using multiple correlation analysis, such a composite definition is empirically evaluated for its power, breadth, consistency, and meaningfulness of interpretation. Ten dependent behaviors solicited from a large sample of Pennsylvania adolescents are used as the test data. The ‘rurality’ components are shown to be low in power, inconsistent in breadth, and confusing in meaningfulness. The authors suggest, therefore, that a composite definition offering constant weightings to the various factors may obfuscate more than it enlightens. Such a conclusion must be tentative, however, due to the limited qualities of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general view and evaluation of rural research in Brazil. The beginnings of rural research and the main orientations during its early development are reviewed. Three fields are then analyzed more thoroughly: community studies, regional investigations, and problem oriented research. Although relatively few in number, the community studies have nevertheless served to illustrate the most varied types of social structure in Brazil. General regional surveys are numerous and are concerned principally with cultural and ecological aspects of society; most of Brazil's varied regions have been studied in this fashion. Problem-oriented research, on the other hand, is fairly recent and as yet unsystematic. The main problem areas that have been emphasized are: immigration and assimilation, internal migrations, messianic movements, and more recently, class relations and land tenure problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the investigation of the self-evaluation approaches used by college instructors in physical science in improving their instruction. It provides information on how the information reported in this paper was gathered. It describes the frequency of use of self-evaluation tools by physical science instructors. A comparison of physical science instructors with instructors in other fields is examined. Furthermore, it also enumerates the additional self-evaluation procedures volunteered and suggested by instructors which they have found useful.

This article focuses on the vane kindergarten test. The Vane Kindergarten Test was developed in order to evaluate the intellectual and academic potential and behavior adjustment of young children. It incorporates the features of short administration time, simple directions and rapid scoring. The educational importance of having an adequate estimate of the intelligence and adjustment of children at an early age is self-evident, if a child is to benefit maximally from his educational opportunities, the school should follow his progress from the earliest grades and plan a program that will meet his needs.

Industry performance is a multidimensional concept. Among its salient dimensions are allocative efficiency, distributive equity, and technological progressiveness. To test the extent of industry performance evaluation agreement among a sizeable and diverse panel of expert judges was one major objective of the experiment reported in this paper. Disagreement may arise because panelists differ in their evaluations of industries sub-dimension performance or in the weighting scheme they use to compress sub-dimension evaluations into a single overall performance measure. A mail survey proved simplest and least costly. One hundred and fifty questionnaires were mailed to business and industrial organization specialists in the United States. The questionnaire consisted of five parts. The first four parts asked for subjective sub-dimension evaluations. The "product pricing" sub-dimension referred to industries' success in satisfying the demands of all consumers willing to pay the cost of additional output, while foregoing profits not needed to call forth their productive effort. The "cost minimization" sub-dimension referred to each industry's effectiveness in increasing productivity, avoiding wasteful work practices and staffing, building efficient size plants, and locating its plants most efficiently.

There have been two distinct features of recent literature on the analysis of capital projects by businesses. First, empirical investigators have accumulated evidence that typically businesses have been relying upon the pre-tax pay-back or book rate of profit return: from this conclusions have been drawn that such businesses are ignoring their liability to tax, tax incentives, problems of changing revenues over the life of assets and opportunity costs of capital. Accompanying these reports has been a steady stream of academic and government advice to businessmen urging them to use more elaborate and comprehensive calculations of earnings or savings arising from capital investments, usually by means of a discounted-cash-flow rule. The purpose of this paper is to question whether this evidence of the predominant use in businesses of simple 'traditional' measures in investment appraisal is itself sufficient to substantiate the conclusions reached. A computation relating these 'traditional' measures to a recommended discounted-cash-flow yield, which has been made by researcher A.M. Alfred, will be outlined and its implications considered. The compilation and assimilation by businessmen of bases of information such as market forecasts will be discussed and an attempt will be made to consider the function of estimated profit yield within the investment decision-taking processes that exist in organizations.

Numerous studies of the prestige of occupations have been conducted in the United States. In recent years considerable attention has been directed toward such research in non-Western societies, including Japan. One basic problem of these studies has been to explain why most available data appear to show that there are substantial similarities in the occupational prestige hierarchies of various societies. Several authors take for granted the notion that the prestige hierarchies of many different societies are similar, despite the fact that the evidence is not wholly convincing;then they go on to explain the similarities by means of what they call a "structural" hypothesis. Specifically, they hold that industrialization produces its own characteristic occupational prestige hierarchy, regardless of the cultural milieu in which it is located. Elsewhere it has been shown that industrialization per se cannot be responsible for much of the observed intersocietal similarity in prestige hierarchies; part of the observation is probably an artifact of the research design and part of it is probably due to "structural similarities" in social systems with complex divisions of labor, whether industrial or not.

