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In this article, two studies are summarized, that employ a previously developed experimentally validated measure of castration anxiety to test derivations from psychoanalytic theory. The first study compares homosexual males and normal males in a search for differences in castration anxiety. The second study makes the same comparison for normal men and women. S. Freud, in one of his earliest papers, suggests that castration anxiety, because of its role in the resolution of the Oedipus complex, is of crucial importance to subsequent object choice. Later papers repeat this statement without essential castration anxiety inhibits the boy's object choice and, if reinforced by organic factors, may result in exclusive homosexuality. The weight of psychoanalytic theory suggests castration anxiety is of differential importance in the personalities of normal men and women, Freud, speaking of castration anxiety in the female, states "She accepts castration as an established fact, an operation already performed. The castration dread thus being excluded in her case."

The article reports that the problem with which this paper is concerned is Homey's hypothesis which states that "the basis of anxiety usually lies in hostile impulses. For the purposes of the research this may be stated in correlation language as a hypothesis asserting a significant association between hostility and anxiety. That Homey views her conceptual analysis of anxiety as being different from Sigmund Freud's analysis is suggested by her statement that "the frequently with which anxiety is generated by sexual impulses is largely dependent on the existing cultural attitude towards sexuality.

The article focuses on the impacts of psychoanalysis on the patients in the second half of their life. The author conceptualize, the impact of the ageing process on the capacity of patients suffering from different types of neuroses, to cope with their illnesses. He refers and contradicts the theory of neurologist Sigmund Freud, in which he states that psychoanalytic therapy has certain limitations. It demands a certain degree of maturity and understanding in the patient and is therefore not suited for the young or for adults who are feeble-minded or uneducated. It also fails with people who are very advanced in years.

The article focuses on the applicability of projective techniques on personnel appraisal in business and industry. It says that in personnel appraisal, the specific data in the projective battery must correspond with the specific requirements of a job. It mentions coping mechanisms and defense mechanisms in relation to psychologist Sigmund Freud, which should work towards the expanded theory of channelization and sublimation. It also highlights the demand set on clinical psychologists in industry as well as the four dimensions of project techniques including the maladjustment factor, stress-tolerance, and flexibility factor.

Addresses criticisms and modifications of Sigmund Freud's theories of developmental identification and their derivatives. Overview of Freud's theory of identification; Psychological variants of Freud's theory of identification; Comparison from T. Parsons' sociological theory of identification.

The article attempts to resolve a contradiction in sociologist Sigmund Freud's view of the position of the leader. Freud appeals to what he calls the scientific myth of the Primal Horde to account for the development of groups. The thought of another leader-whether he be the father, or, worse still, a rival is intolerable. Each with his individual aspirations would kill the very force that unites them. This built-in disintegration might be called a kind of homeostasis in reverse. If an Authority is postulated that at once unites leader with follower and yet, by its very existence, endows the leader with a right that hithen the circle is squared. The followers must accept the validity of something bigger than the leader. They must believe in God or Germany for only thus can the leader gain their consent. The leader must buy consent with anonymity. This is tantamount to saying that almost any form of social group is self-validating. To the extent that discriminations are made, so will those who are discriminated against come to believe in the basis of these discriminations.

This article discusses the contribution of psychoanalysis to ethics. The contribution of psychoanalysis may be considered from three points of view. In the first place, what light analytic theory throws on the natural history of morals, that is the ways in which moral rules and moral sentiments are formed and developed in the individual and the group. There is also a question whether psychoanalysis can, from its own resources, provide the basis for an ethical theory or a set of standards or principles in the light of which existing moral codes can be criticized or evaluated. Finally, there is the question how far the insight into human nature acquired through the exploration of the unconscious elements in the human mind can help us in releasing the energies of man and removing the obstacles that hinder the realization of his ideals, whatever may be their ultimate source. The problems raised in the first two questions are not always clearly distinguished by psychoanalytic writers and some would deny that there is such a thing as ethical theory other than the psychology of morals. Sigmund Freud himself tells us that it is not the object of his investigations to provide an ethic, still less a Weltanschauung. Such activities, he says, may be left to philosophers who avowedly find it impossible to make their journey through life without a Baedeker of that kind to tell them about everything.

The effect of needs on perception has been a central issue in psychology H.A. Murray assumed that needs can bend ambiguous stimuli into need-related perceptions, E. Bleuler considered that the autistic perception of a schizophrenic had its milder counterpart in normal individuals under extreme conditions, S. Freud assumed that needs might organize fantasy and dreams, bending ordinary daytime stimuli to the aims of the drive. The effect of needs on fantasy and reality-testing was studied with an adaptation of the C.W. Perky technique. Subjects were asked to imagine various need-relevant and neutral items, and as they described the imagery, a faint stimulus was presented to their view supraliminal. The nature of the reported imagery and the accuracy with which subjects detected the stimulus were compared in thirsty and sated subjects. There was also a strong interaction between thirst and "tolerance for ambiguity," which was measured by threshold for apparent movement in the phi phenomenon. Sated subjects who were "tolerant for ambiguity" were distracted by their imagery and often failed to detect the stimulus, but "tolerant" subjects who were thirsty were more accurate in reporting stimuli, especially when they were imagining thirst related objects.

Researcher S. Freud postulated that aggression is an integral part of sexual feelings, in that the man actively subdues his partner for mating. Accordingly, when sexually aroused, men should also become aggressive, whereas women should become submissive. For example, women are supposed to be submissive during sexual behavior, while men are supposed to be aggressive. To the extent that these are the current mores, and that they are internalized, then it should be more difficult for a man to be sexually aroused in a situation where a woman is behaving aggressively toward him, and likewise, a woman should have more difficulty being aroused sexually in a situation where a man is submissive toward her. A strong linkage was demonstrated between aggressive and sexual motivation. A experiment was designed to examine some of these questions regarding the effects of arousal of aggressive motivation. Women also should express more aggression in situations where a female is dominant, but on the other hand, they should feel more defensive about it, since this aggression is likely to be contrary to the cultural mores.

With the increasing interest in ego psychology over the past several years a number of clinicians have been reexamining and extending some of the early constructs first proposed by S. Freud. One such construct is the superego. E. Fromm (1947), for example, has indicated that the infantile and harshly punitive superego conscience which Freud described both in his early and in his later writings, can be equated with authoritarian conscience, but not with the humanistic conscience of the mature, healthy adult. Both types of conscience are evident, he suggests, in all people, though in differing strengths. According to Fromm, the more rigid and irrational the early authority figures in the child's experience, the more likely it is that superego, or authoritarian conscience, will prevail. Freud could also subscribe to such a view would seem to be R. Schafer's (1960) conclusion, too, for as Schafer has so painstakingly shown, the notion of a "loving and beloved superego" founded on identification with loving, comforting, protecting parents is implicit, if not explicit, in Freud's writings. Given Freud's major concern with neurosis, it is understandable, however, that the infantile rather than the mature aspects of conscience functioning should have dominated his theory. The question, however, remains-can these two types of conscience be experimentally demonstrated.

The article states that Joan Riviere's translation into English of Sigmund Freud's "The Ego and the Id" reflects the wide connotation of the term Id. Nevertheless, there is a strong likelihood that an error is being perpetuated with regard to the derivation of this concept. Customarily, the word Id is said to have been derived from the Latin demonstrative pronoun. Writers who have the background of a classical education point out that the word is the nominative ease, singular number, neuter gender of the familiar paradigm is, ca, id.