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The task of this paper is to examine trade union policy and the 1852 lock-out in the British engineering industry. The focus of attention will be upon the development of worker militancy and how this led to the lock-out. Although a history of the British engineering worker has long been extant, the causes of the 1852 dispute remain controversial. In The Story of the Engineers, J. B. Jefferys emphasizes the opposition of workers to systematic overtime and piece-work. Henry Pelling, in a more recent work, attributes the dispute to the opposition of skilled men to the employment of unskilled labour. I hope this paper throws more light on the origins of the 1852 lock-out.

The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of the Cameroonian experience in development planning with emphasis on the regional dimension. In the course of analysing the planning process and implementation, an attempt will be made to shed light on some of the major problems which have been encountered in evaluating the development effort at the regional level.

The Relation between Prices and Planning viewed as Instruments of Central Economic Direction. — In the Hungarian People’s Republic the conditions requisite for an optimum growth rate and a continuous rise in the standard of living have, according to the reform of the directing and planning system of January 1st, 1968, been created by the introduction of a system of variously timed economic plans. The main relations of the developing economy are worked out by the Government according to the plan. The realization of these plans is safeguarded not so much by specification according to enterprises, but mainly by introducing economic regulators which adjust the market according to the plan and influence entrepreneurial decision. The price system is one of these regulators. Its basic function is to influence and direct both producers and consumers as to their economic decisions. The government fixes only 39 p.c. of producers’ prices and 51 p.c. of consumers’ prices. The planning of prices (price relations and price levels) differs according to the timing of the various plans. The five-year and one-year plans are based on the respective current prices. The prices should reflect the relations of social expenses, the effects of national and international markets, and the State preferences. But the instruments so far used need to be developed in order to fully attain these aims. In addition to giving information on the generally very favourable experiences of the first few years, the paper specifies the developments still to be achieved.

The double crisis we witnessed last autumn dates back to six months ago, yet it may already be possible to outline a schematic picture of its repercussions on the international organizations in Europe. I shall describe neither the structures of these organizations nor the way they work, but, rather, the political context, which alone permits us to evaluate their potential for action and influence on the European scene. This paper will therefore deal first with the immediate consequences of the Budapest massacres and with the unsuccessful enterprise of the Anglo-French forces in Suez. It will then try to evaluate the present political motivations of the French, British, and German policies, and this will lead to an examination of the political decay of both NATO in Europe and the Western European Union. A cursory glance at what is usually called the European parliaments—already in existence or in the process of being created—will lead us to conclusions in which the Algerian question and the question of German reunification will figure more predominantly than international organizations whose juridical future seems more certain than their political effectiveness.

Trade-creating and Trade-diverting Effects of EEC on German Imports, Special Account Taken of EFTA Countries. — An attempt has been made in this paper to quantify the trade-creating and trade-diverting effects of EEC on the German Federal Republic’s imports. Imports of the following five commodity groups have been examined: foodstuffs, raw materials, half-finished products, prefab and finished products. Distinction has been made only between total imports from EEC countries and total imports from all other countries. In addition, however, total imports from EFTA countries have been considered. Volume figures not being generally available, the analysis has been based on the actual value figures for imports.

For the past few decades, European integration has been one of the primary issues not just in politics, but also in the social sciences. This issue becomes even more important when research takes place in countries where the population is ambivalent in their support for the EU and European integration. The main aims of the study presented in this paper are to investigate differences in Serbia and Croatia in proEuropean orientation and the perception of European integration (EI) as a threat, and to determine the factors underlying both constructs by focusing on sociodemographic variables, the importance of religion, and different forms of national attachment. The results show that citizens of Croatia have a stronger pro-European orientation, while there is no difference in the perception of EI as a threat. Pro-European orientation is determined by the respondents' national identity (in both countries) and gender, the importance of religion, and national pride in the state (only in Serbia). The significant predictors for the perception of EI as a threat were constructive patriotism and national pride in successful individuals (in Serbia), blind patriotism (in Croatia) and the importance of religion (in both countries). The practical importance of the results could be in understanding the obstacles and reservations different people have regarding European integrations.

