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This paper examines the relationship between oil companies and the governments of host nations in the Middle East as it is affected by the desire for fast economic development by host governments while at the same time having the need to assert their own sovereignty. The effects of Middle Eastern ideas on their oil policies are examined in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison of the United States and European wages, costs and productivity and explains how and when it can be profitable for a U.S.-based business to manufacture abroad, and often it may be more profitable to manufacture at home. Several newspaper articles referencing the low wages paid to European workers and their rapidly rising productive efficiency are cited as examples indicating that the United States may be pricing itself out of competitive markets. Comparisons of industrial costs for United States and foreign businesses are made, including comparisons of wage levels, labor costs, and productivity.

The legislative intent of the Webb-Pomerene Law of 1918 was to induce and encourage small firms to enter the international market. To accomplish this end, Congress granted to firm's immunity from the Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act at that time the three statutes concerned with anticompetitive business behavior. It was thought that small or medium-size firms acting independently would find the costs of entering foreign trade prohibitive but that acting in concert through cooperative arrangements such costs might be lowered. Also the firms were permitted to form Associations for export purposes whether or not they were confronted with buying or selling cartels in international markets. Left unstated by Congress were the techniques these Associations could employ in implementing the cooperative arrangements. These cooperative arrangements were intended to permit collusive action in export markets only.

Written by several executives of the International Advertising Association, "The Global Challenge to Advertising" was first made public at the 23rd IAA World Congress in Dublin in early June of 1973. The study, with detailed examples from many areas, brings into focus the two main currents of world-wide opposition to advertising: mounting consumer dissatisfaction with product quality and claims, and increasing government regulation and control of advertising. It is reprinted here by permission of the International Advertising Association, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently available econometric techniques provide useful information for measuring international markets. A key aspect of these techniques is the use of an extensive a priori analysis, which is demonstrated in a study of the international market for still cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administrative practices and principles of the West have derived from preoccupation with control and therefore have little value for development administration in underdeveloped countries where the need is for an adaptive administration, one that can incorporate constant change. However, adaptive administrative principles can be derived from the researches and theories of the behavioral sciences, and these should become the administrative objectives of development administrators. Illustrative of such objectives are the following: an innovative atmosphere; the operationalizing and sharing of goals; the combining of planning (thinking) and acting (doing); the minimization of parochialism; the diffusion of influence; the increasing of toleration of interdependence; and the avoidance of bureaupathology. These propositions are illustrated by the analysis of some concrete administrative problems, such as the centralization-decentralization issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As excitement concerning trading stamps diminishes in the United States, and controversy abounds in Great Britain's venture, a stamp boom is taking place in Japan. The rapid development of trading stamps in Japan is analyzed in this article by a marketing specialist who has been a student of the trading-stamp industry in the United States for a number of years, and by a specialist in Japanese political and economic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it true that the various markets in Europe are so different that the same message for the same product cannot appeal as successfully to two or three or more markets as a campaign tailormade for a single nation? Here is how an internationally-recognized advertising man answers this question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization has lured many underdeveloped countries as the fastest and surest method of economic development. But marketing problems are causing unexpected difficulties in many of these countries--difficulties that were not anticipated because production has been seen as almost the only problem. This article demonstrates the pivotal role of marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To group countries for purposes of designing alternative approaches to marketing, organization of subsidiaries, executive compensation and so on, by what criteria should the classification be determined? This article shows that intuitive pairing is often misleading and therefore may lead a firm to employ inappropriate strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a survey of management problems among groups of businessmen from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Michigan. The author presents a comparison of the problems perceived by the two sets of managers and offers solutions to each set based on cultural aspects particular to each group. A discussion is presented about the differences in the business climate and situations that exist between Brazil and Michigan. An overview of cultural differences affecting international business is presented.

