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This report describes the results of automatic processing of a large number of scientific papers according to a rigorously defined criterion of coupling. The population of papers under study was ordered into groups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation. An examination of the papers that constitute the groups shows a high degree of logical correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding traditional sociological conceptions of community to include environmental considerations in community research, this paper stresses the importance of documenting both subjective and objective environmental concerns, as well as reconciling such differences as are presented and details precedence. Some recent data on the nature of social contact in high-rise ‘communities’ illustrate this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the significance of the ecological approach for community study. First it briefly recounts the character of the "new" ecology fostered especially by Hawley and Duncan. Secondly, it summarizes the main similarities, differences, and convergencies between this new ecology and each of four other theoretical stances which currently seem to be the most vital to community study: the typological-shared meanings approach. the social system idea, inductive taxonomy, and an interactionist mode. While significant divergencies remain, the ability of the new ecology to comprehend many of the concerns in these other approaches suggests it may be quite helpful in the continuing effort to bring order to the diverse phenomena of the community field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in population distribution policy, with proposals for a slowdown of growth in and near large cities, and a promotion of growth in nonmetropolitan areas. To provide basic information on this issue, the present paper is an analysis of population changes in incorporated places of the nonmetropolitan United State between 1950 and 1970. Size of place distributions have changed little since 1950; however, the percentage of places growing over each decade ranges from under 30 to over 85 for different size and location groupings, with smaller, more remote places less likely to grow. A smaller proportion of places over 2,500 grew in decade 1960–1970 than in 1950–1960, whereas in the South and in segments of the North Central region there was an increase in the later decade of an emerging decentralization trend around larger nonmetropolitan centers. The implications of the results for population distribution policy and for problems in formulating and implementing such policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents certain distinct and fundamental shortcomings contained in ecological explanations that rely upon physical variables. The limitations stem from the continuation of impersonal notions and questionable analytical premises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the concept and meaning of social processes in context with rural areas. The achievements of any science are determined in large part by the comprehensiveness of the problem the scientist sets for himself. In rural sociology people have asked many questions such as, "What?", "When?", and "Where?", questions which involve no essential problem and the answers to which are usually in terms of simple factual statements. The question immediately arises as to the importance of processes in any complete scheme of sociological analysis. The answer binges on the importance of change and action in the analysis being made. If the problem is one of explaining how a given social situation came to be, there is no possibility of generalization except in terms of process. The same is true if one is dealing with function: i.e., how a given system works.

The article presents the summary of the article "If The Social Scientist Is to Be More Than a Mere Technician," by Muzafer Sherif that was published in January 1968 issue of the periodical "Journal of Social Issues." The author emphasizes that it is necessary that the work of the social scientist cross disciplines and search its historic past if there is to be an examination of persistent and recurrent social psychological problems, which go beyond mere technicianship.

The rural-urban fringe appears to be the object of a three-way tug of war among the human ecologists, who discovered it, and the rural and urban sociologists, who are both trying to appropriate as much of it as they can lay their hands on. The idea that there is a continuum of social organization which runs all the way from a pure urban type to a pure rural type is better, since one can thereby conceptualized the kind of social organization found at any intermediate point. The author finds that the fringe population does not fall hail way between the urban and the rural means on a number of characteristics. Rather, this population is very much like the urban population in some respects and very much like the rural population in other respects. This hints at a selective process, which may be a creative process. Perhaps the fringe society can learn to choose the best of the two worlds and amalgamate these elements. In view of this possibility, the duty of the sociologist seems clear, he should study carefully various types of fringe situations and should determine under what conditions the creative solutions of the problems of adjustment between the rural and urban worlds are emerging. This would be a real service to the present time.

