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The attempts at definition of foreign sounds in a recent popular book on language bring to mind the difficulties encountered in allowing for local variations in English. It is hoped that henceforth textbook authors will state what variety of English they are using as a standard of comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty years ago the very expression automatic translation would have seemed meaningless to the linguist and, no doubt, to any reader. Ten years ago, automatic translation (AT) was discussed only by a small circle of specialists, while the scientific general public viewed it with curiosity, amazement and even perplexity. Today it has become a familiar concept; it is known and discussed everywhere; scientific works and popular articles are written about it; the main linguistic journals of the world publish papers on AT and the universities of at least ten countries include it in their philology courses. The purpose of this paper is to give a methodical and well-founded exposition of another conception of AT, without presenting an all-round view or going into all the fundamental problems and concrete results achieved in recent years. Without being too technical, with the minimum of references and concentrating solely on the ideological aspect, the study shall try to demonstrate, on the basis of well-known facts and common sense, that in principle the solution of AT problems may be reduced to the construction of exhaustive operational models for language in general and a series of natural languages in particular, regarded as means of communication, and this seems to coincide with the central problem of synchronic linguistics.

The paper aims to understand how a person's previous experience (of which his social class is simply a rough and composite index) interacts with factors in the momentary situation to affect his behavior. At any one moment, a child decides to speak or be silent, to adopt communicative intent a or communicative intent b, to express idea x or idea y, in form 1 or form 2. The options the child selects will be a function of characteristics of the situation as he perceives it on the basis of his past experience. The authors observed that a particular child in a particular situation either makes or fails to make a particular utterance. Traditionally, that utterance is related only to characteristics of the child, such as his social class, while ignoring characteristics of the situation. The next section is a survey of research on child language which includes aspects of the speech situation as independent variables, regardless of the social class of the subjects. The purpose is to illustrate the idea of situational relativity and to suggest significant variables which should be explored more systematically. While the research is all about monolingual children, the notion of a diversified speech repertoire applies even more obviously to bilinguals. The final section of the paper raises questions about other necessary ingredients of a theory of oral language education.

The article presents a child development approach to language for disadvantaged preschool children. This study explains the nature and extent of language deficit in disadvantaged children through documents from past and ongoing researches. It has been noted that children in inner city slums have their own vocabulary and richness in language. They are less articulate and cannot use language effectively as a tool of thought, learning, and communication. This paper sets language and language deficit in the context of the child's general psychological development.

Presents the report of the editor which describes the progress of the periodical "Weed Research" from January 1, 1964 to December 31, 1965. Willingness of H. A. Roberts of the National Vegetable Research Station in Wellesbourne, Warwick, to serve as editor; Decision of Professor B. Rademacher of Stuttgart-Hohenheim and R. Longchamp of Versailles to continue as co-editors for contributions in the German and French languages; Improvement in the number and standard of papers received for publication.

The problem of providing linguistic assistance to scientists in a large institution is reviewed on the basis of the author's personal experience. The various aspects of the problems caused by the foreign-language literature and language-induced difficulties in communication are listed, recommending specific solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an interpretation of inconsistent remarks which subjects made in explaining their erroneous solutions to a difficult deductive problem. Four half-masked cards of the following types were presented: (a) a number in the lower half, (b) a blank in the upper half, (c) a letter in the upper half, and (d) a blank in the lower half. The problem is to say which cards need to be unmasked to determine decisively whether a sentence like ‘A letter is above each number’ is true or false. The original aim was to determine the possible effects of varying the order of the terms in the test sentence: the results were inconclusive. However, the subjects' protocols were of much greater interest. When asked to justify their incorrect solutions, their remarks clearly revealed the operation of irreversible thought processes. Three possible hypotheses about them are considered, and it is argued that one involving dissociation of attention is most plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article focuses on the concept of linguistic relativity and also discusses relations between language, social stratification and cognitive orientation. The author notes that literature is still meager in the subfield dealing with linguistic correlates of social stratification. On the level of linguistic structure or language, there still has no thorough phonological, grammatical and semantic comparison of even a single pair of class dialects. The relations between language, social stratification and cognitive orientation have been studied most deeply in a series of publications by Basil Bernstein. In these papers, a distinction is made between a restricted code, speech which uses relatively limited linguistic resources and is consequently predictable to a high degree, as against an elaborated code, which allows a larger number of structural options and shows a correspondingly low level of predictability. Differences between these two codes are matters of language behavior rather than of language structure.

