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A conference paper about the history of marketing in Latin America is presented. The author gives a brief account of race and nationality distribution in the region, followed by the effects of the World War I on the area. According to the author, Latin America faces difficulties in industrializing due to its inability to import the necessary machinery.

The present paper attempts to construct such a bridge. We take as our case in point Brazilian development over the past 2 decades—and in particular the period of rapid industrialization up to 1962—but the results may have greater generality. The present paper attempts to construct such a bridge. We take as our case in point Brazilian development over the past 2 decades—and in particular the period of rapid industrialization up to 1962—but the results may have greater generality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the news and announcements published in the May 1, 1959 issue of "International Social Science Journal." The Fourth World Political Science Congress held in Rome, Italy, in September 1958, was in every way a success, It was attended by more than 300 political scientists from some thirty European, Asian and American countries, most of the best experts in subjects dealt with took part in these discussions, over 70 working papers were submitted. A meeting was convened by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organizations to examine the social, moral and cultural implication of the scientific and technological developments that were the occasion for the United Nations sessions.

This paper examines rural elementary education in Brazil in the light of historical phenomena and recent socioeconomic development. Contemporary rural society is described from the point of view of its social structure and the way in which rural educational problems emerge from this context. The paper concludes with a statement and evaluation of attempts on the part of the federal government to solve problems of elementary education in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responds to various comments concerning the author's article about inflation and stagnation in Brazil from 1963 to 1966. Brazil's experience to more traditional macroeconomics variables; Paper critics' allusion to structural imbalance, lack of demand, and an unequal distribution of income.

This paper is a study of the behaviour of the aggregate savings coefficient in the course of Brazilian development. Brazil is especially useful for such a case-study. Unlike most less-developed countries, many of the economic and social changes and the policy measures which have been suggested on a priori grounds as conducive to raising marginal savings rates have in fact taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specimens of Stenostomum, which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anatirostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses music therapy in Brazil. The first music therapy center was in Rio de Janeiro and then in Porto Alegre and therapist consist of musician or a teacher of music education. In 1970, the teaching of music therapy started in Brazil and First Brazilian Symposium took place in Porto Alegre. Brazilians felt confident about applying music therapy but they faced difficulties in scientific control and evaluation and needed training for better results.

This paper addresses itself to some linkages between macro-social structure (industrialization, social class), social psychological variables (husband-wile decision making), psychological variables (attitudes), and fertility. A total of 726 currently mated women with proven fertility in five Brazilian communities were interviewed to determine various attitudes, their work experience, their participation in family decisions, their fertility ideals, and actual fertility. The five communities were selected along a rural-urban-industrialization continuum to include a village, two non-industrial cities, and two industrial cities (one of which was São Paulo). Family size in the industrial cities was small in all social strata, while in the non-industrial cities family size was large in the lower strata and declined in the upper strata. Further analysis revealed that smaller family size is associated with generally higher levels of status among women-higher educational levels, greater social contacts and more skilled employment, and equality in family decision making. Our analysis supports the hypotheses that industrialization influences fertility through shifts in the social status of women, both in their work and at home. New education and work opportunities facilitate the emergence of modern conceptions of the role of women in society and egalitarian decision making in the family. These attitudes and patterns of husband-wife interaction are related to smaller family size ideals and lower fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on data from 142 farm operators in a small farm setting in southern Brazil. The study centers on an index of prestige standards which differentiates between an orientation to ownership and consumption of goods and services, and an orientation to giving of time, resources, and energy. Analysis indicates that prestige orientation based on giving inhibits the seeking of information about new ideas and this, in turn, results in nonadoption of modern farm practices. The implication is that the ends of industrial society must be accepted before means to those ends will be accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general view and evaluation of rural research in Brazil. The beginnings of rural research and the main orientations during its early development are reviewed. Three fields are then analyzed more thoroughly: community studies, regional investigations, and problem oriented research. Although relatively few in number, the community studies have nevertheless served to illustrate the most varied types of social structure in Brazil. General regional surveys are numerous and are concerned principally with cultural and ecological aspects of society; most of Brazil's varied regions have been studied in this fashion. Problem-oriented research, on the other hand, is fairly recent and as yet unsystematic. The main problem areas that have been emphasized are: immigration and assimilation, internal migrations, messianic movements, and more recently, class relations and land tenure problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies on the private rate of return from investment in education are, by now, available. It is evident that if the private rate of return is to have realistic meaning, it must be measured net of taxes. Moreover, it is not merely the direct (income) taxes that are relevant here. Different education levels may also cause some changes in family expenditure patterns and costs of work performance. Accordingly, the indirect (outlay) taxes also become relevant. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the distribution of tax burden among Brazilian families classified according to education levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comparative study of three Pentecostal sects, two in Chile and one in Brazil. Opposing the traditional class system in which they rank low, the Pentecostal sects seek to shape their own structure after an egalitarian model in which all criteria of conventional ranking as practiced by the wider society are rejected. In reality, however, compromise with authoritarian principles seems rather common. Comparison of the three cases shows that the closer a sect comes to the egalitarian model the more its leaders feel the need to validate their authority by seeking supernatural sanctions for their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the research paper "Improving science instruction in an American school in Brazil," presented at the Biology Seminar at State University College at Brockport, New York on March 22, 1966. The author points out that 10 schools have been established in Brazil catering to American students and offering a complete curriculum in the English language, from 1921-1961. He outlines his functions as elementary and high school science coordinator at the Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro. A chart is presented that shows the number of graduates of class of 1965 at the Escola Amaricana who will be attending institutions of higher leaning, as of May 1965.

