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This article provides an overview of the topics discussed in the November 1955 issue of the "Journal of Social Issues." The first paper describes more fully the general area of research, the conceptual framework and the design of a project which aims to study the impact of mental illness upon the family. The second paper discusses the courses of consultation and action which are taken to get the patient to treatment. The succeeding article looks at the responses of others who learn of the patient's illness and the anxieties of the family regarding the reactions others. The final paper in the issue summarizes preliminary findings in areas of the research not covered by the previous papers and examines some of the practical implications of the research for mental health programs.

Focusing on psychotherapists, this paper explores the way in which marital status and a strategic professional experience, receiving personal psychotherapy, interact to ailed occupational success among psychiatrists and clinical psychologists in three metropolitan communities. Confining the analysis to male members of these two professions, data are presented to demonstrate that success is strongly related to marriage, but not marital stability. Success is also strongly related to whether or not practitioners hare received personal psychotherapy and, more specifically, to the reasons for hating therapy. Both the likelihood of hating psychotherapy and the extent to which it was undertaken for purposes of professional training varied by marital status. Thus, although stably married practitioners were less likely to undergo personal therapy than practitioners who had experienced marital disruption or never married, if they do receive therapy, it was more likely to be more the purpose of professional training, with the result that the experience has a greater impact on their level of occupational success. The paper concludes that personal relations, professional experiences and occupational success form a network of relationships which integrate the occupational and nonoccupational roles of highly specialized practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's thesis is that many adolescent problems, particularly those involving sex, can be strikingly reduced or eliminated by intelligent, rationally planned parental management beginning at birth. Among the principal features of desirable parental management, the paper stresses effective parent-child communication. Of approximately 1,500 couples who received routine medical and psychological preparation for marriage over a period of 35 years, approximately 500 remained under continuing counsel and observation after their children came for premarital service. Thus conclusions could be drawn as to how effective she parents had been in preparing their children for adolescence and for marriage, and what type of parental management reduces problems of adolescence and increases capability for successful marriage. Young people' demand for earlier marriage is seen as acceptable when they have matured under improved standards of democratic process and sex education in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the nature of the health research in progress at Ohio State University. The concern of the paper is with mental health. It discusses the reasons for undertaking health research, the objectives of such research, and the methods used. Studies completed and in process are likewise reported.

The article informs that one of the two most important and influential environments for the child is the classroom in which he lives during a part of each day. His relations with his teacher and with his peers are two major aspects of his school environment. This paper reports a research exploration of the development and maintenance of the classroom socio-emotional structure in a sample of 39 elementary classrooms. The paper also explores some of the mental health correlates of the child's position in this socio-emotional structure, which in turn suggest focal points for diagnosis of socio-emotional problems in the classroom situation and formulation of therapeutic strategy in working toward the improvement of classroom mental health. This brief discussion of teachers' behavior should not be construed to mean that the teachers involved in the study were "playing favorites." Rather, it is thought that teachers, faced with the task of teaching youngsters in classroom groups and necessarily having to maintain order to do so, must respond critically to disruptive behavior, and respond quite naturally with affection to little girls who seem to be asking for it and apparently getting little from their peers.

The article presents information on a survey that attempts to study the approximate amount of instruction and research relevant to community mental health presently included in psychology graduate programs. The questionnaire was sent to the chairmen of the 61 Departments of Psychology listed in 1960-61 as having doctoral programs in clinical or counseling psychology approved by the Education and Training Board. Replies were received from 52 departments, an 85 percent return. The data support the observation that relatively few Departments of Psychology offer much explicit instruction in community mental health concepts or techniques to their doctoral students.

This article presents abstracts of several research papers related to family research, published in various journals. The paper "Psychoanalsrtic Principles in a Mental Health Clinic for the Pre-School Child and His Family," by Nathan W. Ackennan, published in the journal "Psichiatry," is based upon the author's experience as Director of the Council Child Development Center in its first five years of existence, 1946-1951. He discusses the Center's attempt to integrate psychoanalytic thought into its program. According to the article "The Family Today: Its Needs and Opportunities," by Martha M. Eliot, published in the journal "Pastoral Psychology," the end result which is desired in child rearing is a healthy person&Iity. Parents today are anxious for knowledge about child growth, development, and care. Knowledge about child development has been a slow and gradual accumulation, it will not be complete for some time to come, However, thme who work with families have the task of prescnting to the parents the knowledge available.