The utility of metropolitan and urban dominance constructs for dealing with patterning of noneconomic and nondemographic factors in hinterland areas is explored by examining attitudes toward selected aspects of traditional morality within a large (N=11,465) sample of Pennsylvania adolescents living in farm, open country, and small town residence categories. In general, as miles from city centers increased, the degree of adherence to traditional attitudes also increased. The patterning in correlation terms was equal to that shown in others' research for economic and demographic variables. The dominance measures compared favorably to place or residence as explanatory factors. It is suggested that ecological dominance be explored more vigorously by rural sociologists interested in trying to understand rurality in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern of the psychologist with person-blame attribution has meant a failure to analyze types of change and social causes of societal changes. Social change can be radically structural (revolutionary), incrementally structural, or cultural. Sources of change can be found in internal contradictions within a society as in Marxian analysis, in uneven rates of growth of various parts of the system, in contact and clash with other systems, and in generational differences. Ongoing social systems are based upon a number of mechanisms designed to insure a continuing input so that effective forces of change need some accumulation and mobilization of social disaffection along group lines rather than the alienation of scattered individuals or transient sub- groupings. The basic contradictions in our society have led to incremental rather than radical change. Generational differences have produced cultural rather than structural change. Thus, the divisiveness and rebellion stemming from differences in social class, age, sex, and race has not resulted in sharp deep lines of cleavage facilitative of revolutionary movements, but have been contained within the society. They may assume more significance, however, as the American system comes into increasing competition and conflict with other systems for resources, markets, and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study conducted on the tropical forest type in the Gold Coast, Queensland. Researchers found that the history of the area is of interest mainly in indicating whether the vegetation is primary or whether it has been previously affected by man, particularly farming. They found that the forest of the same physiognomic formation and similar floristic composition covers a very great area of the Gold Coast wherein it passes gradually, almost imperceptibly into the Evergreen Forest or Rain Forest in the south-west of the colony and into a drier type of forest to the north and east. Discussed are the details of the issue.

If we consider man in nature and man as part of nature, he no more upsets than do ants and beavers. This is precisely the point of the present inquiry. According to the author this is our planet since we have forged an ever greater power to control and even to destroy it. In this article, author attempts to pose these questions by drawing a scale of man's impact, by applying to him ecological laws already derived from the study of animals and plants, and by listing processes of man's management of his planet, still hewing as closely as possible to ecological processes displayed by other living beings. Ethnic values are underlined in many of the examples offered by the author, as authentic ecological forces have not only power but direction. It can well be argued that a diversity of exploitive activities is more harmonious if not the most productive. Five major phases recognized in this article are primeval or submission, pastoral or domestication, settlement or cultivation, industrial or substitution, and climatic and cosmic or cosmic outburst. The author implies that what we may have learned of the ecology of man, as governed by largely inescapable environmental opportunities and as channeled through variously narrowing and expanding cultural processes, reveals a growing control over increasingly large units of the total environment.

The Association Nationale pour Ie Développement des Sciences Humaines Appliquées (ANDSHA) was founded on March 5, 1956. It's aim is to develop and promote activities relating to applied psychology, psycho-technology, differential psychology, characterology, social psychology, group dynamics, sociometry, industrial psychology and, in course of time, all psychological subjects, methods and techniques which lend themselves to practical application. It also aims to provide its members with opportunities for training in these techniques or for improving their knowledge thereof. The ANDSHA is firmly in favor of a specific manner of training and advanced study. Taking the view that the human problems awaiting solution in the different groups, organizations or communities, whether administrative, industrial, commercial, educational or therapeutic, are themselves specific, in as much as they cannot necessarily be reduced to merely logical, rational facts but include in their essence certain non-logical, irrational, affective and unconscious aspects, the ANDSHA reaches the conclusion that these specific problems call for the use of specific tools, methods and techniques really suitable for dealing with them.

Examines the role of ecological factors in the emotional development during infancy. Accounts of the somatic and psychological aspects of development; Stages of infancy development; Description of the social environment of infants.

Focuses on the impact of psychological ecology on the psychological development of individuals. Analysis of the person-situation behavior relevant to psychosocial development; Accounts on problems associated with psychosocial development; Definition of ecology.

This article seeks to examine the differentials and patterns in the distances of movement of interstate migrants if all moved in direct proportion to the population of each of the other states. Furthermore, to compare and contrast the actual with the expected patterns of distance of movement. A study has found that the actual distance of movement of interstate migrants in the U.S. increased steadily in three successive periods, going from an average of 603 miles per migrants in 1935-1940 to 685 miles in 1949-1950, and to 750 miles in 1955-0960, it shows that the migrants actually moved shorter average distances than would have expected had they moved in direct proportion to the population of each of the population of the other states.