This paper examines the stagnation of Brazilian exports of products other than coffee during the postwar period. Export stagnation led to a pattern of autarkic development. The combination of growing domestic demand and income-inelastic supply of imports put pressure on the real exchange rate. As the external value of the cruzeiro depreciated more rapidly than the internal inflation, relative prices moved to favor domestic producers for many new products, leading to the establishment of many new industries producing only for the internal market, and very rapid growth based on import substitution. This process was self-sustaining, as import substitution coupled with export stagnation in one period lowered the equilibrium exchange rate for imports, and stimulated further import substitution in the next. Because of the increasing inelasticity of domestic production with respect to downward movements of the exchange rate, however, import substitution became a progressively more expensive way both of saving foreign exchange and of generating growth.

The paper is a brief report of a study of the way of life followed by the caipiras who inhabit the Paraitinga Valley in the eastern part of the state of Sāo Paulo, Brazil. It is limited largely to considerations of the population and its characteristics; health, diet, housing and related aspects of the level and standard of living; labor contracts and work techniques; religious beliefs and practices; social participation; and the rights enjoyed by these humble folk who are similar in so many ways to the bulk of the rural inhabitants of other sections of the Brazilian nation. Most of the description and analysis is based upon a long period of personal observation and study by the Brazilian co-author of the report. For almost two decades the author has been in intimate contact with families in the region studied, making detailed observations and records of various aspects of social organization and social participation. Caipira is a term widely used in Sāo Paulo to designate the humble rural folk who inhabit the less advanced sections of the state. It usually has a depreciative connotation.

The article presents a study and experience obtained during a two-year sojourn in an academic environment in Brazil as of July 1962. The study of the role of the accountant in other countries is in keeping with the development of world commerce and the necessity of recognizing the earth as one ever-narrowing commercial community. This paper is offered as a contribution towards the development of that understanding. Each observer, however, forms his opinion based on the limits of his experience, his background, and his special prejudices. This is especially true when observing a foreign scene. Thus opinions differ from visitors' opinions seldom have much substance; long-time residents' opinions often reflect a subtle shift in their original "national" perspectives. The implications for international public accounting are likewise rather dear. Those persons pushing for immediate or near immediate amalgamation of every nation's public accounting societies and the introduction of American standards must realize that the maturation process must first get at least a good hold. This process will be aided in direct proportion to the participation of foreign accountants in both the educational and professional fabric of every country. The process basically consists of the introduction of the broad ideas of business administration into the academic fabric of the country. The concept of financial information as useful for something other than formulations of historical, backward-looking, taxpaying records must precede the development of a strong accounting profession.