This paper traces the development of interest in family diagnosis and family therapy in the fields of social work and psychiatry. A theoretical basis is presented for an understanding of the family as an organization for the satisfaction of maintenance and developmental needs. It is pointed out that no classification system of family pathology has been developed so far and that, in consequence, a family diagnosis in the technical sense is still impossible. Family treatment, however, produced a new group phenomenon, the family as a therapeutic work group with a significant redistribution of therapeutic roles. Specific personality requirements for family therapists are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the efficacy of the Pain Apperception Test as a research tool by investigating the consistency of individual response as to pain apperception, neuroticism, manifest anxiety, and self-appraisal. The research design involved the PAT, a medical questionnaire, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and a pain experience questionnaire. Data from responses to these instruments permitted studying the relationship of pain apperception to personality characteristics, and to subjects' ratings of their comparative past pain experience. Relationships also were examined regarding the comparative apperception of pain in the counterpart PAT pictures, thus investigating Anticipation versus Felt-Sensation.

The article presents a comparative evaluation of the Wechsler-Bellevue mental deterioration index for various adult groups. In recent articles the value of the Wechsler Mental Deterioration Index (MDI) in screening patients with brain damage from normal patients has been considered. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the MDI further as a tool for differential diagnosis; that is, to determine whether a significant loss in this index is related solely to deterioration such as is found in subjects who have had organic brain injury or damage. The MDI's for the following seven groups of subjects were compared: brain injured, applicants for vocational counseling with psychoneurotic diagnoses, and with other than psychoneurotic diagnoses, mental hygiene clinic patients diagnosed as anxiety tension state, mental hygiene and hospital patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, and two groups of normals.

The article reports on psychological research in the community mental health service in the United States. The need is obvious for the development of public health practices which will control the causes of mental ill health as effectively as is now done with many other diseases. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the opportunities and the methodological problems for the psychologist doing research in the field of community mental hygiene. Research on community mental hygiene, it seems to the author, can best be attacked by studying those factors in total community life which prevent or promote the development of healthy patterns of adjustment by individuals or groups. Stating this a little differently, research in community mental hygiene might best be concerned with the nature and the origin of conflicts, frustrations, or confusions for persons or groups which are part of the community way of life.

This article focuses on public opinion and information concerning mental health. In order to study certain opinions related to mental illness, an interview questionnaire was constructed which contained nine basic questions pertaining to the problem. These questions were designed to explore the causative factors which the public associates with mental disease, and to sample opinions and attitudes concerning mental illness. In addition, several questions were asked in order to determine the sex, race, age, educational level, religious affiliation, country of birth and occupational level of the respondent. The final draft of the questionnaire was established after pre-testing on preliminary forms. None of the data collected before the final draft is included in this report. This paper reports the findings obtained from six of the nine questions.

An account is given of the creation and management of an in-patient therapeutic programme for male alcoholics at Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert, Stirlingshire, commencing with a selected group within a psychoneurotic unit which it was found necessary to convert into an unstaffed alcoholic unit with often admission procedure. Statistics over a two-year period are provided and discussed. In the discussion which followed an attempt was made to answer a series of questions posed by the experience involved. For their advice and support in the preparation of this Paper, I would like to thank Dr. A. P. Russell, Physician Superintendent, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. D. A. Pemberton, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. A. B. Sclare, Consultant Psychiatrist, Eastern District Hospital, Glasgow; Professor Ferguson Rodger. Chair of Psychiatry. Glasgow University; and Dr. R. J. Simpson, Registrar in Psychiatry, Bellsdyke HospitaL Larbert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the impact of social change on the mental health of Mennonite children who have been brought up in a closed society. Interviews were conducted with 460 Mennonite children and their mothers belonging to traditional, transitional, and progressive church orders. Hy- potheses were tested that (a) traditional Mennonite children are relatively free from overt symptoms of maladjustment but not from covert symptoms and that (b) transitional Mennonite children who experience value conflict are likely to show symptoms of mental disturbances, indicating that the adaptive change undertaken by the church is not adequate for the prevention of personality disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that not many trends in modern life have started at a definite time and because of the efforts of a single individual, as is the case with mental hygiene. Clifford W. Beers, a man of great energy, after serving a term in a mental hospital, was able to shake off his mental illness and report his experiences in a book, "A Mind That Found Itself", published in 1908. Largely through his efforts the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (now the National Association for Mental Health) was founded that same year. No mention is made of mental hygiene in the schools in the first volume of "Mental Hygiene," official organ of the National Committee, established in 1917. The few references that can be found in the literature occur outside the official movement. It was not until 1922 when the National Committee for Mental Hygiene through its Division on the Prevention of Delinquency, and with the support of the Commonwealth Fund, established its first demonstration Child Guidance Clinic that attention was really focused on the mental hygiene problems of children.

