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This paper draws attention to the relevance of factors in both the external and internal environment on organizational efforts to incorporate the disadvantaged into the workforce. Of particular importance to the success of such endeavors is an awareness of the differences which arise from institutional affiliation. Institutional differences exert a major influence on policies and procedures relating to manpower planning, e.g., recruitment, selection, and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1890s to the present, writers have commented upon the instability of Negro family life. Most have observed that discrimination in the job and housing markets have made it difficult Jar black men to support their wives and children. As a result, desertion occurs commonly. Family stability has been of interest because of the belief that children who grow up apart from their parents will be adversely affected. Indeed, some investigations imply that being raised in a home which did not have both parents is linked to lower rates of achievement in school, higher rates of delinquency, and lower occupational status. While commentators have discussed family stability, there has been little consensus as to how this concept should be measured. Moreover, there are only a few demographic indicators available for operationalizing this concept, particularly if one desires to study long-term trends or to compare blacks and whites. The major portion of this paper examines Negro and white trends on a number of indicators related to a specific definition of family stability. This study concludes that (1) the majority of both blacks and whites are in the statuses indicative of family stability. Contrary to the images which are sometimes portrayed, most black families are husband-wife families, and the majority of black children live with both parents. (2) in every comparison, the Proportion of people in the status indicative of family stability is greater among whites than among blacks. (3) in recent years there have been changes in family status, although most of them have been small. Some changes suggest a trend toward greater stability while others indicate a trend in the opposite direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews sociological work dealing with American Blacks. In the past five decades three themes have largely dominated the work: (1) a description and documentation of Black disadvantage within American life; (2) an attack upon racist notions of Black biological inferiority; and (3) an interpretation of Black disadvantages as derived from White prejudice and discrimination. The work has been largely static and non-processual in character, derived largely from the structure-function model of society. The paper calls for the employment of multiple models and for emphasis upon a dynamic, processual model of social life. The concepts of network and field appear to offer much promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is hard to disagree with J. A. Jackson when he writes in a recently published volume of papers concerned with migration: "It is clear that it may still not be possible to provide a completely satisfactory sociological model of migration which can adequately embrace its various types and implications" (Jackson, 1969:10). Though a vast amount of empirical work has been produced on such topics as rural-urban migration, international migratory movements, and the process of assimilation of migrants, an adequate integrating theoretical perspective is still to be established. This paper attempts to use the action frame of reference to provide a conceptual framework which can help to remedy this deficiency. Students of action theory may find it interesting to examine the extent to which this frame of reference bears fruit in an important field in which it has not been previously systematically applied. Initially, the attempt is to provide a distinctively sociological definition and typology of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the attitude of Roman Catholics in the United States of America towards family size and suggests that large family ideals are still being put forward by the Church in publications and periodicals. The second part of the paper considers the attitudes of American Roman Catholics towards family size and shows that though there are indications that Roman Catholics regard slightly larger families as ideal than do members of other religions, the difference is not now very great. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes patterns of immigration and absorption of immigrants. The process of immigration is a process of physical transition from one society to another involving considerable frustrations and giving rise to many social problem among immigrants. The research is conducted with assumptions that there are three main interdependent indices of adaptation and assimilation of immigrants within their new country : institutional integration, acculturation, and personal adjustment and integration of immigrants. The research paper examines some of these implicit assumptions in order to estimate their importance for a framework of comparative analysis, and suggests such a tentative framework. The paper then attempts to apply this framework to the analysis of concrete cases of migration and assimilation of immigrants. The types of pluralistic structures arising through the absorption of immigrants are determined by the immigrants' own motivations, by the demands made on them by the absorbing society, and by the possibilities open to them in that society.