In this third paper dealing with the algae of Brazil, four Chlorophycophyta and six Chrysophycophyta are described. These organism were found in the so called "Sete Lagoas" Lake-District, State of Minas Gerais. They are: Granulochloris maxima nov. sp., Pseudoquadrigula lagoensis nov. gen., nov. sp., Oedogonium spirostriatum, Pseudochaete crassisetum (Chlorophvceae), Phalansterium digitatum (Chrysophyceae), Tetraedriella polychloris, T. acuta, Goniochloris gigas, Peroniella minuta y Pseudostaurastrum enorme (Xanthophyceae). Except Oedogonium, all these genera are mentioned for the first time for Brazil and also for South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the experience Brazil has had with indexing its economy, a policy that was undertaken in 1964 as a response to inflation. Brazilian indexing or monetary correction was applied in some fashion to taxes, financial instruments, exchange rates, and wages. Monetary corrections in the first three nonwage areas succeeded in restoring to prices and the market place the allocative role they had lost during the preceding hyper-inflation years. Interest rates and exchange rates were made meaningful once again and some workable private financial instruments were created. But nonwage indexation has served as a vehicle for government intervention rather than as a substitute for it. Export subsidies and incentives have been used alongside the crawling peg; indexing as applied to mortgage loans has undergone extensive revision at various times; tax rulings concerning financial assets have been changed, providing favorable treatment to certain assets at the expense of others. It was stressed that wage indexing was more a form of price control than a step toward better functioning markets. Instead of serving as an automatic correction for inflation, wage indexing in practice was a completely discretionary instrument of policy.

The importance of the dynamic structure of agricultural supply functions has been recognised for a long time. The seminal work has offered an elegant solution to this problem which has been so widely adopted that at present it might even be regarded as the standard approach. The impact of this work on dynamic models has been felt far beyond agricultural economics and in the course of this diffusion, a number of modifications have been proposed. The supply of tree crops is particularly suited to this treatment as there are long lags of gestation between planting and cropping. The investment decision of planting trees is a classical problem in capital theory. One explanation for the absence of parallel development in the field of agricultural economics is that this model was originally applied to field crops in which long lags are absent. In this paper an attempt is made to fill this gap by constructing a structural model of tree crop supply. The model is developed with reference to the supply of coffee in Brazil, for the sake of concreteness and ease of interpretation and because coffee is a crop possessing most of the characteristics outlined in the article.

Presents news briefs related to environmental science. Findings that snow and ice cover of the earth increased by 12% during 1967-72; Considerable stress laid on the Soviet Union's energy supplies; Susceptibility of a Brazilian tribe to illnesses from urban man found; Other reports.

Nurkse's classical analysis of nineteenth-century trade and development dealt largely with the temperate-zone countries. Why the tropical countries remained "outsiders" to this process is not clearly understood. In an effort to substitute historical analysis for the a priori explanations which have been popular in this area, the present paper presents data and analysis on international trade and its effects on income growth, structural change, and income distribution in Brazil during the period 1822-1913. Apart from its historical and analytical interest, this material may also be useful for checking the historical relevance of the stylized facts which underly deductive models of trade and development. Perceptions concerning nineteenth-century tropical trade and its effects on development have provided an implicit background to economic models of trade and development as well as to policy making in the current less-developed countries. What actually happened in tropical trade and development during the nineteenth century, however, is not at all clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political histories of the Plate Basin after independence have tended to obscure the dynamic relationship between the frontier cattlemen and the commercial-political-industrial centers. It is suggested that borderland warfare and political factionalism were related to the areas resource base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the extended family as a source of information and as the basis for mutual assistance and social contact is studied among rural and urban samples in central Brazil. Chi-square tests are used to determine the presence of association between length of residence of migrants and occupational status with the extent of mutual assistance and social contact. While migrants have fewer contacts than do natives, the extent of contact tends to increase, particularly with relatives of the husband, with length of residence of the migrants. Occupational status is positively associated with extended family contacts of all types in both rural and urban samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes some aspects of the industrialization policies followed by the Brazilian government in the post-World War II period. This article concentrates on the effects upon the structure of the economy, the rate of growth, and the performance of the principal new industries. Brazil's industrialization should be viewed against a background of declining earnings of its traditional exports, which consist principally of coffee, cocoa, sugar, and cotton. From the long-term trends in world trade, it would seem that these commodities are not among those which have a bright future. Further evidence of the dim outlook for the exports of primary producing countries and their continued reliance on specialization in those goods has recently been shown by the United Nations World Economic Survey, 1962. Although Brazil came out of the second World War with substantial amounts of foreign exchange reserves, these vanished within one year in an import spurt, a large proportion of which consisted of consumer goods.

