Search

The article examines the ryotwari tenure and Utilitarian rent developed by the British in western India in late 19th century. In western India the British developed ryotwari tenure and Utilitarian rent in their most explicit form, against a background some historians found the more promising precisely because crammed with the revenue tyrannies of native princes. Alexander Rogers, Bombay's historian of land revenue, portrayed a ruined province on the fall of the Maratha Peshwa, under whom every means of rigors and confiscation were employed to squeeze the utmost out of the people. Economist James Mill condemned Mughal revenue theory as having been ruinous, its gross produce assessments comprising the deleterious standard of rude governments. Mill believed that these appropriations made no allowance for allowance for variations in productivity of soils, and that by imposing outlandish tax burdens on impecunious areas, Mughal revenue officials prevented all but lands of a certain degree of fertility from being cultivated.

The article reports about higher technical education and socio-economic development. It discusses social science, development studies and engineering education. Surveys are conducted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to present a factual and quantitative collation of data on social science teaching in schools and other institutions of polytechnic education at university level. It deliberates on social science teaching in higher technical education in Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. It also offers a comprehensive view of development in comparative education in social sciences, innovations in higher technical education in India, and the conditions of curricular innovation. Also, it gives a brief discussion on the technologist as the agent of a new diplomacy in teaching and research.

This article discusses the short-term fluctuations in India's external trade in the years before and after the termination of East India Co.'s trading activities in 1833. One of the most important features of the economic relationship between India and Great Britain in the nineteenth century was the crucial position, which India came to occupy in the British international payment system. Already, during the period under review, India was rapidly becoming the clearing-house for the reciprocal payments in the triangular trade between Britain, China, and the United States and also in that between Britain, China, and India herself, giving rise to a complex system of multilateral financial settlements. Transfer of funds on private account swelled, this amount still further, and the whole remittance problem imparted political overtones to all transactions connected with the Indian trade. The cessation of the company's trade was accompanied by the destruction of the old Agency Houses in Calcutta, which was shaken by an unparalleled credit crisis and economic depression during 1830-33.

Recent work carried out at the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, and at the Postgraduate Medical School of London has shown that isoniazid-sensitive cultures of tubercle bacilli obtained before the start of chemotherapy from South Indian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are of lower average virulence than corresponding cultures from British patients. The present paper from the Centre extends these studies to areas outside India by comparing isoniazid-sensitive cultures from 81 Thai patients and 67 British patients for their guinea-pig virulence. As assessed by the amount of disease visible at post-mortem examination six weeks after intramuscular injection of the cultures, by the mortality of the guinea-pigs and by the results of spleen culture, the Thai cultures were less virulent than the British cultures. However, a retrospective comparison with the earlier studies suggests that the Thai cultures were intermediate in their virulence between British and Indian cultures. These findings contribute to the over-all study of the geographical distribution of attenuated tubercle bacilli.

In a comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for tuberculous patients in India, pretreatment cultures of tubercle bacilli showed a higher average level of resistance to p-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS) than pretreatment cultures from a representative sample of patients in Great Britain. The investigation described in the present paper was therefore undertaken to find out the nature of the difference in the PAS sensitivity of cultures from Indian and British patients. In this investigation, carried out jointly at the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, and the Postgraduate Medical School of London, sputum specimens from 147 Indian and 93 British patients were cultured and subjected to sensitivity tests. The tests were set up on slopes containing various concentrations of PAS and inoculated with 10(5) viable units of the cultures, and the minimal concentrations of PAS inhibiting the growth of 20, 50 and 100 colonies were determined. According to the 20-colony end-point-the one commonly used in routine sensitivity tests-the Indian strains were significantly more resistant than the British strains. This difference in sensitivity was not apparent, however, in either the 50-colony or the 100-colony results. The presence of a small proportion of resistant organisms was found to be a general characteristic of the Indian strains, but did not appear to be related to any special tendency for the patient to fail to respond to treatment with PAS. Since a chance increase in the inoculum size might well affect the 20-colony results, the authors recommend a tenfold decrease in the size of the inoculum used in routine PAS-sensitivity tests on Indian patients.