There have been many recent experiments, which have studied the relationships between perceptual behaviors and need states. The study, which the author is reporting here, is basically personality-centered. This means that the author has used perceptual behavior as a means of studying personality dynamics. An extensive bibliography dealing with the correlations between needs and values and perceptual recognition thresholds for need-related stimuli has accumulated. A few examples of experiments in this area may be noted. Along with these experiments has come a great deal of controversial discussion concerning the nature of the relationships. Many of the articles in this area have been concerned with the nature of the perceptual process itself. In this paper the author is not concerned with the controversial issues concerning the definition of perception. Regardless of the types of mechanisms and processes, which may be involved, the author believes that the obtained correlations afford an excellent opportunity to study personality dynamics. In this report the author is concerned with the expression of sexual and aggressive needs on a sentence completion test and the auditory recognition of sexual and aggressive.

The instrument to be described in this paper was developed in the course of a longitudinal study of character development with adolescent boys and girls as subjects. This instrument, known as the C-questionnaire, was devised as a possible means of measuring strength of conscience. Experience with the instrument has cast some doubt on its usefulness for the original purpose, but has shown it to give results, which bear interesting relationships to other measures of moral aspects of the personality. In its present form the C-questionnaire consists of two protocols. The 115 acts rated in each protocol are classified into eleven categories of ten items each, and a twelfth category of five. The eleven categories each represent a component of prevailing Western morality, and persons would rate all the items contained in them more or less negatively with the most severely conventional standards of behavior. The items in the twelfth category would be rated neutrally or positively according to typical prevailing moral standards, and are included to indicate when emotional factors other than moral ideology are strongly influencing moral judgments.

The article discusses how a clinician is a behavioral scientist. It is the thesis of this paper that whatever a clinical psychologist does, whether diagnosis, therapy, or teaching, he does his work properly only because he is a research worker. At present there seems to be a trend away from meticulous diagnostic work. In the face of this, it should be pointed out that only through diagnostic effort, that is, psychological measurement, can the clinician set his goal in therapy, and more importantly, know when this therapeutic goal has been reached.

This article presents several news and notes related to the family research. A Research Conference on The Family has been planned and sponsored jointly by the Elizabeth McCormick Fund and NCFR in Chicago on October 31, November 1 and 2, 1956. Upon suggestion of the Research section and action by the board, the E.W. Burgess award was created and is to be given to the person who does the best paper during the year in the marriage and family field. Income from the E.W. Burgess fund will be given as the prize and the paper will be read at the annual meeting and conference. The Iowa Council on Family Relations under the vigorous leadership of Harold Saunders, Past President, and President David M. Fulcomer have established, with the cooperation of the Iowa Federation of Women's Clubs, six family conferences, all to be held this fall in various sections of the state. The 1957 Forum, one of an annual series conducted by the Council in the interests of its fifty-one national organization members, will focus on fostering mental health in the U.S. with emphasis on constructive actions and attitudes that may be taken by all health organizations.

The article discusses evaluation of a technique for the behavioral assessment of nonprofessional mental health workers. Coincident with the increased utilization of nonprofessionals in mental health relevant roles and settings, the need for accurate selection techniques is becoming important. This study evaluates the relationship between theoretically relevant personality attributes of nonprofessionals and independent measures of patient change. The attributes were measured using a structured behavioral technique known as the Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT) which assessed "understanding", "openness", and "accepting-warmth", each assumed to be related to therapeutic effectiveness.

The twenty-seventh International Congress of Applied Psychology will be held from July 25-30, 1971 in Liege, Belgium. A limited number of free papers can still be accepted as of May 1971. Writers should contact the Congress Secretariat in Belgium. Registration fee for International Association of Applied Psychology members is U.S. $36 and $46 for non-members. The provisional program of about thirty pages, containing full details, will be sent on demand, free of charge and without obligation, together with a registration form.

The article discusses the development of a mental health agency job function inventory. This report describes the development of an Inventory of Job Functions (IJF) which can be used for descriptive analysis of roles and functions within mental health agencies. A pool of 175 job functions was generated from job descriptions and other sources. Duplicate and ambiguous items were eliminated. Eight mental health agency directors were asked to modify or add to the 125 remaining items. The authors independently classified each item into one of eight content categories. The two judgments were compared and ambiguous items were modified. Items that were placed in the same content category by at least three of four different judges who then independently classified them were retained.