This paper develops a method for estimating long-run trends in income growth from the data available on a country's currency stock. The method is applied to nineteenth-centry Brazil. The results indicate that contrary to earlier beliefs, the country as a whole probably experienced only moderate growth in per-capita income during the nineteenth century. The approach may also be useful for other countries where data shortages preclude estimates of national income by conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literacy and level of education are examined as predisposing factors in exposure to information about modern farming methods. Data from 142 operators of small farms in southern Brazil show that, except for a necessary association between literacy or level of education and reading of printed farm information, these variables do not serve in a general way to enhance exposure to information about agriculture. It is concluded that the influence of literacy and basic education on the process of agricultural development may not be direct. Quality of education, and the articulation of education with available means of increasing economic productivity, are among the factors which should be analyzed to arrive at a sound basis for policy decisions regarding investment in education in underdeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the balance of payments effects of import-substitution and increasing foreign investment in post-war Brazil. Model used to depict the national income and balance of payment effects; Reason for the continuing balance of payments deficit; Discussion on the policy implications of the model.

Throughout the history of Brazil as an independent country, it has been dismantled by inter-regional strife and jealousy. The Vargas régime in Brazil, in its current context, is an exceptional reminder of the Italian Fascism up to the middle 1920s. Brazil is a reminiscent of a partially completed syndicalist structure that has dominated Europe during the era. It has witnessed the evolution of an elaborate apparatus of propaganda and censorship. The article presents a discussion on the effectiveness of the Brazilian system of opinion management. The Vargas régime has been motivated by both negative and positive considerations in its attempt to design popular opinion. On the negative side, the principal objective has been to prevent the expression and spread of ideas prejudicial to the maintenance of the régime. Due to the possibility of an organized opposition undermining its foundations, the régime has not allowed the development of such opposition. Positive objectives of the control system are associated chiefly with propaganda, insuring the internal security of the régime. The propaganda has been build up an active support for its leaders and their policies.

The article examines the position of colored freedmen in Brazilian slave society. By analyzing the occupations, status, and degree of acceptance of freedmen during slavery, historians can shed light on the pattern of postemancipation assimilation for the entire slave class. Additionally, the role of the free colored indicates the nature of the slave regime and reveals whether it was closed or open. The paper looks at freedmen in Brazil through the use of data on numbers, rates of growth, occupational mobility, and degree of integration.

The article presents a study of migration, natural increase and city growth with regard to Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. The processes associated with the demographic transition from high to low vital rates in developing countries are progressively being understood as divergent from those prevailing during the chronologically earlier transitions occurring in the developed Western nations. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the nature of those demographic relationships which culminate in the unprecedented city growth of developing areas. Moreover, although several studies have concentrated on apportioning the relative contribution of natural increase and migration, few have paid systematic attention to the factor of migrant natural increase. Such an oversight can assume considerable proportions since, depending upon the dimensions of prior migratory moves, migrant natural increase could conceivably play a commanding role, even to the point of competing with either native natural increase or net migration. In an effort to illustrate the manner in which components of urban growth can concretely interact in an urban developing area, the growth processes operating in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during the period 1920-1970 are presented here.