The article presents a paper about the Whorfian Hypothesis, which was presented at the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching held February 24, 1961 in Chicago, Illinois. According to Benjamin Lee Whorf, a person's native tongue which is part of his culture largely shapes his picture of the universe and in manifold ways affects his behavior. The article suggests that the prevalence of animistic, anthromorphic, and teleological explanations can be traced to language.

The article focuses on how to avoid teleology in teaching science. Objective wording is available to replace most any animistic, anthropomorphic, or teleological statement, without "awkward circumlocution." Teleological expressions include "in other that," "so that," and several others. Adaptation that many writers in the field of biology let themselves slip into teleological phrases. Animistic and anthropomorphic expressions are also found in the physical sciences. When flowery figures of speech or even those without flowers are considered to enhance literary style, figurative language need not to become a way of thinking.

This article presents a broad conceptual framework within which the how and why of human loquacity (and related processes) may be considered. The increasing amount of published research on human communicative behavior has made the lack of theoretical integration noticeable. In the present discussion, communicative behavior is placed in the context of the current formulations regarding cognitive-perceptual processes conceived as dynamically related to the need-value systems of individuals. Broadly stated, these conceptualizations assert that these systems, which are central in the personality structure of the individual, interacting with the environment, result in instabilities and disequilibriums which are co-ordinated with an increase in tension in the individual, and that cognitive-perceptual processes structure the environment in a specific manner so as to reduce tension. It is essential to the formulations in the present paper that the behavior events in these areas be regarded as dynamically interrelated. An important implication of this assumption is that any change occurring in any subregion will have effects in all other regions.

The article presents a discussion about Stern's paper regarding language id disadvantaged children. It also includes Bereiter and Engelmann's goals and gains. The basic issues in measuring children's abilities in learning language or concepts being applied when they acquire the knowledge has much caused a great deal of study in education. These children of disadvantaged background have faced the problem of dealing with a different learning when put side by side with children not of their category. These and some other issues are discussed with Stern.

The article discusses the effectiveness of structured and unstructured methods of language training. The recognition of the most disabling characteristics of culturally disadvantaged children in using the language as a cognitive tool has brought about many researches and studies. However, the programs that were developed continue to stress social-emotional experiences and not language. Much of the projects have reported reviews and comparisons of the traditional social-emotional curricula. This paper conducted a long-term comparison of the results obtained from these methods.

The article presents a strategy for developing a curricula for disadvantaged children through a programed instruction. This study aims to present an approach to language instruction for children of disadvantaged backgrounds. It also seeks to explain how would the curriculum use the discipline of programed instruction by a language and concept curriculum called Matrix Games. The relative contributions of research strategies for curriculum development is compared with the programed instruction. The paper's theme is explained in terms of the possibility of creating a curricula which differs from the academically oriented ones.

The article provides information on a series of papers on various aspects of the work of the Fédération Internationale de Documentation (FID). Linguistics is the study of language. Documentation is the process of selection of documents, its result, and the study of both. Since most documents are expressed in language, it is obvious that linguistics has implications for information science. The FID Committee on Linguistics in Documentation (FID/LD) sees as its responsibility to explore whatever interrelations there may be between the two fields and to contribute in any way possible to encouraging more. One contribution is by publication, another by sponsoring meetings. As to publication, since its reorganization in 1967 the Committee has initiated two projects: first, a specialized abstract bulletin, "Linguistics in Documentation/Current Abstracts"; and second, the preparation of a book length report on the present state of knowledge concerning linguistics in information science. The principal topic on the agenda for the Committee meeting at Buenos Aires was discussion of the Report.

Presents an abstract for the article "Languages and Scientific Literature," published in March 1955 issue of the "Journal Chemical Education." Focus on several papers on language problems in scientific literature; Discussions on the importance of knowledge of foreign languages to chemists in the article "Language Ability," by Byron A. Soule; Views of Leon E. Dostert on the proper teaching methods used in schools for the study of foreign languages published in the paper "Foreign-Language Reading Skill."

Presents an abstract of the paper "Some Clerical Operations and Languages," by R. A. Fairthorne, presented at the Third London Symposium on Information Theory in September 1955.

