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Concerning fluid flow in porous structure of uniand multi-ply paper, equations of liquid penetration, gas permeation, etc. were obtained, using Kozeny-Carman's equation, etc. Main results, concerning flow to thickness direction, are as follows : 1. uni-ply(1) liquid penetrationt=κ/2·η/σ cos θ·l2/mwhere, t is penetration time of liquid (s), k is Kozeny-Carman's constant (dimensionless), η is viscosity of liquid (P), σ is surface tension of liquid (dyn/cm), θ is contact angle between pore wall of paper and liquid (rad), l is penetration distance of liquid (cm), m is hydraulic radius of pore of paper (cm).t=κ/2·η/σ cos θ·v2/me2where, v is penetration volume of liquid per unit area (cm), e is porosity of paper (dimensionless).v/t=1/κ·ΔP/η·m2e{1+Z(λ/m)}/L(2) gas permeation where, v is permeation volume of gas per unit area (cm), t is permeation time of gas (s), ΔP is pressure difference (dyn/cm2), ηis viscosity of gas (P), Z is constant (dimensionless), λ is mean free path of gas molecules (cm), L is thickness of paper (cm).2. multi-ply equations are obtained, from the following basic equation of liquid permeation.v/t=ΔPκη/nΣt=1(Li/mi2e)where, v is permeation volume of liquid per unit area (cm), t is permeation time of liquid (s).Each suffix indicates number of ply.

The measurement methods of paper by the porosity testers of six kinds, Gurley densometer, Emiel Greiner porositymeter, Schopper air permeability meter, Emanueli porositymeter, Oken type denso-aspero meter and smoother, were examined, and further the relationships between these testers were theoretically and experimentally obtained.(1) In the relation between the Gurley densometer (G) and the Emiel Greiner porositymeter (E), the theoretical formulas agreed well with the experimental values. But, in the range of low air resistance, the experimental values by the Emiel Greiner porositymeter were smaller than the theoretical ones, whereas in the range of high air resistance, that relation was reverse.The relationship between two testers was shown by the following theoretical formulas.Ve=83046.6/0.803tG+513.34 … (1) VE= (979+0.675Ve) /1033 Ve … (2)were Ve and VE in cc/5mintG in sec/100cc (2) In the relation between the Schopper air permeability meter (S) and the Gurley densometer or the Emiel Greiner porositymeter, the theoretical formulas agreed very well with the experimental values.Especially, the theoretical formula of relation between the Schopper and the Gurley was in better agreement with the experimental values than that relation between the Emiel Greiner and the Gurley.The relationship between the Schopper and the Gurley was shown by the following theoretical formula.tG=24096.38/Vs … (3)where tG in sec/100ccVs in cc/5in(3) In the relation between the Emanueli porositymeter (M) and the Gurley densometer, the theoretical formula also agreed well with the experimental values, and this formula was as followsAM=43.478×tG/d … (4) ortG=523.023×P1/P2… (5)where AM in a unit of Emanuelid is thickness in cmtG in sec/100ccP1 or P2 is a differernt pressure (4) The Oken type denso-asperometer (O) and the Smoother (SM) have close relation with usual tester as the Gurley densometer etc.These testers were suitable for a manufacturing process test of high air resistance paper because these testers have superior accuracy and especially made the rapid test possible.The relationship between the Gurley and the Smoother was shown by follows experimental formulas;in the case which standard head was used, log HSM=-1.146log tG+5.122…(6) in the case which cramp type head was used, log Hsm=-0.638 log tG+4.247… (7)The relationship between the Gurley densometer and the Oken type denso-aspero meter was shown by the following experimental formula, log T0=0.965 log tG+0.0818… (8)

The nylon fiber papers manufactured by the paper machine (reported in the Japanese Tappi 12, No.1, 1958) have been finished with nylon derivatives for purpose of increasing the bonding strength between fiber and fiber.And so on, we have compared physical and chemical properties of the nylon fiber papers with the cellulosic fiber papers.Those results are the following : 1.As the binder of nylon fiber papers, Type 8 nylon (n-methoxymethylated nylon 6) proved most effective arming many nylon derivatives to improve the strength of sheet, and its optimum binder content was about 15 %.2.Its strength was increased more than two times by heating under elevated pressures.The optimum curing condition were obtained by the following treatments : heating 170-180°C for 15-20 see., linear nip pressure 5-6 kg/em by three hot rollers.3.The nylon fiber papers manufactured by this method had high porosity and high folding endurance (more than 100, 000 folds).Compared with cellulosic fiber papers, it had remarkably higher elastic recovery, bending elasticity and resistance of acid, alkali and bacteria, but it was a little worse in point of light (specially, to the ultraviolet-ray) and thermal resistance.It decreased in tensile strength but it was less remarkable for retrioration than the cellulosic fiber papers.

Hemicellulose in L-BKP and N-BKP was individually extracted with various kinds of alkali solutions. Handsheets were made by a beater run in Pebble mill and physical properties were determined (tested for basis weight, thickness, bursting strength, Elmendorf tearing resistance, tensile strength, folding endurance, apparent density by Calculation, porosity, oil absorbency, opacity and Canadian standard freeness etc.) samples were made as follows.a. Basis was L-BKP slightly beaten by Valley beater.b. Sample with suitable freeness were prepared after blending hardly beaten L-BKP with basis.c. Sample with suitable freeness were prepared after blending hardly beaten N-BKP with basis.Physical properties of the sample which was beaten in Lampen mill were determined.