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This paper attempts to demonstrate certain sociological and cultural factors which have hitherto diverted the streams of European migration from tropical America to the temperate zones, namely, (1) folk misconceptions concerning the nutritive value of tropical foods and causal factors in diseases; (2) incompatibility of religions and political processes; (3) monopolistic land practices; (4) difficulty of communications; and (5) non-existence of the attractions embodied in the ‘agricultural? ladder.’ The conclusions suggest that only government-directed immigration of large-scale proportions and government-sponsored land development policies, such as are found in the Turén settlement, are feasible today. This is in contrast to the individualistic policies of the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this paper is to suggest that certain types of grouping are associated with radical and gradual types of assimilation and fusion. I will apply the distinction between the corporate and noncorporate group to the processes of ethnic regrouping. This distinction should serve to give a structural focus to studies of ethnic relations and thus will supplement the social psychological approaches. In the concluding section, in which the wider implications of corporateness are discussed, it will be seen that such a distinction will facilitate the comparison of ethnic groups with other types of groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines social process in integrating colored people in Great Britain. The colored population which in Great Britain settle in a number of her ports is affected by two main social processes. On the one hand are forces separating colored from white and integrating them into large discrete groupings. On the other, is the process integrating them with whites and dissolving the bonds which hold them together as a distinct unit. Accommodation and assimilation are used in reference to the process of integration, but sociologists do not always agree on the precise definition of these terms. Accommodation as used in this paper will mean social relationships, consciously organized for the purpose of resolving conflict and establishing a working agreement to enable divergent personalities, groups and cultures to engage in activities while contriving to retain their own characteristic traits. The two groupings here concerned will be called, for convenience, Moslem and Negro. Each grouping, although composed of different national and linguistic sub-groups, is bound together by a number of social and cultural ties. But the sub-groups retain their distinctiveness by their continual admission of new immigrants.

Between 1838 and 1926 some 239,567 Indians landed in British Guiana as officially recruited immigrants for work on the coastal sugar plantations. Most of them remained in the colony upon the expiry of their period of indentured labour, and to-clay their descendants constitute approximately 50 percent of the total population. The purpose of this article is to supplement the existing accounts of Indian emigration to British Guiana and elsewhere by summarising information extracted from the archives of the Immigration Agent General's Office, Georgetown, British Guiana. In this department there is preserved a collection of volumes of embarkation records pertaining to all indentured immigrants arriving in the colony between 1865 and 1917. Each record consists of a single sheet of paper containing a description of the personal characteristics of the emigrant and a certificate of fitness signed by the examining surgeon. The records were compiled at the embarkation centre in Calcutta or Madras and were carried by the master the vessel conveying the emigrants to British Guiana.