The definition or the concept of mental health would require a lengthy paper in itself. The difficulty grows from a lack of a uniformly accepted definition of mental health and lack of an operationally useful description of what is commonly understood to constitute mental health. This point is particularly relevant to the Preventive Psychiatry Program at the State University of Iowa since it attempts to investigate and develop means and methods that can be utilized in the promotion of emotional maturity. In analogy to medicine a distinction has to be made between primary prevention and secondary prevention. Primary prevention involves a mass attack upon or the elimination of the possibility of illness in the general public before a symptom ever occurs, such as fluoridation of water or various vaccinations against contagious diseases. Secondary prevention, on the other hand, depends upon early recognition of a symptom or an illness so that isolated cases can benefit from the most favorable prognosis which early treatment provides. Regular X-ray examination for TB is such a kind of secondary prevention.

Using data from a national longitudinal survey of residential mobility in U.S. metropolitan areas, the analysis suggests that for both males and females moving, whether voluntary or involuntary, decreases formal organizational participation, has little effect upon informal social relations either within or outside the neighborhood of residence, relatively small impact upon how respondents perceive their neighbors, and little effect upon the extent of alienation, unhappiness, suspected mental disturbances, and poor physical health. However, recent residential mobility experiences have a marked effect upon the mental health of females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of young married couples in which each husband was 19 or younger and each couple had been married a minimum of six months was studied to explore selected characteristics of teen-age marriages and to test the general proposition that a positive relationship exists between mental health (integration of the personality system) and marital integration. The results lend empirical support to selected ideas of role and social action theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problem of psychosomatic specificity in chronic urticaria. The article presents a case report of a chronic urticaria patient as illustration of the findings of an intensive team study of 35 cases and has outlined an experiment planned to check systematically some of the significant causal factors. The 35 chronic urticaria cases were referred because emotional problems were evident, no physical causation could be found, or because of our group's known interest in the problem.

This article discusses the quantified multiple diagnostic procedure in psychiatric classification. Gradually, psychiatry has assumed a psychological approach to the understanding and treatment of mental illness. Such an approach places no particular emphasis on the exact nature of the patient's pathological manifestations per se, although, in some cases, symptoms may be useful in deducing the nature of the individual's motives, in evaluating the adequacy of his means for satisfying these motives, and in deciding what approaches are most likely to prove feasible for the acquisition of new behavior patterns.

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This article aims to round out the progress report on the study of the impact of mental illness. The focus is on the impact as it reflects the meaning of mental illness and the way that mental illness is handled in the society. The article deals with three of the five major research questions indicated in the research formulation: (1) family income and living arrangements; (2) the husband's return to home and employment, and; (3) implications for mental health programs.

A major objective in the development of mental health services has been to provide treatment as early as possible in the course of the illness. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary both that adequate treatment services be available and that they be perceived as necessary by the patients and/or his family. This article focuses on the steps by which hospitalization itself is arrived at. These are clearly two aspects of the same phenomenon which cannot be wholly separated: actions taken depend on what the actors see as the nature of the problem facing them, and in turn perceptions as to the nature of the problem are modified by the actions and interpretations of others involved in the process of dealing with the patient.

With few exceptions, studies of the families of mental patients have been focused on the parental family of the patient in an effort to trace the etiology of the illness. Almost no systematically collected data exist to permit an analysis of what happens within the family group when a member develops a mental illness. It is the aim of this article to study the problems which the family faces when one of its members becomes mentally ill and is hospitalized in a mental hospital. Systematic data were obtained on: (1) the process whereby the illness is defined; (2) the course of the family's functioning during the illness, in terms of its members' attempts to cope with the situation, both psychologically and materially, and; (3) the ways in which family members relate to each other, the patient, the hospital, and the society.

In the area of verbal learning, several investigators have demonstrated significantly poorer performance by anxious S's, as compared to nonanxious S's, on tasks with multiple competing response tendencies. Among the nonanxious Ss there was also a slight positive relationship between the amount of consonant duplication within a given list and impairment of performance. The Anxiety-Sex Experimenter interaction proves to be significant when tested over the within-error term. In order to use the significant triple interaction as an error term at least one of the variables must be randomly distributed. On an empirical level it has been found that no relationship between A scale or Lie Scale scores and performance on a complex verbal learning task other than a significant triple interaction for total trials to criterion.