This article analyzes a very small portion of three special United States Census reports totalling 875 pages and dealing with internal migration in the United States, 1935&ndash40. Many findings from these total, nation-wide data confirm earlier and much smaller studies such as the tendency for most migrants to remain in the region of original residence, for nonwhites to be less migratory than whites, and for the rural-farm population to be less migratory than urban or nonfarm persons. The rural-nonfarm population was shown to have gained through migration from both farm and urban groups. The migration of professional workers did not conform to the patterns for the total population. Migration varied greatly by age, the 25&ndash29 year-olds being most migratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationality is the greatest single social variable common to the rural people of the Midwest. A certain degree of assimilation has taken place but a few major culture traits together with countless minor ones tend to persist even after three or four generations removed from the old country. The locus of this study using the culture-type classification is the social process rather than the geographical setting. The purpose of this phase of the series of studies conducted by the writer was to analyze the social process within specific nationality groups and between certain groups who have lived in close proximity for a period varying from 90 to 40 years. The three predominant groups are the Norwegians, the Polish, and the Welsh. It was found that the original values and idea systems of the particular nationality groups have been greatly modified. These modifications are ‘changes of the times’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents information on an ongoing research program broadly concerned with the relations existing among values, attitudes and behavior. The author considers the functional and structural role, which attitudes, values and value systems play within a person's total system of belief, some conditions, which might lead to enduring change in values, and some consequences, which might be expected to follow from such change. The author says that several considerations lead him to place the value concept in nomination ahead of the attitude concept. Referring to definitions of attitudes, values and value systems, the author says that the discussion so far has proceeded on the assumption that the conceptual boundaries between an attitude and a value, and between a value and a value system, are clear and widely understood. This assumption, according to the author, is surely unwarranted. The author says that an attitude is an organization of several beliefs focused on a specific object (physical or social, concrete or abstract) or situation, predisposing one to respond in some preferential manner.

Why do students active, in protest movements tend to do better academically and be more intelligent and intellectually disposed, compared to more apolitical students? The validity of this statement is tested firstly by examining some work on the social psychology of attitudes, especially the work of Newcomb and of Stouffer; secondly, by examining work on the authoritarian personality, on dogmatism and on personality and political attitudes; and thirdly, by examining the more recent work on student political activists. The explanation offered for this relationship between intelligence and radical-liberal political attitudes and behavior is based on a functional theory of attitudes which concludes that statistically speaking, more conservative views among students or adults generally are likely to be less rationally and less independently motivated as compared to more radical-liberal views. This theme is examined further in a developmental context in which Camus' statement, "in our daily trials rebellion plays the same role as does the 'cogito' in the realm of thought . . . I rebel-therefore we exist", provides a provocative, though speculative basis for developing the outlines of a theoretical explanation of radical-liberal political attitudes and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses key issues concerning the political aspects of the war against poverty in the U.S. in 1965. Key issues of interest; Analysis of pertinent topics and relevant issues; Implications on the social sciences.

Discusses the use of the community action program as a setting for applied research on social problems, such as poverty, in the U.S. in 1965. Key issues of interest; Analysis of pertinent topics and relevant issues; Implications on the social sciences.

The article presents information on halfway houses for former mental patients. The halfway house provides a residence for mental patients who no longer need to remain hospitalized but are as yet unable to establish independent residence in the community. Thus, the halfway house is intended to serve as a bridge between hospital and community for patients who either have no home to return to, or whose home is considered to be unsuitable, and who are not yet considered prepared to meet demands and stresses of community life. A study conducted by researcher Louisa Levinson at the Brentwood Veterans Administration Hospital indicated that between 15 and 25 per cent of the patients would be eligible for residence in a halfway house for these reasons. The halfway house offers the discharged patient more than a residence; it also provides him with a group of persons who share the common experience of hospitalization for mental illness. It is hoped that within such a peer group with common problems and experiences, the ex-patient may begin to interact with other persons, and as a consequence, lose the feeling of isolation and difference. The halfway house may be considered to be a sheltered social environment, within which there is a tolerance for behavior, which would be considered deviant elsewhere. The resident may be freer to act and to try out new roles and behaviors within this sheltered setting.

The article reports that from the numerous social and religious thinkers voicing a gospel after the First World War, one emerged with a communitarian evangel: Eberhard Arnold. Frustrated people, wishing to make life more meaningful, began to explore the possibility of living a community life. Arnold led them to found a community at Sannerz in Hesse-Nassau in 1920. This moved to the Rhoen-Bruderhof in 1926. There it existed with great success until the rise of the Nazis. A number of its members emigrated to Liechtenstein in 1933, to be followed by others. Finally, the Rhoen-Bruderhof became a special object of Gestapo attention and on April 14, 1937, at 11 o'clock in the morning, the Bruderhof was taken over by forty officials of the State Secret Police of Kassel and dissolved. The buildings became a house for a detachment of the Labor Service, and the three executive members of the community, Hans Meier, Hans Boiler and Karl Keiderling were imprisoned. Ail the others were allowed to leave Germany but each one was only permitted to take a small bundle of clothing.