The article presents the first part of the two-series study on the influence of the variable "wait-time" on the development of language and logic in children taking part in elementary science programs. Wait-time were investigated in natural settings and in experimental settings to determine the location and duration of pauses influence outcome variables. In addition, it was noted that there is an interaction between wait-time and rewards and that students regardless of standing in the class receive differential treatment with respect to these variables. The authors introduced a heuristic that relates wait-time and reward to language, logic, and fate control.

Young infants can make very fine distinctions in isolated language-related stimuli such as consonants. While it is possible that early language listening experience for the infant is characterized by some sort of systematic attention to single language elements, the environment, in fact, presents the infant with very complex and extended, though probably repetitious, language samples. There have been several reports that have given evidence concerning the role of complex language stimuli in infant behavior. The most consistent findings seem to relate to social class variables. And, the subjects of these studies were all over 3 months of age and most of them older.

Presents an abstract of the article "Asian Languages -- A U.S. Weakness and What Can Be Done About It," by Shirley Duncan Hudson, published in the Summer 1955 issue of the journal "ACLS Newsletter."

Presents updates on language associations in the U.S. as of January 1934. Information on the annual meeting of the Illinois Modern Language Association; Papers discussed during the regular annual meeting of the Association of Modern Language Teachers of the Middle States and Maryland.

Presents notes and comments on papers related to modern language.

This article presents an introduction to teaching of the social sciences in the higher educational establishments of the Soviet Union, as of May 1, 1959. The study of humanities is as important, in the Soviet educational system, as the study of natural sciences and engineering. The study of humanities as a whole and of the social sciences in particular constitutes an essential feature of the general ten year compulsory schooling in the Soviet Union. The most important subjects taught in this branch are the national languages and literatures of peoples of the Soviet Union, foreign languages and literatures and general and Russian history. Higher education in the Soviet Union has, in its development, achieved important successes. It has adopted the most valuable experience accumulated throughout centuries by the outstanding representatives of world science and culture and at the same time, through taking part in the national campaign for progress, Soviet higher educational establishments have also built up their own traditions and acquired a wealth of experience which they are willing to share freely.

Some of the history of retrieval machine development during the past 20 years is sketched as background. At present, there still are no completely satisfactory machines for retrieval from large collections. Solution of the language problem in retrieval is currently somewhat ahead of machine development. Future developments are sketched. Work is already underway on the use of machines for the assignment of descriptors to the text, which is a crude kind of mechanical translation. Retrieval machines will soon be called upon to assist the customer in using a retrieval system by helping him to formulate his search requests. This assistance amounts to education of the customer. The notion of education by machine is extended to machine assistance in helping the customer to read the documents uncovered. It is shown how this process, when combined with work on mechanical translation, will lead to machines which can provide essays on any given subject upon request. Machines will become archival devices to store facts, not texts. Human-to-machine and machine-to-human communication will become very important. Information machines can be expected to become as numerous as computers now are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the vernacular of the petroleum chemist. There is a vague resemblance to academic courses on rheology in some of the lubrication terms. The need for translations from the vernacular of industry to the written work in scientific literature is always present. Much important information is lost because of this language barrier. The literature chemist and the chemical librarian will have to take the responsibility of relating the two terminologies. Chemists of the same language background have their hurdles. The moment one deals with foreign languages the obstacles increase many times.

The article presents information on several research papers and dissertations related to languages and linguistics. "English as a Third Language: Its Acquisition by a Child Bilingual in French and Spanish" by Anna Uhl Chamot describes the linguistic experience of the 10 year old boy whose French and Spanish home, school, and playmate environments were changed to English school and playmate environments. "Science and Technology in a Second Language," by Peter Strevens focus on teaching of a second language for the explicit purpose of facilitating the study of scientific materials written in English, French, and German. "Learning to Read in Two Languages: Statements from the Research Literature on Reading in Bilingual Programs," by Hall Richard describes the rationale and research behind the bilingual reading education program in the Philadelphia public schools where students are learning to read in two languages. "The Preparation of the Teacher for Bilingual Education," by Michel Joseph presents a curriculum for a Bachelor of Sciences program in elementary education with an academic concentration in bilingual education for Spanish-English bilinguals.