Together with its “Report on the State of the Nation 1972” the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany presented an extensive collection of studies. Drawn up by 50 experts, the report on the development in the two German states should, according to Willy Brandt, contribute to facilitate political judgement and to sobering political discussion. In our last edition we published a summary of the chapter on the State of the Nation’s External Economy. This paper is a summary of the two German states’ development aid. The author, in cooperation with Hans-Ludwig Dornbusch and Dieter W. Vogelsang, participated in the composition of this chapter.

This article offers an interesting survey of the ASEAN countries’ role as raw material suppliers to Western Germany and the EC, its history, present performance and future prospects. Some of this paper’s contents are very informative and surprising indeed.

The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the more subtle problems facing the United States. The problem concerns retaining economic and political power In the face of decreasing self-sufficiency in natural resources and raw materials.

The devaluation of the British Pound and the most speculation in gold and the dollar have lead to a hectic activity on the part of the monetary authorities in the industrial countries of the West. It is unlikely that anybody should have regarded the splitting up of the gold market—necessary though it was as a counter-measure—as a panacea which would prove efficacious in the long run. At the meeting in Stockholm of the Club of Ten the attempt was therefore made to parry the diminshing importance of gold within the monetary system by a speedier activation of the Special Drawing Rights—“the paper gold”. This constituted without doubt a decisive step towards rationalising and stabilising the international monetary system.

The removal of tariff barriers within the European Economic Community has presented manufacturing industry with the opportunity to plan for and to supply a greatly Increased home market. This paper Is directed at showing how the motor Industry, and especially certain firms within it, are In the vanguard of European integration.

Influence of integration, democratization and informatization society processes on the development and forming of education systems aims in European countries as well as in Ukraine is analyzed in the paper. It is considered the development of Ukrainian education system in direction of European integration, Bologna process, integration to the European education systems. Such modern phenomena as unified educational space, global educational space and open educational environment of education systems as well as the key role of information and communication technologies playing a great role in these processes have been determined and analyzed.

About a year ago Herr Kurt Ladendorff, auditor in Hamburg, caused quite a sensation with his projected establishment of “europoint”, an international conference centre in the Hamburg suburb of Wedel, located in Schleswig-Holstein. Whilst the interest of local papers concentrated on the projected super-hotel, the restaurants for gourmets, bowling-alleys, and other recreation centres, the interest of experts focussed on the question of why it should be the Hamburg region where such an international meeting centre is to be established. According to the wishes of its planner “europoint” is to be an international meeting centre not only between the economic blocs—i.e. above all between EEC and EFTA — but over and above this a show-window, a permanent trade fair for EFTA firms establishing themselves in the Common Market. Particularly in view of this latter task no better location could be thought of. Last years’ company promotions in the EEC area, initiated by firms domiciled in EFTA countries, have been concentrating conspicuously on the Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein region. In the following contribution our author investigates kind, size, and importance of these company promotions.

With its “Report on the State of the Nation 1971” the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) simultaneously presented an extensive volume of collected studies. Drawn up by 50 experts, the report on the development in the two German states should contribute to facilitating political judgement and to sobering political discussion, according to Willy Brandt The author participated in the composition of the chapter dealing with the economic integration of the two German states with their specific allies. This paper is a summary of his report.

During a speech in Brussels in May, I970, commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the Schuman Plan, the President of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Robert Lecourt, declared that the country which becomes a member of the Community "marries its law." With Britain's membership impending, the question obviously needs to be posed, what kind of a marriage will it be? The purpose of this paper is to examine the legal aspects and implications arising from the entry of the United Kingdom into the European Community. In particular, it will focus on the legal basis and effects of the accession treaty, the impact of Community law on the British legal system and judicial procedures, and the possible influence of common law practices on the judicial functions of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. In view of the complexity of some of the legal and constitutional issues involved, this study is largely preliminary in nature, seeking to identify major problems and perhaps raising questions for intensive research. Practical experience gathered from the gradual fusion of Britain into the European Community will undoubtedly be an invaluable anld essential contribution to answers to some of these questions.