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In his challenging paper, in June 1972 sociologist Joseph Fichter asks social scientists to redefine man as an "authentic human being" and to put this human being "in the center of social studies." As a proponent of Weberian sociology, the author agrees with these objectives and endorses the critique of the physicalist determinism of behaviorist psychologists and positivist sociologists. Neither the thesis of the emergence of "human nature" nor the theory of the development of the conception of "self" in an individual have to be subjected to determinist interpretations. Man is not merely but also an organism and social scientists concerned with `human nature,' have to take account of this basic fact. Attempting this, in itself, does not deny Man's fundamental humanity which is embedded in his original potentialities. But it takes not simply physical care but love, attention, and "training" by others to bring these potentialities to their realization. Fichter argues that "a human baby, raised in a family of monkeys," would not "become nonhuman."

The article presents views of Marianne Jacoby, a psychologist, on a research paper by E.F. Edinger, a psychologist published in a 1960 issue of "Journal of Analytical Psychology." The way in which Edinger states his ideas presupposes their general acceptance. Concepts of ego-self identity, ego-self separation and ego-self unity are brought in a schema which is posited rather than explained. Instead of discussing the complex processes involved in these concepts, Edinger has only put forward conclusions.

The article presents an investigation into the "Self-Concept " of personality organization. One of the newer candidates in the field of personality theory is the Self-Concept theory of personality organization. This view received its first formal statement by V.C. Raimy in 1943, although related lines of thinking are to be identified both previous to and since that time. This view holds that the behavior of the individual is primarily determined by and pertinent to his phenomenal field and, in particular, that aspect of the field, which is the individual's concept of himself. Some other psychologists have given special support to this view in showing its value in explaining or describing the results achieved through nondirective counseling and psychotherapy. There is no reason, however, why the Self-Concept theory must be solely identified with the nondirective technique. The present writers have felt that the postulate of the "Self Concept" may be employed to good effect in other phases of psychological practice and by psychologists of other persuasions. As an example of an interview technique arising from the Self-Concept theory frame of reference and available to any interviewer, the present paper reports on a device which has been found productive in exploring the interviewee's self perceptions.

Comments on the paper titled "Sandplay. A Jungian Contribution to Child Psychotherapy," by Dora Kalff. Relation between self and ego; Child neurosis; Consciousness.

The article discusses feelings and images evoked by the phenomenon of death regardless of the patient's age and to certain extent, regardless of the initial symptom picture. It is concluded that it is impossible to deal with the problem of death in all its aspects, or to give a comprehensive definition which would do justice to death either as a biological process or as an object of philosophical and theological speculation. This article is concerned with death as a symbol used by the psyche to represent certain inner states and experiences.

It was proposed that two factors operate in mate selection: (a) homogamous trait matching so that a mate will be chosen who resembles the self and (b) where the actual-self differs from the ideal-self, a mate will be seen as resembling the ideal-self rather than the actual-self. These hypotheses were tested in a sample of 50 engaged girls who were asked to rate their actual-self, their ideal-self, and their fiancé's actual-self using an adjective check-list. Both hypotheses were supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on proceedings of the Clinical Section of the Society of Analytical psychology in London, England from October 1959 to June 1960. On February 1, 1960, R. Gordon presented his research paper "Reflections on the Existence of a Death Instinct and its Relation to the Self." On March 14-21, 1960, J. Jacobi held discussion on his research paper "The Case of a Young Engineer."

Focuses on the role of trinitarian symbolism in human consciousness. Link of the archetypal grounding in the psyche of trinitarian symbolisms to the individuation process and the development of the self; Relation of Christ to the self as an integrate of conscious life with its unconscious matrix; Incorporation of religious factor in the fabric of life itself.

Presents the summary of the article 'Jung's Later Work: Historical Studies,' by K. Lambert published in the 'British Journal of Medical Psychology.'

The true mystic is one who seeks to reconstitute the fragmented elements of experience, not to arrive at a conceptual synthesis, but to replace normal consciousness with spiritual chaos. In this state the mystic is able to renew himself by regression to an undifferentiated state of consciousness, in which there is no longer self or "other." It is only by regression to the most archaic levels of religious feeling that one can penetrate the disguises of God, experiencing him as reality, and not as mythical hero or benign father-figure. In this sense, mysticism is different from the attitude of ritual devotion, which stubbornly refuses to repudiate its Adamic nature. The mystic dares to cast off his ego, and along with it, the Adamic nature. The mystic dares to cast off his ego, and along with it, the expectations of others. In this way he replaces the tyranny of the self and of others by the absolute freedom of his surrender to holiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the subject matter of the study of religion? Is it the external expression of religious persons and communities, i.e., the historical deposit of sacred scriptures, theologies, social institutions, ethical and liturgical prescriptions and practices? Accurate observation and description of these data and analysis to detect common structures are important and necessary. This is not, however, primary, since it excludes from its purview the personal meaning these external traditions possess for their participants. This objection suggests that enquiry should focus on the existential selfhood of individual communicants. Yet this, also, is unsatisfactory because it restricts study to the psychology of individuals. Research should concentrate, instead, on religious faith, i.e., existential selfhood or personal faith as this is evoked and expressed by an historical tradition. This entails discerning how items in a cumulative religious tradition enter into the believer's faith or selfhood by being existentially interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses an assumption regarding psychosomatic unity and elaborates a more detailed presentation of the structure of the self, a theory of self-destrcution, as an alternative to that of inverted aggression as well as the rationale of therapeutic procedures based on infantile mechanisms. Psychology of the uniqueness of the individual; Functional structure of the self; Consideration of significant physiological, pathological and experimental findings in the field of immunity and autoimmunity.