This article addresses the political incursions in the process of evaluation research. Researchers who undertake the evaluation of social action programs are engaged in enterprise fraught with hazards. They are beset by conceptual and methodological problems, problems of relationships, status and function, practical problems and problems of career and reward. There is also an increasing requirement to boost visibility and scope of evaluation research in recent years. The big change that is expected is that both programming and evaluation are now national in scope. Programs may actually become no more standardized in form, content and structure than they ever were, but they are funded from a common source and bear a common name, which is "community action program,".

This paper is the first chapter of a book on U.S. federal resource allocation in the field of outdoor recreation. Line-item budgeting turned out to be sensitive politically but did not lead to analysis of agency activities. Program budgeting was politically insensitive but did not lead to evaluation either. This turned attention to the question of why organizations resist evaluation. The thesis of the article is that evaluation is primarily an organizational problem. The needs of the organization and the people within it conflict with the desire to continuously monitor activities and change policies when they are found wanting. By considering how an organization wholeheartedly devoted to evaluation might function, and how people might survive whose major purpose was to maintain resources and objectives in a creative tension, the article suggests that it will be difficult to marry evaluation and organization. The article includes suggestions for bringing together substantive evaluation of policy and the imperatives of organizational life. But the degree of trust among social groups is seen as a critical regulator facilitating or depressing evaluation and conditioning the uses to which it is put. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the two investigations pertaining to diagnostic evaluation methods in individualized instruction. The first study sought to determine the effect of incorporating diagnostic testing into a hierarchically based, audio-tutorial program on constructing and interpreting graphs. The second study investigated how a change in administrative procedures affected the utility of using diagnostic testing. Specifically, the question asked in the second study was whether or not allowing students to grade their own diagnostic tests and to seek remedial instruction without teacher supervision would be as effective as having a teacher grade diagnostic tests and prescribe remedial instruction.

The article examines the traits in teachers that students think are important for effective teaching. It presents an investigation of the hypothesis that teacher trainees on the junior and senior level in college will change their preference for a given instructor type when the situation is changed. There were 98 women and 27 men in the test sample. Each instructor was described in terms of his definition of education, his method of teaching, bases of student evaluation and typical ways students reacted to the teacher. Data suggest that preferences may be influenced by a correspondence of traits between the situation and instructor. Students seem disappointed with the tentative character of generalizations in educational psychology and are not interested in examining the reasons therefore.

The article reports on the discussion of the problems of mathematics learning and the educational psychologist and educational philosopher. The educational psychologist is someone who is concerned with the evaluation of the efficiency of different methods used in the new teaching programs of mathematics. They also evaluate the teaching program and the results of specific aims and objectives. The educational philosopher, on the other hand, is the one who poses some important questions regarding the general goals of the mathematics program.

The article presents an overview on the subjective evaluation of the AYI Institute at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A brief questionnaire is sent to the participants of the prior years program following the end of an Institute. The responses to the questions serve as one basis for revising a new proposal and the related Institute program for the following year. The responses to a request to give suggestions on how to improve the program are presented. It was also found out that professional background does not insure the development of certain attitudes towards teaching.

The article discusses the study which is aimed to evaluate the community attitudes toward the adolescent drop-in and service center in the U.S. The samples for this study include 321 students and adults in the two school districts in the target area. School students were sampled from each secondary school grade in each of the two school districts. Adult data were collected from each other school district. The adolescent drop-in center has surveyed the adults and young people in the community. It was found that the agency was well known and seen as providing effective help with the problems of adolescents.