A number of advertising spokesmen have strongly recommended a truly "international" approach to advertising for firms operating outside the United States. This article describes how U.S. international advertising managers value this approach and how extensively they have employed it in their companies' advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between globalization and national identity in textbooks of social science courses in elementary, junior, secondary and pre-university. Nowadays, although the dominant idea demonstrates a certain kind of cultural orientation; general cultural orientation is also reproducing a continuous process with emphasis on the cultural adaptability and understanding in a parallel way. Multi-ethnic communities in order to achieve a systematic balance of national identity with the emphasis on general cultural orientation at home and production of multiple identities should increase their competitiveness and modernization. However, the nationalist discourse in Iran which has also been included in the curriculum is based on a radical "Ethnocentrism" that does not allow diversity and cultural fusion to exist, on the contrary attempts to destroy the cultural and ethnic differences. In this paper, the author challenges this issue and presents cultural and educational strategies on quality of national identity tailored to the information age and globalization. In the first part of the paper, theories of globalization and national identity and their contrast are discussed through theoretical approaches. In the second part of the study, using document and content analysis, he evaluates and approves concepts such as xenophobia, one-side oriented positive self-inductance approach and the absolute position of Iran in the international system in primary to pre-university textbooks of the social sciences. The third section is devoted to providing solutions. Due to its relation with globalization, civil nationalism in the field of national identity is discussed herein which can pave the way for textbooks to remain ethnocentric.

Every year hundreds of thousands of graduates of American colleges and universities enter business, with almost no knowledge of international business relationships. How can marketing educators help to correct this deficiency? The author of this article has a very practical suggestion, based on the development of a different type of course in bask marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses one of the metaphysical assumptions in science which seems to be its internationality. It is implicit in the discussions of the philosophy or sociology of science. In fact, the inherently international character of the scientific enterprise seems to be so much taken for granted that there is little research on it. Here, the author will briefly review the literature, and continue with a systematic analysis of four ways in which the internationality could be maintained. In this section, some new data from a recent survey of staff members at the University of Cologne will be presented. Historians of science normally do not mention the problem of the internationality of science explicitly. They stress the point, however, that science developed in medieval Europe cross-nationally within the boundaries of the common European culture. The institutionalization of the scientific role and the adoption of a scientific outlook was the result of an elaborate organization of science and the establishment of scientific journals and was of primary importance in the development of a culture of science.

This article examines historically and quantitatively the process of colonial development of selected economies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. A simultaneous equations model was applied by the author to each country to identify those forces which made these economies dependent on international trade. The author explores to construct and apply a structural model of aggregate behavior which explains the development pattern of several countries in different geographical areas. An evaluation of the results using dynamic simulations was presented by the author.

The article focuses on expansion strategies and organizational development in companies in the U.S. and Europe. It mentions that prior to World War II, U.S. direct investments were treated as an outflow of funds that were managed similarly to portfolio investments, and that in most instances overseas affiliates behaved as if independent entities that produced differentiated products, applied different production techniques, and determined their own marketing strategies. It states that multinational concerns coordinate strategic, administrative, and operational decisions on a wide geographic scale. It suggests that the strategic expansion of European firms will grow from national to regional and finally multinational scales.

The article discusses international operations and corporate planning. The author looks at the attitudes of businessmen towards import substitution, exporting, and direct foreign investment. The article establishes the need for a wider perspective on the subjects by referring to the international business environment. The author suggests a conceptual corporate planning framework for international operations. The article examines this in light of research made into the management of selected firms in the agricultural, mechanical handling and textile machinery industries. The author suggests that a firm should consider its international operations as an integral part of its overall strategy, which should be cast in a corporate planning mould.

The article compares influentials in contemporary American and British sociology for a time span for 11 years, between 1958-68. Authors of the article have compared names of the men most cited in journals "American Sociological Review" and "British Journal of Sociology" for two time periods and have found that lists for the second time period contained a larger number of names in common than the list for the first period. This finding was interpreted as support for the thesis that sociology is becoming more international. A comparison of the two American lists revealed no essential differences in the national origin of the most important influentials for the two periods. A similar examination of the two British lists revealed that contemporary sociologists from the U.S. are becoming increasingly influential in British sociology. It was therefore suggested that the internationalization of sociology may, for the immediate future, be equivalent or almost equivalent to the Americanization of sociology.