The article presents the author's reply to sociologists Joseph Lopreato and Janet Saltzman Chafetz. The author says that their distinction between "explanation" and "prediction" becomes a little esoteric. The acculturation theory, which is new to Lopreato and Chafetz, was proposed by sociologist Peter Blau and has been used by others. In response to their claim that the author's paper addresses itself to "an almost incidental part" of their two articles, the author reminds them of the titles of those articles: "Upward Social Mobility and Political Orientation," and "The Political Orientation of Skidders: a Middle-Range Theory." Lopreato and Chafetz do regret their inconsistent classification of one Republican from one article to another, but they do not mention the inconsistent classification of the Christian Democrats. Regarding the occupational status scale, it is unfortunate that the detailed information on each individual's occupation was not recorded in the data set. Lopreato and Chafetz are correct in their supposition that cognitive dissonance theory involves the resolution of two inconsistent cognition: the cognitive dissonance theory of mobility effects reasons that an individual, having perceived his personal success or failure in society relative to his father, will develop a generalized attitude toward the political system consistent with his personal experience.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to the migration that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "Talent That Won't Stay Put," by Walter Adams. The author of "The Brain Drain" attempts to present the facts about the brain drain and to raise serious questions about the conventional interpretation of these facts, emphasizing once more that the brain drain is a fascinatingly intricate movement which warrants far more clear- headed attention than it has heretofore received. Another paper discussed is "Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations," by Yehuda Amir. Research regarding the effects of inter-group contact on ethnic relations is reviewed. The investigations discussed include both intra-and cross-cultural studies involving contact between various ethnic groups. The principles and generalizations emerging from these studies are categorized under the following topics: opportunities for contact, the principle of equal status, contact with high-status representatives of a minority group, cooperative and competitive factors, casual versus intimate contact, institutional support, personality factors, and direction and intensity of initial attitude.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to various countries of the world that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "International Migration and Social Mobility: An Australian Case Study," R.T. Appleyard. This case study emphasizes the differential expectations and short-run achievements of two ethnic groups in Australia's immigration program by reporting the findings of two major research projects on emigration from Europe to Australia: British assisted families in 1959 and Greek single workers in 1965. Both projects were longitudinal in type, interviews with sampled emigrants before the departure for Australia probed their approach to the emigration threshold, how long they stayed there, what finally decided them to step across it, their socio-economic background and their expectations and knowledge of Australia. Another paper discussed is "Factors Related to Immigrant Assimilation: Pre-Migration Traits," by Jerold Heiss. Using Italian immigrants in Australia, an attempt is made to test the hypotheses: Pre-migration traits are associated with later assimilation because they affect the subjects' early post-migration opportunities, motivation and reward for learning the new culture. The data indicate that a number of the pre-migration traits are related to assimilation, but the factors mentioned do not seem to be the intervening variables.

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The article presents a discussion of competitive and pressure resources which minority groups can use to force occupational opportunities were tested with data from the professional basketball leagues. Specifically, researchers tested whether Afro-Americans had equal opportunity in professional basketball or whether only superior black performers were permitted to compete, and whether the discrimination of this form was negatively related to the number of Afro-Americans in the SMSAs in which professional teams were located.

The article presents response of the author on comments made by Kenneth P. Hadden on the article "Migration Attractiveness of Southern Metropolitan Areas" that was published in the September 1969 issue of the periodical "Social Science Quarterly." Hadden's criticism of great width, breadth, depth and scope does raise several salient questions. His exposition to the title of my effort to examine the net migration rates of Southern Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas' (SMSA) is crucial rather than semantical or trivial. Some, noting the paper's claim that it sought one possible route to explanation of the factors associated with the patterns of net migration might think it obvious migration attractiveness was operationalized by self-definition in terms of its measure. Hadden has evidently penetrated behind this veneer to the study's philosophical and theoretical underpinnings and recognized that the actual objective must have been to study migration attractiveness sui generis rather than to assess the importance of various characteristics of SMSA units on the size, rate, and direction of the net migration patterns of these areas between 1950 and 1960. I stipulate to what Hadden styles an atheoretical orientation in failing to make the theoretical rationale explicit.

In this paper three orientations were distinguished: monism, interactionism, and pluralism, but the last was held by only a few of the subjects. Interactionism, which advocates that immigrants and host group should tolerate each other and should gradually converge as a result of interaction, was more often preferred to monism, which advocates complete assimilation as quickly as possible. Monism among Australians was higher for males than for females and was associated with unfriendly attitudes towards immigrants. Among immigrants, monism was associated with being more highly assimilated and with being intolerant of ambiguity. The evidence suggests that monism is more likely to be a result of assimilation than a cause of it. A study was also made of the mutual perceptions of' the orientation of Australians, of British, and of non-British immigrants. These perceptions and misperceptions reflect the attitudes of the subjects towards these groups, per ceived interactionism being a sign of a favourable attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on causes of crime of native born individuals of European immigrants. This higher crime rate of the native born of foreign stock has been generally attributed to the fact that the cultural guides of their parents' social heritage have been swept from them in their strange new turbulent environment and those of the new cultural milieu have not yet been instilled in them. The purpose of this paper is to analyze somewhat critically this general thesis. To do so, certain widely accepted remarks concerning urban and rural crime rates are presented as a basis for discussion. Many criminologists have observed the marked disparity in crime rates between urban and rural districts. The European immigrant, landing on American shores, was forced to find cheap lodgings as he was usually penniless. Anti-social behavior first becomes evident in the delinquencies of predatory boy gangs. Boys naturally tend to play with other boys. Behavior patterns organized in the former were carried over into and accentuated by the latter. Sons, both of native and foreign born stocks, made this promotion from juvenile delinquent to adult offender with equal facility.