Seven experiments were conducted which measured changes in the subjects' actual performance resulting from manipulated personal and categorical comparison of performance with another subject. In line with Festinger's (1954) theory of social comparison of ability, it was found that subjects who were visually isolated from sources of evaluation (setting 2) experiment 2 and 3) showed relatively low performance after a VI (very inferior) or VS (very superior) outcome and relatively high performance after an EQ (equal) outcome, whereas subjects who were visually exposed to sources of evaluation (setting 1, experiment I and 4) showed relatively low performance only after a VS outcome and relatively high performance after both a VI and EQ outcome. When (also in setting 1) the manipulation of outcome was combined with a manipulation of expectation (experiment 5), ii was found that an EQ expectation did not alter the original pattern of outcome effects, but that a VI or VS expectation markedly influenced the effect of out- come: A complete confirmation of VI expectation and an almost complete dis-confirmation of VS expectation resulted in relatively high performance, whereas all other combinations of VI or VS expectation with a given outcome resulted in relatively low performance. Finally, it was found that changing the manipulation of personal comparison of performance of the previous experiments into a manipulation of categorical comparison of performance (experiment 6a and 6b) resulted in a pattern of data which was about the opposite of the typical previous pattern. In setting 1 (experiment 6a), the subjects' performance was relatively low after being categorized into a VI or EQ category and relatively high after being categorized into a VS category, whereas in setting 2 (experiment 6b) both the VI and VS categorization resulted in the same performance and the EQ categorization resulted in a slightly lower performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article reports that a sometimes neglected cost of secrecy in the conduct of the U.S. foreign affairs is that it can hinder, rather than expedite, the effective formulation of policy. A comprehensive evaluation of the utility of foreign policy-making in camera would weigh this cost, along with the cost in democratic accountability, against the benefits of secrecy often postulated. Hence this brief article explores only a fraction of the issue, the ways in which secrecy can detract from effective policy-making.

The article reports that the need for a more reliable means of measuring the output of governmental services at all levels of government is a critical problem for all policy analysts. It is particularly important at the municipal level, such outputs and their variations have the most direct citizens, and where sophisticated measurement and evaluation capabilities are least likely to be found. The article also describes the need which is easily documented by reference to reports of service breakdowns contributing to the exodus of middle-class residents from central cities.

This article describes various rating systems. The rating system may be absolute or relative. A rater employing an "absolute" system describes a ratee without making direct reference to other ratees, usually in terms of a point on some rating scale. In a "relative" rating system, on the other hand, rating is carried out in terms of comparisons among a group of ratees. Popular examples of the latter approach are rank ordering, paired comparisons, and forced distributions. These methods have been suggested not only because they make good sense at the outset, but also because "absolute" rating systems have had a strong tendency to fail their task of discrimination, especially in the form of "inflation," or packing of ratings near the high end of the scale. The nature of most "relative" systems precludes this deficiency. Thus, relative rating systems have been widely discussed in the literature. The Point Allocation Technique was suggested in a workshop conducted by the Air Force in January 1971 during which a number of schemes for new rating systems were proposed.

This study investigates the accuracy of self-evaluation on test performance of junior high school students. The results suggest that high achieving students are more accurate at self-evaluation and that they improve at a faster rate than low achieving students. Practice tends to improve the accuracy of prediction and under the conditions a' posteriori assessment may be more accurate than a' priori assessment. The two sexes do not appear to be different in their ability to assess their own performance. Accurate self-evaluation appears to be a reasonable process to incorporate into the school curriculum.

The article presents a description of an easily constructed scale, which permits fairly objective and very reliable rating of line darkness. The scale consists of a series of penciled reference lines of graduated darkness. Each line in the scale can then be designated in terms of the pounds of pressure necessary to produce it. Drawings can be assigned darkness scores on the basis of comparison with these standard lines. Rater reliability was determined by having two raters, the author and a psychology graduate student, score the human figure drawings of 66 hospitalized, psychiatric patients.

The article focuses on the evolution of business strategic planning. The article suggests that the strategy formulation is dynamic process that can lead to a reconsideration of objectives and a recommencement of strategy formulation. It comments that board objectives are a set of quantitative indices and qualitative characteristics of a firm's future performance. It comments that internal political objectives include ownership retention. It mentions that other non-economic objectives include employee welfare, public image, and the avoidance of political clashes with external forces. It states that forecasts involve both anticipating future trends and an estimation of the effects the trends will have on the organization's performance.

The article focuses on the characteristics of contracts in civil engineering and their inter-relationships. It states that the three characteristics outlined are organization promoters, consulting engineers, and contractors. It states that contractual links work to integrate work sequences so to achieve the project objectives. It mentions that civil engineering must be planned according to the site, taking into account uncertainties of ground and weather. It states that operational changes and delays would be reduced if the site was excavated before the project design is completed and if all details of design and methods of construction were decided before proceeding further.