The article presents three therapeutic levels. This paper discusses cases where parents brought their children for evaluation or therapy but finds out that therapy was not after all needed. Reassurance of the methods applied in child care and rearing is the most immediate need these parents seek. They need to reassure themselves that their child is not growing differently from other children. Mental hygiene has aroused anxieties in parents and so often they need to be constantly reminded of the facts of child behaviors by a professional. These therapeutic levels are discussed more thoroughly in this presentation.

The article discusses the effects of student visits on social behavior of regressed schizophrenic patients. The use of high school and college students in psychiatric and correctional settings has grown impressively in the past few years. Many fascinating accounts of the value of these programs for both patients and students have appeared in the literature. Most reports of such effects have been anecdotal or based on non-controlled clinical observations. Notable exceptions include a study that reported positive effects on the personalities of college student volunteers who visited hospitalized schizophrenic patients and a study that reported changes in self-esteem, anxiety and defensiveness in groups of pre- adolescent emotionally disturbed boys involved in a college student companionship program.

The article presents information on the coefficient of profile similarity. Since the second paper on this statistical quantity was published, several psychologists have asked the author to rationalize a procedure which permits the use of all the segments, including segments of zero slope. This note attempts to do just that. Whenever zero slope segments occur in the reference or compared profiles it will be given either a positive or a negative slope. The determination of the appropriate sign is made by reference to some chance operation. The implicit assumption here is that when zero slope segments occur, a very large sample of segments taken from the same individual or group would yield equal -relative frequencies for positive and negative slopes.

The article compares three methods of handling mental hygiene clinic statistics. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this area in two-fold manner: First, to compare findings obtained by three different methods of collecting clinic statistics, and secondly, to report the experience of one clinic in evaluating treatment in terms of success, as well as number of treatment interviews. One major reason for the dearth of statistics is the difficulty in reaching agreement, whether it be in defining the terms used, in categorizing the procedures employed, and in classifying the results obtained. The closed case method and follow-up method gave almost identical results as to the number of improved patients and the number of interviews.

The article reports on the psychological correlates of smoking. The general purpose of this study was to replicate previous research and to provide data on variables heretofore unrelated to smoking. The specific goals were to support previous results, which have indicated that smokers have more personal problems and are more anxious than nonsmokers, to confirm the finding that smokers and nonsmokers do not differ in intelligence etc. The result of this study indicated that amount of smoking was positively related to anxiety and negatively to musical and literary interests.

The article presents a study to determine if "high normal" and "low normal" groups of college students selected in a similar manner will show reliable differences in their responses to a sentence completion test consisting of items bearing on the expression of sex and aggression impulses. As a part of continuing research on personality factors related to psychological health among college students, two groups of students categorized as high and low in psychological health were contrasted in their responses to a sentence completion test designed to measure "coping versus avoidance attitudes" in reference to sex and aggression. The groupings were formed on the basis of student and faculty nominations.

The article presents information on a study which utilizes the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test, which objectively measures perceptual stability and accuracy in terms of degrees of figure rotation, to measure the perceptual stability relating to the intactness of an individual's personality organization. A total of 860 children ranging in age from 8 to 15 were tested. They were children who had been referred to a child out-patient center for a variety of disturbances. This study demonstrated a direct relationship between personality organization and stability of perception. Hence, if perception is unstable, one can suspect that there is some disturbance in the personality if there are no physiological defects present.

The article focuses on business careers as a treadmill to oblivion. It is the thesis of the article that the executive suicide syndrome must be examined not only in its extreme form but as a scale or spectrum of self-destructive actions which are utilized by men and women operating at high levels of achievement. A common research case is the executive who seems to be 'driven' by conscious and unconscious forces. His self-destructive trends are revealed not only by outward signs such as a hurried time schedule, but also by visible bodily signs and by a case history of, say, high blood pressure or 'disc' pathology in the neck or lower back. In the face of all this physical evidence, he often maintains a stout denial that his high level achievement can be a source of damage to himself. It is viewed that body and mental pathological reactions to stress as ways of keeping our 'vital balance' or physical and emotional harmony in the face of a continually changing and often threatening world. Any insights which will help the manager create a working environment that will optimize psychosomatic health-a balance that favors long-range physical health prospects-would seem to justify the highest priority when examined in the face of the rising tide of executive casualties.