The article presents the author's view on the paper "The Transformationalists and ESL Teachers, 1972," by Janet Ross published in the December 1972 issue of the journal. The structuralists regard language learning as a matter of habit formation, whereas transformationalists regard it as a rational, or cognitive process. The transformational theory triumphed decisively over structural in the dramatic confrontation that took place beginning in 1957. Besides these two, tagmemic theory and stratificational theory have staunch supporters among general linguists. Whatever the methodology of language teaching, it is important to remember that languages are taught in many situations, to students with many purposes, and at many levels. There should be a reasonably complete grammatical analysis of the language taught by the teachers. The English grammar too has suffered from rapidly changing linguistic theory. Teachers of English as a second language have to deal with grammatical matters and precise semantic relationships of the subjects.

The article presents information about the conference titled "Problems in Foreign Language Testing" held at the Idyllwild campus of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California during November 7-9, 1968. It includes information on the papers presented by the participants, issues addressed and keynote speakers.

The article presents information on several materials for teaching English to speakers of other language, available in the dimestore. A good method of developing vocabulary and spelling skill is working crossword puzzles, yet the idea of completing a puzzle in a foreign language is often enough to discourage most people from making the attempt. A book of graded crossword puzzles for students of English has been published by English Language Services. An interesting set of crossword puzzle books in the dimestore, have been published by Treasure Books, a division of Grosset and Dunlap Inc., and combine reading, spelling, and vocabulary-building skills. Current popular songs can be used to perk up a hum-drum session in the language laboratory. Recorded by the students on their tapes, and played at the end of the hour, the songs can reinforce certain grammatical structures, stress a point of pronunciation, or even build vocabulary. The intended audience of a weekly paper entitled "News for You," published by Laubach Literacy Inc. is semi-literate U.S. adults and ESL students.

The paper explored the social reinforcement standard (SRS) model as a predictor of the responsiveness of Negroes to reinforcement. The study investigated the relative effectiveness of Negro peer group and white authority figure reinforcement in enhancing task performance and self-image of Negro youth. In addition, the relative effectiveness of positive and negative reinforcement was investigated. The relationship of the SRS model and other incongruity models such as dissonance and balance theories seems was discussed. In summary, what the authors have tried to do with the SRS model is to combine the stress on reinforcement history and reinforcement schedules of the operant conditioners with the insights of social psychologists concerned with: (1) the motivating effects of attitudinal inconsistency, and (2) the view of social interaction as involving social exchange and self-presentation. It may also be noted that the fact that the SRS model is a theory mediating between cognitive and reinforcement approaches is nowhere more clearly evident than in the view which SRS theory takes of how input-standard disparities are resolved. SRS theory assigns highest priority as a resolution mechanism to purposeful behavioral adjustments aimed at achieving stimulus control vis-a-vis tactics of interpersonal manipulation. The result is a kind of social psychological version of the cognitive behaviorism called for by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram (1960).

The psychological literature of bilingualism is so much more extensive than its sociological counterpart that workers in the former field have often failed to establish with those in the latter. In the past decade a very respectable sociological literature has developed dealing with bilingual societies. This article seeks to relate this two research traditions to each other by tracing the interaction between their two major constructs: bilingualism and diglossia.

The article presents information on books related to psychology. In his book "Woman's Mysteries," M.E. Harding describes myths and rituals which specifically concern women. he book "Language in Thinking," by I. Adams contains several essays to question the widespread view that the development of conceptual thinking is language linked, even language dependent. The book "Metaphors," by W.A. Shibles, is an anthology of quotations about metaphor from Aristotle to Borges and a summary of the writings of a variety of outstanding authors on subjects which have an bearing on metaphor.

A list of articles related to language learning that were published in the periodical is presented including "World- Class Distribution in Sentences of Fixed Length," by M. Aborn and H. Rubenstein.

The article discusses the definition of the term "process." The term is now frequently associated with the Science A Process Approach program developed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The use of the terms "process approach" tends to confuse the reader as to whether process is related to the ends or to means of science education. Since it seems appropriate to use the term process when referring to both ends and means of elementary science education, it seems that when the term is used some readers would like distinction made by the user as to whether he is referring to the ends of education, or to the means of education, or to both ends and means.

The article presents a paper related to syntactic integration. The paper was presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Automatic Translation of Languages in Venice from July 15-31, 1962. The paper describes translation problems, predictive analysis and the machine-glossary developed at NBS.

Presents an abstract of the article "Research in Language Translation on the IBM Type 701," Peter Sheridan, published in the periodical "IBM Technical Newsletter No. 9." Description of the programming worked out to enable the 701 computer to translate some Russian sentences into English; Information on a joint project of the Institute of Language and Linguistics of Georgetown University.