The article looks at the systematic evaluation of wage payment methods. Controversies aroused by the use of financial incentive schemes are discussed. While a number of major companies in the U.S. and Great Britain have found wage payment methods unfavorable, many others have expressed satisfaction with output-based financial incentives. A survey conducted by the Institution of Works Managers is examined in which five-sixths of the 229 firms that returned questionnaires claimed to operate incentive schemes. 61 per cent of these firms stated that they were satisfied.

The article presents information regarding Personality Assessment System (PAS). The system regards personality structure and functioning in terms of highly compound patterns of interaction among a person's primitive personality features and the long-range compensations and later modifications that he obtains. PAS uses a special notation to express the primitive structure and compensatory and modifying tendencies. PAS also recognizes three degrees of strength of the primitive tendency. The degrees are weak, moderate and strong.

Thirty pictures, rated on 22 scales, were shown to 34 males, while pupillary diameters and heart rates were recorded, to test the prediction that attention to the environment leads to sympathetlc-like dilatation and parasympathetic-like cardiae slowing, and to study the relationships of the responses to stimulus-attributes. The prediction was satisfied, demonstrating directional fractionation and situational stereotypy. Tonic levels changed significantly during the experiment and also showed directional fractionation. A few individuals and stimuli, however, yielded reliable pupillary constriction, demonstrating intra-stressor stereotypy. Four factors characterized the ratings, two of which were associated with the autonomic responses. Pupillary dilatation and cardiac slowing increased as the Attention-Interest value increased. Pupillary dilatation was greatest to pictures midway on the Pleasantness Evaluation factor, and greater to unpleasant than to pleasant stimuli. Cardiac slowing was linearly related to pleasantness, with unpleasant stimuli provoking the greatest slowing. The two responses were correlated less than measurement reliability would have allowed, demonstrating quantitative dissociation. When base-corrected scores were used the correlations again were low and highly variable among subjects and stimuli, even in direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two experiments on choice the durations of attention to the alternatives were measured. In experiment 1 each subject chose one from two pictures; in experiment 2 the choice was one from three pictures. In both experiments the subjects understood that they would acquire the picture that they selected. In each experiment higher and lower conflict conditions were induced by offering subjects a choice between alternatives that had been evaluated either equally or disparately. In both experiments a significant relationship appeared between duration of attention and preference order with most subjects looking longest at the alternative that was preferred. In the comparison between conditions this effect was found to be stronger under lower conflict than under higher conflict; this difference reached a significant level in experiment 2. These results are contrary to findings by Gerard (1967) and this matter is discussed. The relevance of the results to other theories is examined. Inferences were drawn from dissonance theory about re-evaluation effects after decision and evaluation changes were measured in the experiments. After adjustment for measurement regression, the data failed to reveal a significant chronic re-evaluation effect. Contrary to dissonance theory, the re-evaluation effect was weaker in the three-alternative choice experiment than in the two-alternative choice experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about the frames of references in personality assessment. The vast increase during the past half-decade in researches directed toward the validation of currently popular diagnostic devices requires that repeatedly the question be asked, What is being validated? in these researches. The report of the APA Committee on Test Standards points out that validity is not an absolute characteristic of a test and proceeds to distinguish four categories of validity, viz., predictive validity, status validity, content validity, and congruent validity, to which the Committee on Diagnostic Devices of the Division of Clinical and Abe normal Psychology, taking cognizance of some unpublished work by the present writer and others, proposed a fifth type, post-dictive validity.

The article investigates on the effect of soil factors on the germination and seedling establishment of potential invaders of gaps which occur across edaphic transitions. Seven species that represent a range of ecological tolerance from calcicole to calcifuge were grown on nine soils of differing chemical and physical characteristics. Results suggests that when seed from species restricted to the calcareous side of an edaphic boundary falls on the acidic side, failure to become established during the early seedling phase is largely due to chemical soil factors. When seed from species growing on the acidic side fall on the calcareous side of the boundary, radicle emergence is not affected but subsequent growth is slowed to a degree which depends upon the calcareousness of the soil.