A grievance channel is defined as adequate when employees in a department feel that it will be helpful (and not harmful) to tell management when they have complaints about the amount of work expected of them. The departments in a study were classified in three ways: as under work measurement or not; as having good or poor grievance channel and as finding it easy or difficult to meet the standards. The average morale of these groups of departments was calculated and the relevant comparisons made. "Morale" was calculated, and how the department classifications were made. The general concept of morale was broken down into five facets: 1) satisfaction with the amount of work expected, 2) satisfaction with the company, 3) perception over the last two years of any change in the company's liners in employees' well-being, 4) satisfaction with the work measurement program, and 5) mental health on the job. These five areas were measured through a diagnostic opinion survey administered to the study population of 1200 employees in lower skill departments.

This article focuses on a note on the Bender-Gestalt test as a prognostic indicator in mental illness. During the course of performing some other research in prognosis the authors of this paper routinely administered the Bender-Gestalt to patients admitted to Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh. These patients were evaluated a year and a half later as improved or unimproved. Comparison of the Bender Z-scores of these two groups with those of the groups in the earlier study show rather strikingly similar results. This study included 28 patients of different diagnoses, ages, etc., admitted to Western Psychiatric during the first six months of 1951.

The article focuses on the manuscript "The Social Environment and Mental Health," by John R.P. French. This paper seeks to provide a conceptual linkage between status and health and to review a series of studies which test the relevance of the intervening variables. The concept of self-esteem and self-evaluation organized around differing sub-identities of the self is proposed as a major intervening variable. Occupational self-esteem is viewed as being influenced by encounters with relevant reference persons or groups.

This article presents discussion related to psychoses. The reader should be reminded that the system was developed on inpatients in public mental health facilities and therefore should work most effectively with such patients. The correlates also may be applicable to outpatients from such facilities, especially if they have become outpatients after having been inpatients, which frequently is the case, or readers familiar with computerized printouts of MMPI interpretations or with skillful clinical interpretations, the interpretive summaries given in this paper may be disappointing on several grounds: Prognostic statements are not included, the reports often are brief, the language in which the reports are cast lacks elegance, scales L, F, and K are not interpreted in terms of validity, and dynamic explanations of behavior are not attempted.

The paper presents summary of articles published in the May 4, 1974 issue of the journal "Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Discipline." The article "First Born," by Meyer Fortes endeavors to show that a first-born child marks a critical, perhaps the most critical stage in life cycle. "Crisis Intervention Guided By Attachment Concepts — A Case Study," by D.H. Heard, summarizes concepts of crises and crises intervention. "Skeletal Immaturity in Psychiatrically Disturbed Adolescents," presents a study on one hundred and thirty-two adolescents suffering from severe psychiatric disturbance.

The author says that, the sociologist Aaron L. Rutledge, leader of the counseling service and of the training program in counseling and psychotherapy, Merrill-Palmer School, in his paper raises a number of points about marriage counseling. The author says that he is not clear as to just why Rutledge does not make it a little more specifically clear what the lacks are in the training of members of the medical profession, particularly obstetricians and many general practitioners as well as psychiatrists, and also what is lacking in the training of those in the field of counseling psychology, of social casework, of clergymen who have specialized in the field of pastoral counseling, and many attorneys whose special training and field is the legal aspects of domestic relations. There is no question but that training centers in the field of psychiatry, medical schools, and some law schools have made great stride in the past ten years in introducing courses and clinical opportunities to enhance the general understanding and point of view of their graduates in this area of counseling.

The article presents the author's comments on his analysis of chromatin drawings. It also discusses author's trial and error experimentation with various systems for introducing color into the H-T-P method of personality appraisal. In the analysis of the chromatic drawing obtained several classes of factors have appeared. These are classified as arising from the nature of the task; variations in popular color usage; color-output characteristics, including types, degree, and intensity; organizational characteristics and miscellaneous empirical findings.

The article presents information on the status of alcoholism as a disease. The author claims that alcoholism belongs in a category of non-specific behavior disorders and diseases different only in degree from normal behaviors or states of health. Also, the author discusses the possibility of role of genetic factors in alcoholism. Finally, the author warns against inflexibility in theorizing about alcohol and suggests that the promotion of the disease concept of alcoholism has been an important event.

The article focuses on the crisis intervention program conducted after the June 1972 flood disaster in Pennsylvania. The precedent recovery program for the disaster, caused by Hurricane Agnes, involved mental health authorities through the aid of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant. The project was designed on a crisis intervention model using 63 trained human counselors from the neighborhood. In the first eight months of the project, 1500 cases were opened which included the problems in consumer and contractor complaints, alcohol abuse, and emotional disturbance. Moreover, the project reflects an example of a relief program emphasizing psychological and psychosocial aftereffects of tragedy.