For the analysis of ethnic relations the concept of "impact" is proposed instead of assimilation or acculturation in that it carries with it a connotation of collision and forced intanglement. The "impact" of Italians and American Catholicism is discussed with a consideration of the adjustive responses of the Italian migrants. It is hypothesized that out of a negative aspect of the impact comes a positive Italian influence on American Catholicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the conflicting forces in African American progress. Coming from Africa some two hundred and fifty years ago, in a condition of almost stark nakedness--both from a physical and a cultural standpoint--the African American has achieved truly remarkable results in the assimilation of the white man's civilization. Endowed with an elasticity of temperament and a light-heartedness that cannot be crushed, the black man in the U.S., in the face of untold oppression and prejudice, has gained, through the institution of slavery, the greatest language in the world and the most satisfying religion in existence. Recent developments in African American life, however, reveal tendencies to use this imitativeness in a way that some African American and probably many whites believe does not make for the betterment and progress of the race, namely, the attempt to obliterate the physical characteristics of the African American. That there is some substantial opposition, however, to the practice of obliterating racial characteristics is plainly evident in the African American press in certain quarters.

This article offers recommendations for the study of minority groups. Relatively little is gained by their classification according to external characteristics into ethnic, culture, language, racial, religious, etc., groups. A better understanding of individual social systems and sub-systems of this type can probably be reached by classifying them according to true sociological categories such as relative closure. In this respect it should be found that one and the same group will at different stages of its development conform with different sociological types. Furthermore, in some cases religious, ethnic or racial groups can be legitimately grouped together, while in others the fact that several minorities are being classified as, let us say, ethnic groups does not indicate that they belong to the same sociological category. The possibility should be kept in mind that at times populations which are conventionally considered as social groups of the type discussed in this paper do not at sill represent real functioning social systems, but that reference is actually being made to status categories within a given social system. It is not permissible to treat groups of immigrants as if they were simply fractions of the peoples from which they are derived since they may be, and often are, the result of secondary group formations due to conditions prevailing in the new social environment rather than in the old country.

The purpose of this paper is a comparison of the concepts of assimilation as defined by several American sociologists in the last two decades with the actual process of assimilation. This analysis will involve the discussion of three main points regarding assimilation: (1) differences in definitions of the concept; (2) differences in definitions of kindred concepts, and the consequent effects on the definition of assimilation; (3) differences between the definitions of the concept and the actual process of assimilation. Two decades ago sociologist Sarah E. Simons considered assimilation that process of adjustment and accommodation which occurs between the members of different races, if their contact is prolonged and if the necessary psychic conditions are present. The result is group homogeneity to a greater or less degree. According to sociologists Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess, assimilation is one of the four major categories of social behavior, the others being conflict, competition, and accommodation.

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The article presents information on various research papers related to migration of ethnic groups, published in an earlier issue of the journal "International Migration Review". "Religious Problems of Migrants," by H.G. Aerts is concerned with the problems brought about by the fact that, as a consequence of the large-scale migration, a great many religious traditions are now represented in Australia. "Professional on the Move," by R. W. Fisher is a report on emigration of skilled, trained workers from developing countries. "China's Minority Nationalities in the Cultural Revolution" reconsiders the question of nationalities within the cultural revolution. It examines divergent opinions within the government regarding immediate and total assimilation. "Immigration and Factionalism: An Analysis of Factions in Rural Israeli Communities of Immigrants," by Moshe Shokeid presents some findings of a research project in Israel which tried to reconstruct and analyze the history and conditions under which factions first emerged and then disappeared in two newly created communities of immigrants in the course of ten years.