The article discusses several aspects of the non-admitted insurance market abroad as of 1966. There has been a growing recognition of the importance of the non-admitted market abroad, not only for reinsurance purposes but also for direct placements under the excess and surplus lines laws of the various states. In stressing risk management and the principles of risk analysis, consideration must be given to world markets available to take care of gaps in coverage and high limits of exposure. Over the years large corporate insurance buyers have found in Lloyd's and other world markets a method of handling their most intricate insurance problems. They treasure the extremely broad coverage they have been granted and the inexpensive method of administration of insurance. Substantial deductibles and aggregates for accumulation of losses are used to effect savings for the buyer. Producers should understand that the non-admitted market offers valuable help to them for certain problems which cannot be solved in the domestic market. Such help in no way detracts from the quality and importance of the domestic market.

The nature of so-called folk cultures and their distribution throughout the world has long been argued, and their reaction upon contact with western European culture has been studied in some detail. It is well recognized that the process of culture change initiated by these contacts has a drastic effect upon the lives of many people. Despite these studies and the attempts at the definition of the nature of folk cultures and the delineation of the processes of acculturation, little has been done in a systematic way with the present condition of these cultures. There appears to be a fundamental unity of these cultures which has been loosely characterized by the term "folk." The difficulty with this scheme, however, is that the poles of urban and folk cultures are easily recognized and described, but the vast number of cultures which partake of both qualities are not readily amenable to classification or systematic description. This condition then demands a reconsideration of the nature of folk cultures and an attempt to define "urbanness." Instead of a descriptive definition of folk cultures it would perhaps be better to utilize one which attempts to delineate the over-all nature of a folk culture.

The article discusses the questions on the sociological uses of culture. These questions initially became evident in the studies of the newer social patterns which accompanied the continuing modernization of American life and its latter-day partial transformation into a post-modern society. In some cases, culture has become an open-ended and residual category, to which are assigned all those behaviors and values which cannot be accounted for by other factors. Reduced to this elementary level, it offers little power of explanation. There are other cases in which the concept has been practically abandoned in study designs. One of the standard indicators of what culture denotes is a social heritage (some sociological writers define culture as the social heritage). The heritage of a society commonly is defined as all that which is regularly transmitted from generation to generation in a relatively unchanged form. Its principal attributes are elucidated by indicating that it generally includes the customs and normal solutions to life's recurring problems which have been gradually worked out in the historical development of a society. A cultural theme is neocolonialism and its practical alternatives. Given the fact that every new country must have continuing access to scientific knowledge and technology to maintain its growth and development and to compete in the world markets, questions are raised about what kinds of scientists are required, what should be their national identity, and what resources in an economy of scarcity can be afforded for the use of scientific work in the national interest.

This article reports on research programs conducted by the University of Pittsburgh's Management Research Center. David H. Blake is researching unions' responses to globalization, their strategy to counteract multinationalism, and their potential for organizing in different states. His study also focuses on union and management policies. Donald D. Bowen and Jacob P. Siegel finished their project, "Process and Performance: A Longitudinal Study of the Reactions of Small Task Groups to Periodic Performance Feedback." Edward Sussna and Harry N. Heinemann used capital investment analysis to compare investment costs and expected lifetime earnings in "Program Analysis of Community College Education of Health Manpower." They also completed "The Development of Program Analyses of Investments in Nursing Education."

The paper focuses on the state of Ukraine's participation in regionalization and globalization processes. The main goal of Ukraine's participation in regionalization and globalization processes is to obtain status of a full member of the EU, which becomes topical in connection with the signing of the association agreement with the EU and the adoption of the export strategy to increase Ukrainian exports of goods while improving its commodity structure. The system approach, the comparative analysis are used, the international statistical data and the materials of the Ukrainian state statistics services are processed. Directions for expanding integration ties are suggested. Priority markets are determined for the export of goods of Ukraine to countries of the EU, Asia, America and Africa.

This article presents a basic guide to international advertising. People should not be misled by the often repeated credo that advertising to overseas markets is a complicated and totally different endeavor employing a high degree of hocus focus. If people will study the wants, needs and the ability to buy in each country and apply this knowledge to proved American advertising principles, they will have a vital mass communication force for mass production and mass consumption in the overseas markets. The need for increased market research becomes more apparent at this point. Whether the advertiser has only one product or several hundred, start by doing some plain elementary examining. Despite the promising start that has been made by international advertising agencies, and market surveys from the airlines, steamship lines, the banks and the government, the real job of gathering the specific information necessary to each business rests with the individual company. The size of the advertising budget should be governed by the task the advertising is expected to perform.