A survey of major research distinguishes between the as yet unsatisfactory situation in Europe and the situation in the United States of America, where crime prevention experiments were started over twenty-five years ago. Some major problems in the field are identified: research design, stimuli and criteria for effect. A brief evaluation of evaluative research is followed by a concluding section on social forces behind preventive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information retrieval for law research has been carried out by the Health Law Center of the University of Pittsburgh. In this case, the document collection consists of all Pennsylvania Statutes. There is no indexing; the full text of the laws is scanned. Utilizing proposals by Mooers, randomly selected statute sections are the bases of retrieval requests. In response to such requests, statute sections are retrieved, but only the "hidden" statutes are counted in the evaluation of the system efficiency. Two systems are compared: retrieval by electronic computer vs. retrieval by manual search, i.e., by lawyers using the index parts of statute collections. Mooers' ratios are computed and interpreted as point estimates of corresponding retrieval probabilities. Interval estimates and tests of significance for the differences in computed ratios are also carried out, with some consideration for the power function of the test. Cost limitations prescribed very small sample sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author describes in considerable detail a method using Keysort cards supplemented by other controls for the analysis of research records, note books, reports, technical correspondence, market reports, stabilizer evaluation tests, and shipping records. The file emphasizes halogenated synthetic resins and their stabilization against the deteriorating effects of heat and light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 studies were conducted in which the effects of internal and external evaluation on perform-and motivation were considered. A major finding was that Ss showed a continued interest in difficult tasks if they had worked on them under internal conditions. The continued interest in difficult tasks was apparently lessened by the external conditions. The effect was noted particularly in the case of high need achievement boys. Differences in performance levels under the 2 conditions were inconsistent, leading to the conclusion that the effect of the evaluation conditions on immediate performance may not be as profound and pervasive as common sense might suggest. Implications for theory as well as educational practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special census tabulations have been obtained for the Providence-Pawtucket Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area which permit the evaluation of status differences in the commuting patterns of different categories of migrants in the central cities and in the suburban parts of the Metropolitan Area. The analysis shows that among central city residents, status differences in commuting patterns are least pronounced among nonmovers and are sharpest among persons moving to the central cities from the suburbs. Among workers living in the suburbs, status differences characterize nonmovers, intrasuburban movers, and movers from the central cities to the suburbs, but these differences are sharpest for the last group. Commuting has made it possible for members of all status groups to become suburban residents while retaining their old jobs in the city, but this is particularly true of the high status groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No national use of evaluation has been more loaded with responsibility, more ambitiously organized, or more intensively conducted than the work of the Program Evaluation Organization (PEO) established by the Planning Commission of India in 1952 to have surveillance over that country's wide-flung community development operations. This has been and still is a battle-test of evaluation in an urgent and fast-changing national program of social and economic development. An early formulation of the objectives of the PEO specified the purposes as follows: to help determine progress or accomplishments against what was intended, to provide guidance, to study nonadopters and nonadoption, to check teaching procedures, to provide evidence of the value of the work, to provide guides for training personnel, and to give villages some evidence and sense. It is clear that PEO in India has marked its first five years by survival; successful and useful prosecution of numerous studies; accumulation of a creditable series of reports; and manifest influence on the policy, program, and methods of community development.

Two hypotheses-(1) that socio-economic status is related to social acceptance, and (2) that farm students are not so well accepted as town students-were tested in this study of students enrolled in a high school in southeastern Nebraska. Sex and high-school grade were also considered because of possible effects upon results. Socio-economic status was measured by the composite of ratings by four long-time residents of the community. Results indicated that social acceptance and socio-economic status were related for town boys and girls, but were not related for those living on farms. Farm pupils were not so well accepted as town pupils by the high-school student body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relative frequency of significant findings, termed Significance Batting Averages (SBA), associated with classes of predictors and criteria, especially with regard to particular types of validity assessment. Study shows that aptitudes was the most frequently used predictor class while supervisor's evaluation was the most frequently used criterion class. Aptitudes had the highest of the predictor SBA, Achievement the highest of the criterion SBA. The conjunction of the predictor General Mental Ability with the criterion Achievement yielded the highest, stable SBA. Maximum Performance predictors had SBA markedly higher than Typical Performance predictors and direct assessment criteria were notably higher than Rating criteria which were in turn higher than Indirect assessment criteria in this respect.

The article focuses on the scientific foundations of marginalism. Assertions that marginalist generalizations are the end products of scientific inquiry are subject to critical evaluation. Among the group of economists that can be loosely termed marginalists, there are those who tend to consider economics a formal science and those who tend to consider it an empirical science. Most economists agree that their discipline concerns itself with certain kinds of observable social phenomena, whether they define their study as decision-making in the allocation of scarce resources, man in the ordinary business of making a living, or of what is produced, how and for whom. Science can be conceived of as an intellectual movement characterized by the continual attempt to ethnocentric biases which limit the validity of formulations explaining the physical and social phenomena in any given historical period. In addition to the problems of ethnocentrism and the development of appropriate tools for investigating particular phenomena, empirical science also requires that the generalizations it formulates be verifiable. Comtemporary marginalism purports to concern itself with what are termed microcroeconomic problems. The central position which the maximization principle occupies in contemporary economic doctrine makes its critical evaluation mandatory.