This article provides a summary of the paper "Streams and Meander Lakes on the Mato Grosso," presented by J. Green at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held in London, England, on April 24, 1969. This paper discusses an investigation into the conductivities of streams in the Mato Grosso in Brazil conducted during the Royal Society-Royal Geographical Society Xaventina-Cachimbo Expedition. The investigation found that surface run-off had a higher conductivity than the rain, but water seeping into a soil pit had a much lower conductivity.

The article analyzes various papers related to the Latin American demography that were published in different journals. The article "O Brasil em Face do Intercambio Migratorio Internaional," by E. Fischlowitz was published in the September 1968 issue of the journal "Verbum." The article examines the following facts related to Brazil: the decreasing international immigration in Brazil, the increasing internal migration and the increasing emigration of Brazilian people, most of them scientists, engineers and technicians, to other countries. The article "Race and Class in Brazil, 1937-1967: A Re-Assessment: A Review," by A.J.R. Russel-Wood was published in the October 1968 issue of the journal "Race." This article is a review of Donald Pierson's book, "Negroes in Brazil: A Study of Race Contact at Bahia." The paper "A Economic Analysis of Internal Migration in Brazil," by G.S. Sahota was published in the March-April 1968 issue of "The Journal of Political Economy." This paper analyzes interstate migration in Brazil by isolating the factors underlying labor migration. Among the major findings of this study is the fact that internal migration in Brazil is highly responsive to earning differentials.

This article highlights the Second Latin American Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sessions on data banks and microdata are being jointly held by the National Bureau of Economic Research. In this article, the sessions and papers to be discussed at the conference were presented. Citation was made on the authors of the articles. The organizers of the presentations and their affiliations was highlighted in each sessions.

Little empirical research has been done on urban marketing systems in developing countries or on the segmentation of these markets by sociocconomic variables. In this study, the shopping and consumption patterns of individuals in the various social classes of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were examined. The results revealed important differences in the shopping habits of members of the different social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a survey of management problems among groups of businessmen from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Michigan. The author presents a comparison of the problems perceived by the two sets of managers and offers solutions to each set based on cultural aspects particular to each group. A discussion is presented about the differences in the business climate and situations that exist between Brazil and Michigan. An overview of cultural differences affecting international business is presented.

Details how Brazilian diplomat Flavio de Macedo Soares kept a secret document from being stolen. Transport of secret papers to senior ministry officials in Rio de Janeiro; Announcement of hijack of the plane carrying the diplomat; Document chewed and eaten by the diplomat.

This article provides a summary of the paper "Limnological Conditions in the Headwater Region of the Xingu River, Brazil" presented by E.-J. Fittkau at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held in London, England, on April 24, 1969. The paper compares the drainage basin of the Rio Xingu from those of the other tributaries of the Amazon. It discusses a facsimile of the geomorphology and landscape ecology of the Amazon region. It also describes the tributary streams surrounded by gallery forests.

This paper presents the author's observation on the social conditions of women in Brazilian society. In the first century of Brazil's life, that is, in the sixteenth century, the family as a social unity was not yet organized. But with time the colonization took a firm character and the family developed and organized itself on a solid basis deriving its force from rural property, economic independence and the influence of the Catholic religion which spread vigorously its rules and practices among the new social nuclei. The family then large and patriarchal had a sort of clan organization. Little by little Brazilian women have won their road to freedom. In 1932 for the first time in the history of Brazil was granted to the women the privilege of vote. Another fact then illustrated how Brazilian women had developed an opinion of their own. We have not yet divorce in Brazil due to the persisting influence of the Catholic Church. Brazilian women today, in 1942, have reached posts in all professions and we can say that the boundary lines which separated the feminine sector from various activities have been obliterated. We have maternity laws compulsory throughout the country: Each woman has three months of absence with full pay in case of childbirth and the guarantee of her job when she comes back.