This article discusses the transition of social system to ecosystem. According to a social science professor, the description of human ecology as a type of macrosociology may be reassuring to students attracted to ecological problems but anxious to preserve their membership in good standing in the sociological fraternity. The concept of ecosystem, a case in point, has become increasingly prominent in ecological study since the introduction of the term by a botanist. The ecosystem may be defined as the interacting environmental and biotic system. When discussing the ecology of man, the biologist include phrasings as disruption, tampering and others. Some authorities state very well some of the dilemmas and problems of human life in the ecosystem. They evidently need the help of social scientists in order to study human behaviors. Popularization of the ecosystem concept is threatened by the felicitous exposition by economist K.E. Boulding, of "society as an ecosystem."

This article focuses on the myth of human ecology. It refers to the matter of ecology's place in sociology by Kingsley Davis's recent discussion of "The Myth of Functional Analysis." It was implied in the discussion that the characteristics of functionalists are regarded as either accidental faults or as totally alien. So called functionalists and professed enemies of functionalism are often doing the same kind of analysis. Both of these remarks could be applied to human ecology and ecologists. According to the author the prevailing myth of human ecology is that ecology is somehow marginal to sociology. It has been a point to debate that whether human ecology is a part of sociology or is a different discipline altogether. According to famous sociologist Ernest W. Burgess, human ecology strictly speaking, falls out of sociology. Human ecology is logically, a separate discipline from sociology. Like population studies, it has become attached to sociology because it provides the substructure for the study of social factors in human behavior.

The article discusses the management of natural resources and the role of educators in environmental education. Environmental education means the process dealing with man's relationship with his or her natural and man-made surroundings and includes the relationship of population, pollution, resource allocation and depletion, conservation, transportation, technology, and urban and rural planning to the total human environment. The credibility of educators to the student is based on his or her relationship to the community. Before a teacher can able to give a valid perspective of the student's relationship and responsibility in the life cycle, his or her civic responsibility must come first.

The article presents information on a study of the human ecology in Georgia. Study of human ecology provides knowledge of the forces of nature and balance and interdependence between the living and nonliving components of the environment. Physiographically Georgia is divided into five well-marked subdivisions, the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau, the Appalachian Mountains, the Appalachian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau. Lack of education, false education and failure to implement the results of objective investigation in regard to land use, dual racial economy, health, housing and industrialization pointing toward utilization of natural resources these have made the area the number one economic problem of the nation. Viewed in the light of the state's original biologic and industrial potentiality, it is a tragic situation. There is hope for recovery if, through education, the forces that shackle the area can be honestly faced and the necessary remedial measures applied. Conservation measures for land, crop rotation, federal subsidies and control of education, granting of full citizenship to Negroes and elimination of the one-party system in politics are means of improving the status of the area.

This article discusses about alienation centers on two major issues and presents an analysis of human significance. Firstly, there are competing claims as to the meaning of a concept which often figures crucially in a rhetoric of revolution. Secondly, there is paucity of data against which attempt to identify measurable dimensions of alienation can be tested. This article is primarily concerned with the paucity of data, particularly with sociologist R. Blauners' claim that workers in highly automated factories such as chemical process plants are among the least alienated. Underlying much of the debate about the meaning of work are ontological assumptions about the nature of man. German philosopher Karl Marx attaches particular attention and importance towards productive activity that man develops in his individuality, that is, achieves self-realization as an individual person. Sociologists have also focused primarily on the extent to which the fragmentation of tasks through mass production technology has generated alienation in the sense that such work does not contribute to self-realization.

The article focuses on the challenges in the environmental education. The author contends that man is the victim of his own success wherein it is he who will destroy the environment where he lives. The author presents his views and insights regarding the future of science and its relations the community. Furthermore, man's knowledge of himself and his world is concentrated in the lives and the work of a tiny minority who find it difficult to share insight with a species whose survival may depend on growth of a common understanding of science.

The article reports on the study of human community and its environment through committee for the development of regional survey. According to the article the survey starts with the geography of the area and leads to an investigation of the human settlement from its origins and throughout the successive stages of its growth. The article notes that the survey emphasized every aspect of the occupied area in the community including topography, geology, vegetation, fauna and many others. It emphasizes that the survey has been largely used to synthesise many branches of school work for the study in certain locality.