The differing experiences of the hard-core black and the white manager and how these differences relate to integrating the hard-core black into the organization forms the basis for this article. The article is based upon findings of industry research covering: the supervisor's conflicting demands, the lack of higher management involvement, the hard-core black's unrealized dreams, and the potential of black power and confrontation tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various research papers published in the earlier issue of the journal " International Migration Review." Some of the research papers are, "The Jews in Russia," by Edy Kauman. The article shows that the discrimination Jews suffer in the Soviet Union today is more subtle but not less real than the Tzars' persecutions or Stalin's manifest anti-Semitism, and is an integral part of Russia's opposition to the state of Israel. "Economic Aspects in the Urbanization Process," by E. Ruzaxina; "Equality of Nationalities in the USSR: The Case of Central Asia," by A.Sheehy; "Alien Criminal Defendent: An Examination of Immigration Law Principles for Criminal Practice," by D.B. Wexier.

Social and familial correlates of self-esteem (SE), in relation to tribal acculturation, were Investigated in 72 American Indian reservation children who had shown highly significant negative SE relative to Anglo norms. Ss were 34 Miccosukee and 38 Seminole children and their mothers (N = 32), all of the same ethnolinguistic group. Results indicated that although the tribes did not differ in socialization practices, both mothers and children in the less acculturated, more socially intact tribe (Miccosukee) had significantly higher SE than more acculturated (Seminole) counter-parts. Across tribes, (a) girls were significantly higher in SE and perceived parental love than boys, and (b) daughters' SE was positively correlated with maternal SE, and sons' SE with perceived love. Findings were discussed in terms of the interaction of familial and sociocultural variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From time immemorial Jewish tribal exclusiveness among dominant societal groups has resulted in various forms of conflict determined by the social situation. The critical force involved has been the group's peculiar resistance to social assimilation. Different social systems react differently to the persistence of this trait. The caste system of India, for example, would hardly notice it. But capitalist culture, which originated in the European medieval city, has constantly resisted it; that culture is basically assimilationist. American Negroes, in their opposition to racism, have relied mainly on the ideology of assimilation, These two divergent tendencies have come into collision recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to present an explanation of the interstate migratory movements of white and nonwhite persons which occurred over the period 1955-1960. The study is similar to several other recent studies in that we estimate the magnitudes in which various factors have influenced interstate or interregional migration in the United States. It differs from earlier studies in two important respects. First, we estimate and compare the magnitudes in which certain factors have influenced both white and nonwhite interstate migration. Second, unlike previous studies, many of which have made "country-wide" estimates of the determinants of migration, we have disaggregated data to the state level and obtained white and nonwhite "migration elasticities" for every state. These elasticities are in turn used to test several additional hypotheses relating to racial and regional differences in the elasticities themselves. We argue that discrimination against nonwhites and/or differences in "social milieu" between South and nonsouth provide a unifying explanation for most of the observed differences in white and nonwhite migration elasticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A discrimination task was used to induce the acquisition of conservation of number. The task required the Ss to use the fact that a set which was shown to be equal in number to a standard set, but which had since been rear-ranged, could be used to select other sets which would match the standard in number. The sets from which the selection had to be made varied in both number and arrangement. 8 out of 12 experimental Ss attained conservation, compared with 1 out 12 controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study some of the determinants of black assimilation into large United States cities are examined. Assimilation is treated as a multidimensional phenomenon, the various dimensions of which are attributes of organized populations. 4 structural model is developed and analyzed, using the technique of path analysis, in which other attributes of urban social structures are related to the various dimensions of assimilation. Analysis suggests that the dimensions of assimilation are causally interrelated, with educational assimilation a major determinant of income assimilation, both directly and indirectly through its effects upon occupational assimilation. However, other attributes of organized urban populations also make important direct and indirect contributions to assimilation. Of special importance is percent of the city's population that is black and the rate of black population growth. Surprisingly, ghettoization is not very important causally when compared with other variables in the system, a significant negative finding in view of current emphasis upon this factor. This analysis suggests that greater attention be paid to organizational dimensions of urban populations as a means of specifying the processes underlying the assimilation of blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An examination of the cultural conditions under which high illegitimacy rates occur suggests possible modifications in theories of assimilation, the destruction of social and cultural systems, and the relations between social and cultural integration. The relatively high rates in Northwestern Europe are explained as a genuine rural sub-culture, but the high rates in industrializing sub-Saharan Africa and the New World south of the Mason-Dixon line are seen as arising from the destruction of both the social and the cultural systems of a group undergoing acculturation. Contrasts and similarities among the U.S. South, the Caribbean, Africa, and the Latin-American mainland are outlined. New World Indians and slaves are viewed as having been neither culturally nor socially integrated in their communities, or into the national life. Three deductions from the analysis suggest (1) a theory of phases, according to which rural rates in the New World should generally be higher than the urban; (2) a correlation between low national rates and the degree of national cultural and social integration; and (3) the existence of genuine communities in which there is internal cultural and social integration, and thus low illegitimacy rates. Data are presented to verify these deductions from the broader theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relationship between sociological theory and race relations. The sociological theories of the founders of American sociology as an academic discipline were only implicitly related to the concrete problems of race relations. Their theories concerning race relations were derived from European scholars who were concerned with the universal phenomenon of race contact. Sociological theories relating to the concrete problems of race relations in the U.S. were implicit in the sociological analysis of the Negro problem as a social problem. The analysis of the Negro problem was based upon several fairly clear assumptions, that the Negro is an inferior race because of either biological or social heredity or both, that the Negro because of his physical character cannot be assimilated and that physical amalgamation is bad and undesirable. The sociological theories implicit in the studies of the Negro problem were developed during the period when the nation held that the attempt to make the Negro a citizen was a mistake and a new accommodation of the races was being achieved in the South under a system of segregation.

