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This paper examines rural elementary education in Brazil in the light of historical phenomena and recent socioeconomic development. Contemporary rural society is described from the point of view of its social structure and the way in which rural educational problems emerge from this context. The paper concludes with a statement and evaluation of attempts on the part of the federal government to solve problems of elementary education in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the stagnation of Brazilian exports of products other than coffee during the postwar period. Export stagnation led to a pattern of autarkic development. The combination of growing domestic demand and income-inelastic supply of imports put pressure on the real exchange rate. As the external value of the cruzeiro depreciated more rapidly than the internal inflation, relative prices moved to favor domestic producers for many new products, leading to the establishment of many new industries producing only for the internal market, and very rapid growth based on import substitution. This process was self-sustaining, as import substitution coupled with export stagnation in one period lowered the equilibrium exchange rate for imports, and stimulated further import substitution in the next. Because of the increasing inelasticity of domestic production with respect to downward movements of the exchange rate, however, import substitution became a progressively more expensive way both of saving foreign exchange and of generating growth.

Little empirical research has been done on urban marketing systems in developing countries or on the segmentation of these markets by sociocconomic variables. In this study, the shopping and consumption patterns of individuals in the various social classes of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were examined. The results revealed important differences in the shopping habits of members of the different social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents international marketing abstracts. They include "Exporting Industrial Products via Commission Agents," by C. R. Russell, "Application of Systems Theory to Development Planning in Northeast Brazil," by Martin Stoller and Thomas Webb, and "They Take Millions Here."

Since 1968, Brazil has had one of the most rapid economic growth rates in the world, averaging a 10 percent per annum growth of real GDP. The Brazilian strategy for economic development has been keyed substantially to the creation of modern financial markets, institutions, and instruments. The transferability and long-run potential of this strategy should be of interest to businessmen and to officials of developing countries and aid agencies. This article summarizes the financial market innovations made since 1964 in Brazil, broadly evaluates their measurable effectiveness, and concludes with some considerations of problems inherent in this form of development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, author first examines critically the hypotheses put forward to explain the slackening in Brazilian growth. They then suggest another explanation, constraints imposed by the lagging supply of imports, which has been neglected. Since the standard interpretation of the Brazilian experience is that import stringency has been an engine for growth, through the stimulus given to import-substitution, this leads to further discussion on the effects of import constraints on economic development. The implication is that if the Brazilian economy is to resume its previous long-term high rates of growth, the imposition of political stability may not be sufficient, and it will be necessary to generate income-elastic supply of imports through expanded exports. This suggestion is hardly novel, though it has never received much real attention in Brazil, for export promotion has been considered as an alternative to "inward looking" development based on the internal market. The discussion suggests, however, that expansion of exports has become an essential condition for any pattern of growth.

Analyzes historical features of Brazilian economic development in order to gain insight into the process of long-term growth. Discussion on the timing of Brazilian industrialization; Conditions in which the industrialization took place; Economic implications.

The present article takes issue with this conclusion. Specifically, it will be shown that: (1) the data which could support the conclusions are inadequate; (2) the evidence cited by Furtado is misleading and incomplete; and (3) according to our evidence exchange policy and selective control of imports probably reduced Brazil's rate of economic growth in 1947-52. The study begins with a presentation of Brazil's economic position and growth prospects immediately after the war; there follows a summary of Furtado's arguments that exchange policy and selective import control were growth-inducing; then his evidence is examined; and finally there is attempted a reinterpretation of the Brazilian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth pole concepts appear particularly useful to regional planners who are faced with the task of designing a strategy for analyzing and inducing regional growth. This study employs a form of trend surface analysis which identifies urban places that may be interpreted as growth poles and measures trends in growth outward from those poles. An empirical example is provided for the State of São Paulo, Brazil, for the period 1940 to 1960. Two types of growth poles are identified: 1) natural poles that result from a rapid postwar industrialization, and 2) planned poles that result from state governmental efforts to control economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite favorable natural resources, Brazil's economic growth has not kept pace with the needs of its expanding population. A partial explanation for this situation was sought in an examination of the prevalence of two psychosocial factors--achievement motivation and achievement values--among the people of Brazil. It was hypothesized that these psychosocial factors are less characteristic of the people of Brazil than of the United States and that their relative absence has been an adverse factor in Brazil's economic development. Data were obtained from subjects in Brazil and the United States by means of a Thematic Apperception Test, questionnaires, interviews and observation over an extended period. It was found that Brazilians had lower achievement motivation, were less activistic and future-oriented, placed less emphasis on planning and the postponement of gratifications, put a lower evaluation on work and were less willing to be physically mobile than their American counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]