Focuses on the developing concepts of the self in the works of psychologist C.G. Jung. Relation between statistical abstraction and individual facts in the book 'The Undiscovered Self'; Distinction between directed and undirected thinking in the book 'The Psychology of the Unconscious'; Demonstration of the symbolism of the self in the book 'Psychology and Alchemy.'

Examines the concept of ego in psychological perspectives. Psychologist Carl Gustav Jung's distinction between the ego and the self; Existence of a different ego revealed by the epistemological, linguistic and analytical methods of approach; Pointers to the essence of the true ego gained through an excursion into the realm of the primitve and infantile psyche.

The article focuses on the notion of identifying the "self." It also dabs a bit into the differences in the approaches of theologians and analytical psychologists. Theology gives prime importance to God believed to be an objective reality beyond man, psychology to God as a subjective reality of man's inner life. Neither approaches however excludes the other. It is suggested that the fundamental issues of rebirth, redemption, wholeness, awareness of spiritual values, etc. circumscribe the domain where the "self" operates.

Discusses the relationship between ego and self at different stages of development. Consideration on the two different aspects of human psychology; Impact of the process of psychotherapy and psychic development on the relationship; Discovery in the transformation of the positive aspects of the ego-self axis into negative aspects.

Discusses individuation and ego development in developmental psychology. Problems in the definition of individuation; Classical concept of individuation; Extended concept of individuation; Criticism of the extended thesis; Ego development in childhood; Individuation as a special case of ego development.

The article presents a study, which discusses the concept of self and psychiatric chronicity. This study attempts demonstrate that self-concept is a highly effective indicator of one aspect of treatment outcome-psychiatric chronicity. As a measure of the self-concept predictor variable, the Miskimins Self-Goal- Other Discrepancy Scale (MSGO) was utilized. The MSGO provides two kinds of discrepancy scores, Self-goal and Self-other, and from these types of discrepancies the five predictive factors result.

The article discusses political implications of the modern Greek concept of the self. Political scientists, aware of the significance of social structure and cultural patterns for an understanding of political processes, have attempted to formulate conceptual frameworks and models, which incorporate cultural and sociological phenomena. A requisite for the development of science in the social sciences, as well as in the natural sciences, is that the findings of one discipline should not contradict the findings of any other discipline. Using modern Greece as a case study, an effort is made to show that the view of self which a people holds, by determining an individuals conception of his relationship to the world around him, significantly affects the functioning of a political system. If the interrelationship of the view of self; cultural patterns, social structure and political institutions can be more clearly delineated, then the processes of modernization, political development and democracy may become better understood.

Presents a study which evaluated the relation between identification with like-sexed parent and two dimensions of ego structure such as ego control and ego resilience. Information on the construct of ego control and the construct of ego resilience; Results and discussion.

The article focuses on learning as a function of perceived similarity to self. Learning to perceive others is construed in this study as a problem of mediated generalization. It is assumed perceptions of the self will have generality to other persons as a direct function of how similar these persons are perceived to oneself. Therefore, it was predicted that ease of learning to associate names of persons to adjectives perceived as highly relevant to the self will be a function of the perceived similarity of these persons to the self. The Ss in the study consisted of 43 undergraduate students. Using a paired associate learning task, each S had to learn to associate the name of three persons known to him with a group of adjectives which S had indicated were highly characteristic of himself. The results of the study indicate that persons perceived as most similar to the self are associated with these adjectives with significantly fewer errors than those perceived as having intermediate similarity to the self. However, persons perceived as least similar to the self were learned with a mean number of errors, which did not differ significantly from the mean errors of persons perceived either as the most similar or intermediate to the self. Analysis of the data indicates that the specific role of the person perceived did not differentially influence the experimental results.

The article focuses on personality integration in relation to the concept of self. In a recent article the present author suggested a definition of personality integration. It grew out of a measurable difference in the responses of community persons and mental hospital patients to the items of a personality inventory. The article in which the definition was offered concerned itself primarily with clinical theories, practices, and research evidence in support of the measurement approach out of which the definition of personality integration developed. The article did not describe, in detail, the measurable way in which the responses of the disintegrated personalities differ from those of the integrated personalities. This detailed description is outlined in the present article and makes the definition of personality integration more meaningful. In addition, the present article considers the theoretical implication of the definition in relationship to the concept of self. The definition of personality integration will be outlined first, and it will then be shown how this definition derives from measurement.

In this article, the author describes in detail changes in consciousness and self functioning that occurred during an acute integrative decompensation associated with a toxic reaction to cortisone accompanied by a mild cerebrovascular accident. The most interesting observation was of self-functions on two different levels, which the author has called the conscious self and the executive self. The conscious self consists of the state and contents of consciousness at any particular moment. To illustrate the differences between the conscious self and the executive self, it is held that when the conscious self gets vitally interested in something such as working on the boat, the rest of the organism is completely unrepresented in its contents.

Social congruity theory establishes that individuals should prefer others are the evaluate them in a way they consider accurate, irrespective of whether such evaluation is positive or negative. However, in quite contrast, studies show that individuals with negative opinions of themselves prefer others who evaluate them positively. Studies on this issue typically involve situations in which the evaluator is a real person, and his evaluation is based upon some actual information about, or interaction with, the subject. This article attempts to examine this question in a situation where such possible sources of error do not apply.

Presents the summary of the article 'The Self in Jung's Writings,' by M. Fordham.

Presents the article ''Ego Self and Mental Health,'' by M. Fordham published in the 1960 issue of the ''British Journal of Medical Psychology.''