The article focuses on the impact of war on minority groups. Immigrant groups constitute but one of many specific forms of minority groups. Minorities include religious groups, racial groups, economic or political groups. Immigrants and their descendants are not necessarily minority peoples. Susceptibility to enemy propaganda is closely related to the degree of social distance between the majority and specific minority groups. Given a specific degree of assimilation, the effect of the war on various minority groups will depend upon the present relation with the immigrant's home country, as well as the present conditions prevailing there. The speed of assimilation, as pointed out above, which determines the effect of the war or foreign events generally on a minority group, depends upon a variety of factors. Foremost among these are the cultural similarity to American culture, the occupational distribution and the educational level of the group at the time of immigration, as well as the economic situation in the country of emigration prior to departure.

This article summarizes the results of several studies bearing upon the quality of migrants with reference to intelligence. It deals therefore with the problem of selective migration, the problem of whether those who migrate from any given area at any given time are superior intellectually to those who stay behind. Report form a study concluded that the superior individuals, who are dolichocephalism, migrated to the cities, whereas the relatively inferior brachycephals stayed on the land. The anthropometrics linkage, which has been postulated, has pretty well been discarded, but not so the theory of selective migration, to which appeal is frequently made in order to explain observed differences in population quality. In general it appeared as if the urban districts rate is higher in intelligence than rural districts and that this is due to the migration of superior intelligence to the cities. Hirsch regards selective migration as responsible, at least in part, for the low general intelligence of the eastern Kentucky mountaineers. Peterson and Lanier found that whereas twelve year-old Negro boys are definitely inferior to White boys in Nashville, in New York City there is little or no difference between the two races. They explain this fact by the selective migration of the most intelligent Negroes from the South to the North.