The article reports on the appointment of a national labor council members by the Brazilian president to study labor problems, to outline labor legislation and to superintendent the application of labor laws. The report of the minister of finance indicates that the budget for 1924 will show a net deficit of 238,452 contos of reis paper. Decree 16009 of April 11, 1923, created a national council of commerce and industry to act as a consulting body in commercial and industrial subjects. The council is to have thirty-six members drawn from the ranks of government official and from members of commercial, financial and industrial organizations.

Discusses the urbanization of Brazilian cities. Review of three political systems in Brazil; Evidence for municipal autonomy in colonial Brazil; Sociopolitical structure; Similarities and differences of North American and Brazilian economies.

The Comrey Personality Scales were translated into Portuguese and administered to 689 volunteer students at four universities in Rio de Janeiro. Total scores were obtained for 40 homogeneous item subgroups of four items each. These 40 variables plus two validation scale scores, age, and sex were intercorrelated and factor analyzed by the minimum residual method. Orthogonal analytic rotations were carried out by the Tandem Criteria method. The results were compared with those reported in the Comrey Personality Scales manual for an identical study with subjects from the United States. Exactly eight factors were obtained in both studies, and the correspondence between the factors was very close. It was concluded that the major factors of personality are not specific to a given culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trends and interregional differences in the birth rate in Brazil between 1950 and 1970 are examined. Estimates are based on data from the 1950 and 1970 censuses. Regional differences in birth measures (crude and general rates) were found to widen between 1950 and 1970 despite a decline in fertility at the national level and a narrowing of regional differences in important socioeconomicvariables like income and urbanization, The substantial interregional migration flows which occurred in Brazil between 1950 and 1970 are examined for their possible impact on differentials. The effects are mixed, but the conclusion is that migration contributed to widening differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1968, Brazil has had one of the most rapid economic growth rates in the world, averaging a 10 percent per annum growth of real GDP. The Brazilian strategy for economic development has been keyed substantially to the creation of modern financial markets, institutions, and instruments. The transferability and long-run potential of this strategy should be of interest to businessmen and to officials of developing countries and aid agencies. This article summarizes the financial market innovations made since 1964 in Brazil, broadly evaluates their measurable effectiveness, and concludes with some considerations of problems inherent in this form of development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the paper "Giant Urticaria and Anaphylactic Shock After Eating Brazil Nuts," by P.G. Hesse. The author reports his own experiences. He has a strong family history of allergic manifestations and a personal history of eczema in childhood. At the age of 15 he had a severe attack of giant urticaria with anaphylactic shock after eating a brazil nut.

The results of using aerial photography in mapping land titles in northeastern Brazil are discussed. The approach is a cost-effective method since a large area can be photographed quickly and pictures show things as they appear on the ground. Air photos can also be used for establishing land boundaries. Furthermore, the method is also compared with those applied in Italy, Chile and the Philippines. The approach can be effectively applied by making measurements made on the photo that are intended to represent measurements of the photographed land with varying degrees of accuracy.

The article discusses the popularity of music therapy in various countries. In Brazil there are enthusiastic people dedicated to the development of music therapy and in South America, there was cooperative leadership and exchange of ideas. In England, there are therapists who uses unique approaches and techniques and in Holland there are new training programs based on NAMT education model. There are no unified movement in Germany and France in music therapy but it is getting popular in Norway.

This article discusses research done in Brazil employing the projective technique for the measurement of human motivation developed in the U.S. The general purpose of the research was to evaluate the technique by applying it to individuals who belong to a culture different from the one in which the method was developed. The results confirm the hypothesis that the projective method of measuring achievement motivation under study yields results similar to those obtained in the U.S. More specifically, giving Brazilian students experiences of success and failure has similar effects on their achievement imagery, when it is defined in terms of competition with a standard of excellence. In spite of the cultural determination of such standards, the scoring definition is apparently sufficiently general to detect the same experimental effects on fantasy in Brazil. Of course the universal applicability of the scoring definition can only be admitted after satisfactory results have been obtained in a number of cultures. On the other hand, the results of the present study are sufficiently encouraging to support the belief that it will be possible to study the intensity of the achievement motive itself as it varies from culture to culture.