The article discusses mechanical translation by coordinate indexing. A simple word to word translation involves no serious problems with a computer. With a pre-coordinated permutation index, however, the problems are indeed somewhat, complicated, because the index terms have to be kept in their precoordination, and are finally being presented as an alphabetically arranged permutation index. Problems have been encountered in finding the exact translation of each of the index terms for the basic bilingual vocabularies.

This paper points out that the WRU semantic code and hence the searching system based upon it can be evaluated by comparing the generic relations embodied in the code with generic relations found in the literature being indexed or coded. Examples are given of such comparisons and the conclusions which can be drawn from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the paper on "Research in Library Science." It is an encouraging sign of growing maturity in the world of library that the need for "critical and exhaustive investigation" of several library problems. Among the subjects suggested for inquiry are: the whole problem of cooperative purchasing, particularly in relation to the building up of collections of books and documents from foreign language sources; and the provision of adequate bibliographical services, which in itself calls for a large measure of true research.

The study was designed, using the `matched-guise' technique, to determine how different groups of Welshmen perceive members of their own national group who use various linguistic codes. Three matched groups of adult Welsh Sc were used: Bilinguals, those who were learning Welsh and those who could nor speak Welsh and were not learning it either. These Ss were asked vu evaluate on 22 scales the personalities of various Welsh speakers they heard reading the same passage of prose on tape. Essentially, the stimulus tape consisted of two male bilinguals reading the passage once each in Welsh, in English with a Welsh accent and in English with an RP accent. It was found, despite the fact that the groups differed in their language skills and self-perceived Welshness, that Ss as a whole upgraded the bilingual speakers on most traits. Indeed, the RP speakers were evaluated most favourably on only one trait-self-confidence. It was suggested that language to a large extent serves as a symbol of Welsh identity, and the results were discussed in relation to how other ethnic groups appear to view their own linguistic codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful information retrieval from a mechanized file is heavily dependent on the fidelity of the representation of concepts in the particular language of the system and on the predictability of this representation. If an index language is employed, predictability is guaranteed and the quality of the retrieval is predominantly governed by the fidelity of the representation, i.e. by the extent to which conceptual distortion of the concepts to be represented can be avoided. The various Index languages vary widely with respect to their fidelity. Differences in their performance are correspondingly great. The lack of fidelity in most of the present day indexing languages is due mainly to insufficient representation of the relationships among concepts. We describe a new graphical method of storing and retrieving concept relations of various kinds. The points of such a graph are occupied by concepts and the connecting lines between these points represent concept relations. In a special field of chemistry, these graphs also serve as a kind of presentation of the essentials of a document to the reader that is much more lucid than a natural language text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on social implications of bilingual policy, with particular reference to Wales. The relative prestige of the minority language is obviously under severe pressure when the majority language is a world language such as English or French. Irish, Welsh, Flemish, Afrikaans would be examples of this linguistic situation. Wales, like Canada, Ireland and the USSR appears to be pursuing a policy of permanent bilingualism rather than seeing it as a transitory phenomenon on the way to being a monolingual society. Wales is committed to an education policy such as that outlined in the report, 'The place of Welsh and English in the Schools of Wales.' Briefly, this recommended that the primary school should safeguard the home language of the child and encourage its use as a medium of his education whilst the second language should not be taught formally until the child had left infant school. Emphasis is also placed on the necessity to ensure continuity of policy between primary and secondary schools in the same area with regard to the teaching of the two languages and to use them as a medium of instruction.

Contrasts the characteristics of Hospital English with Medical English. Effect of certain factors on the level of complexity of the language; Variation in the language on the nursing side as opposed to the medical side; Comparison of the concerns of the medical staff and the nursing staff.

Research on language acquisition during the first year of life has been primarily concerned with its productive aspects. The infant's receptive and discriminatory capacity for language inputs had received relatively little attention. Listening experience with a particular language is very likely a prerequisite for the acquisition of that language, although the necessary and sufficient conditions of this experience are not known. It is generally assumed that receptive language development precedes productive language development. That is, sometime before the infant appropriately produces adultlike intonation and sound patterns, he responds appropriately and differentially to some adult language inputs.

The article presents an account of the book "Language and Communication," by George A. Miller. The book summarizes the results of scientific studies of language and communication in such authoritative manner as to make it suitable both as text and reference work.