Following Parson's distinction between cultural and social systems, a tentative model of assimilation which distinguishes social and cultural assimilation is Proposed. This model is tested in an analysis of Puerto Rican migrants to New York City. Both the analytical and empirical data seem to reveal a basis for maintaining that social and cultural assimilation are, to a degree, independent processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether four commonly employed item-discrimination indices are independent of the average achievement level of the examinee group on which they are based. Those indices studied were the Flanagan approximation of the product-moment correlation, the Davis transformation of the product-moment correlation, the Gulliksen item reliability index, and the upper-group vs. lower-group difference in proportion correct. From four subject areas 185 multiple-choice items were constructed, and each item was administered to a random sample of about 350 Iowa high-school students. From these data, it was possible to estimate the item statistics which would have been obtained had the items been used in six different populations: grades 9, 10, 11, 12, grades 9-12 combined, and potential college students, as determined by either ITED or NMSQT. For each reference population, the four item discrimination indices were estimated for each item, using the data from the upper and lower 27 per cent of each population. The over-all results of this study suggest that none of the discrimination indices is independent of the achievement level of the examinee population. Without exception, the mean values of each index differed Significantly among the reference populations. Moreover, the pattern of change in the index, as computed for progressively more able populations, was frequently different for different levels of item difficulty. However, the correlation between item discrimination indices based upon two different reference populations was, on the average, greater than .85. The significant differences among mean Gulliksen and Difference Indices was expected in view of their theoretical bases. The significant differences for the Flanagan and Davis Indices were somewhat more Surprising. It is suggested that, although the theoretical model far the Flanagan Index assumes a linear relationship between item trait and criterion, the relationship may be markedly curvilinear over extended ranges of criterion ability when item data are not corrected for chance success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Race stereotypes, according to Weinberg's Social Problems in Our Time, exhibit various characteristics. They exaggerate negative features of the minority group and use deprecatory nicknames for it. They ignore individual differences among minority group members, and if minority individuals have "majority group virtues," these are somehow still interpreted as vices. Minority group members' disvalued traits are declared to be biologically determined and immutable. Majority group members' faults which are supposed to typify members of minority groups will be overlooked or reinterpreted. Relatively tolerant members of the majority group, while giving little credence to exaggerated racial stereotypes, are still often prejudiced. Although race stereotypes will shift subtly and defensively as intergroup relations vary, stereotypes themselves are slow-changing and persistent. Kurt W. Back has shown how our students of race relations themselves have been rather accommodating to a long-segregated status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on humanizing Cleveland and Toledo in Ohio. The hordes of immigrants who poured into Cleveland and Toledo to work in the factories and mills disturbed the cherished Anglo-Saxon traditions of the two Cities. The foreigners had their own notions of personal hygiene, their own ideas of how to spend the Sabbath, and most disturbing of all, and their own attitude toward politics. Both Cleveland and Toledo contained private settlement houses and charity organizations staffed by trained social workers. Their job was to instill in the Cities' new residents the ideals of thrift, cleanliness sobriety, and self-reliance. This was called Americanization. Perversely enough many of the immigrants seemed to prefer to acquire their Americanization in the saloons rather than in the settlement houses and from the ward boss and his lieutenants rather than from the social workers. The Civic Revivalists did not blame this entirely on the depravity of the immigrant. They believed it was the city's duty to perform the humanizing activities, which it had previously left to private benevolent societies or to the machine politicians.

The article focuses on the formation of Roman Catholic minority in the U.S. between 1820 and 1860. American Catholics were divergent in political beliefs and in economic and social status before the Civil War. Dogmatic and disciplinary uniformity was established by the Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1829 to eliminate religious-related issues. It is inferred that the gradual Americanization of the masses of non-English Catholic an understandable process.