The author presents a discussion on difficulties that come up in evaluations of analysis. In order to clarify the complex of problems, he has discussed the subject from the following three points of view, namely, evaluation by the patient; evaluation by the environment which comprises of family and society; and evaluation by the therapist. He has pointed out dangers which are faced when the work of analysis is looked from a scientific and objective point of view. For it is clear that in many cases there is simply no 'either-or' in connection with success and failure.

Allport's concept of intrinsic-extrinsic (I-E) orientation to religion has stimulated useful theoretical and empirical work. Critical review of selected articles and original data were used to assess the concept's research utility. Conclusions: I-E has not been operationally defined as one bipolar continuum; it contains several component variables. I and E are not opposites. E is well operationalized as a selfish, instrumental approach to religion; I has not been operationally defined. These general labels, and ideas, should be abandoned in favor of attempts to define more specific components. The central phenomena involved may be pervasive personality variables, affecting "secular" as well as "religious" behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Either positive or negative feedback was given to seventy-two college students about performance on an ability test. As is usually found, feedback was highly related to students' subsequent self-assessments. Positive and negative feedback were of roughly equal importance when the source of feedback is ignored. However, considering source, negative feedback had greater impact when coming from peers; positive feedback was stronger when coming from a person of higher status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to identify currently credible concepts in biology considered to be important for inclusion in K-12 curricula. The procedures employed in this study make use of scientists at the front of knowledge from the beginning and include scientists and educators with a variety of orientations. This resulted in a free flow of new information; evaluation of each statement by panels of colleagues for precision, credibility, completeness, and importance; and judgment by educators and teachers at to their importance to the education of youth. The concepts identified in this study and the importance attached to them by the national panel should be considered in developing K-12 science curricula. Hence, the concepts resulting from this study should, like all lists, be re-evaluated and revised periodically.

The article presents a study that seeks to measure observation and comparison skills in science among secondary schools in the U.S. Research has been conducted in junior high school relative to science skills development but there has been a great deal about the importance of developing a specific science skills in the classroom. There arise certain problems and challenges in dealing with the process skills in the classroom. These are particularly centered to the skills that have not been adequately defined and analyzed. The test to measure observation and comparison skills is known as the Scientific Observation and Comparison Skill Test (SOCS). The test is related to other factors including general intelligence, science achievement, Flanagan aptitude classification and others.

Six objectives of the individual science laboratory have been described. Five of these objectives (vocabularly competence, observational competence, investigative competence, reporting competence, and manipulative competence) are believed to have measurable outcomes and tests to evaluate these outcomes have been suggested The sixth, laboratory discipline, is considered to be a valuable outcome but no test has been suggested because none has been conceived. It has been argued that the bulk of the evaluation process can, and should, make use of non-symbolic stimuli. The type-tests suggested are oriented mainly toward an imaginative teacher who, it is believed, can readily adapt the suggested tests to fit any science laboratory at any level of instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on measurement and evaluation in education. Educational evaluation is a recurring process that involves the formulating of objectives of instruction consistent with an over-all philosophy, which defines the objectives of instruction and measure the learner's progress toward these objectives. The process of evaluation may involve the use of statistical methods in the treatment of test data but only as a means to an end. Measurement and evaluation follow the establishment of objectives of instruction. Test construction, treatment of test data, and other methods of educational appraisal cannot proceed until there is something to measure.

The article explores the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of teaching science in the public secondary schools in Ohio in school year 1951-1952. Effective learning is more likely to occur when the teacher has a broad background of knowledge in the particular science he is teaching as well as in the related scientific areas. Furthermore, there is a probability of effective learning when the teacher knows about, understands, and uses a variety of methods of instruction as opposed to the exclusive use of one or two methods. Various insights on the improvement of science education in the state's public schools such as; the selection of the science teachers should be keen and intelligent manner, the increase in the budgets for science equipment and supplies and lastly, the State Department of Education should continue its program in consolidating with schools to develop science education in rural areas.