The article discusses the application of the concept of ethnocentrism to the people of Romónum Island in Truk. The people's frequent low evaluation of themselves and high regard for U.S. citizens indicate that the concept of ethnocentrism needs to be revised. Possible explanations for this attitude are examined, including assertions that the Trukese are given both to flattery and self-effacement and that their culture is in the process of collapsing and they are moving toward assimilation. The members of the society are said to recognize basic and pervasive cultural differences between themselves and the members of different societies.

Understanding of the Afrikaners' present behaviour and attitudes is perhaps facilitated by viewing them as an emergent minority. They have enjoyed political supremacy for so long that this is difficult at first. However, the required alteration in focus has merits simply as an exercise in objectivity, and may also serve to illustrate the unpleasant truth that the worst effects of discrimination are often on personalities of its victims. Few care to recognize the extent to which minority status can be morally disabling. The Afrikaners' experience includes military defeat and occupation, a long history of discrimination of many kinds and at least two determined attempts to suppress their language. It should perhaps be emphasized that since minority status is relative, Boers under British rule were no less a minority than the still lower status Africans. Minorities come into being because territory, political authority, people, and culture only rarely coincide. At various times and in different areas Afrikaners have been subject to a wide variety of governments, both their own and other peoples.

This article focuses on the assimilation process of the large Catholic aggregates constituting a considerable portion of the new immigration. Specifically, it proposes to do two things: first, present some findings on the adjustments and adaptations which the groups studied have made and are making; second, attempt to evaluate the significance of the progress they have made in terms of contemporary theories. This latter step implies an analysis of the nature of cultural pluralism and the suggestion that we substitute for the past somewhat superficial and more or less descriptive approaches an analysis of culture based on its three constituent elements, namely, its ideology--the doctrines on the nature and ends of man and of society; the derivative institutional objectives; and the social or institutionalized means developed to implement these objectives. The ethnics of the new immigration are identifiable primarily by their solidarity in ethnic organizations and in-group marriage. During the difficult period of acculturation, group cohesion served the function of lessening culture conflicts, bridging the gap between generations, and reducing disorganization. At present, although solidarity exists at the core centers, the acculturation process is well under way. These groups have been denationalized and are rapidly being nationalized.

The article reports that inter-ethnic relations play a significant part in national and international politics. These relations may be peaceful, but often they become conflict situations and processes and thus appear as difficult social problems. The White-Negro relationship has received the shape of a durable, almost hopeless, conflict. The relationship between the native American and the immigrant is generally peaceful, but the rise of an acute conflict situation on the basis of growing anti-Semitism is not out of the question. The relations just mentioned have been studied frequently and carefully. A substantial defect is, however, inherent in the majority of these studies: they are studies of concrete situations which seldom permit any generalizations, the discovery of a causal background or the formulation of a scientific, i.e., causally-functionally based, plan of social action. A necessary step toward the improvement of scientific research in this field is to proceed comparatively and to locate sociologically the relations which present actual or virtual problems.

This article provides information on the background of the situation of Filipino-Americans in the U.S. as of October 1951. The last Asiatic group to migrate to the was the Filipino. Prior to 1920, there were not over 5,000 Filipinos in the U.S. at any one time, although during the previous decade they had begun to immigrate into Hawaii as contract laborers in the sugar and pineapple industries. After 1920, their movement from Hawaii to the mainland increased and was augmented by a stream of direct emigration from the Philippines. No restrictions were placed on such immigration and emigration as the Filipinos were nationals of the U.S., until 1935, and so not subject to any quota restrictions. The result of this relatively short-time migratory movement was that by 1930, there were some 45,200 Filipinos on the mainland of the U.S. This immigration was quite effectively cut off by the exigencies of an immigrant making a living during the depression. Then, when the Philippines were promised their independence in 1935, a formal quota of fifty was set up. This quota was in effect until 1945. Most Filipinos did not intend to stay permanently in the U.S. But because they have intended to return home, most Filipinos have sought acculturation but not assimilation.