New methods and the necessary equipment are described by which the porosity of relatively long strips of cigarette paper can be determined in a rapid and simple way. For the first time, the percentage of the total puff volume penetrating through the cigarette paper can be measured directly. The authors give several examples of application and at the same time they describe two new methods for determining the by-passing air.

The calibration of microwave radiometers is normally achieved by replacing the antenna with a cooled reference termination and then applying corrections for ohmic and reflective losses of the antenna, and for the nonideality of the reference termination. The uncertainty in this correction is the dominating factor in the precision of many high-quality radiometers, and for some applications it is unacceptably large. An alternative is to point the antenna at a target of known temperature. To the extent that this temperature is known and the target is reflectionless and encompasses the full view of the antenna, the calibration is ex'act and no further corrections are required. A target suitable for high-precision radiometry has been developed that has an accurately known radiometric temperature, a very low reflection coefficient, and whose geometry is well suited to the calibration of horn antennas. The essence of the temperature reference is described. A piece of porous microwave absorber having a convoluted surface for a low reflection coefficient is fitted with a cap of nonporous plastic foam whose mating surface is the inverse of that of the absorber. The microwave-absorbing material is then soaked with the chosen cryogen, the nonporous cap forcing the liquid to conform to the shape of said absorbing material. This procedure 1) ensures that the temperature at which the microwaves are absorbed (and therefore thermally emitted) is exactly that of the cryogen, and 2) avoids the reflection that would be produced by the dielectric discontinuity of a plane surface of cryogen.

The ''porosity'' or ''air permeability'' of cigarette tissue is measured by many different instruments, is expressed in various units and it is frequently impossible to correlate such measurements and the readings of such instruments. The property of a paper whereby it allows air and gases to pass through it while still containing the burning tobacco rod is of great and increasing interest in both the Research Laboratory and Raw Material Control Laboratory of the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer. Interest in papers of higher air permeability continues to grow, particularly in regard to the so-called ''Health Hazards of Smoking", and thus the effect of smoke dilution. Such interest by the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer necessarily means that the paper manufacturer must pay especial attention to this property during paper manufacture and in development work. He also requires to define and measure the property in his control and research laboratories. Unfortunately, there is no common language to describe this property and as interest in higher porosities grows so the shortcomings of some methods of measurement are highlighted. The situation is further complicated by the need of control laboratories for robust, simple to operate instruments, while a research laboratory might be more interested in accuracy and precision, while being less affected by the demands of careful operation and manipulation. Likely sample sizes can also vary, from small spills cut from individual cigarettes or rods, through long narrow skeins to the papermakers' sheets. A standard definition of air permeability of a sheet of paper has therefore been proposed and an instrument has been designed, using this definition, to meet the requirements of all interested parties. A number of these instruments have been built and proved by practical usage

Certain important industrial fermentations require substantial amounts of sterile air that are commonly obtained by filtration through beds of fibers, granular solids, or specially prepared filter media (Gaden and Humphrey, 1956). To control the efficiency of such sterilization filters, several methods to estimate the microorganism content of the air have been proposed. These methods can be classified into three fundamental types: 1. The air is passed through a porous material, such as the Millipore filter' (Humphrey and Gaden, 1955), that retains the microorganisms; the filter is then disaggregated in sterile water and the suspension is plated for counting. This method applies only when the air stream is very slow. 2. The air stream is directed to a solid culture medium (Bourdillon, 1941) that retains some of the microorganisms on its surface. This method is inadequate for longtime experiments because the culture medium dehydrates and shrinks. It also needs carefully controlled experimental conditions to assure good results. 3. The air is bubbled through a liquid with specially designed impingers (Rosebury, 1947). The suspension of microorganisms obtained is then plated for counting. This method also applies when the air stream is slow. This report describes a simple filtration method for the estimation of the concentration of microorganisms in the air. Air is passed through a filter paper mounted in a proper device; the microorganisms retained are counted on the same filter paper conveniently moistened with a suitable culture medium. This method can be used with air streams of relatively high rates, and eliminates the counting of microorganisms by plating.

Relation between porosity and thickness of sprayed Aluminum coating on steel was studied by means of “ferroxyl test, ” applying an external e.m.f. as follows:Specimens were connected to the positive pole of D. C. source, and placed under the filter paper impregnated with the solution, on top of which the negative pole of carbon plate was placed.Composition of the solution:-Sodium chloride 60gramsPotassium ferricyanide 10gramsPotassium ferrocyanide 10gramsWater to make 1 literCurrent density used was 0.2A/dm2, and test time was 5min.As a result, an empirical formula, yx2.3=0.12, was obtained, where y is the thickness of sprayed Al coating, x the number of open holes of the coating, and the relation between x and y is given as the above formula.

研究目的羊毛塊の被浸透性の開毛程度による比較を試みるために, 液面上に浮遊させた場合の沈降機構に基て解析しようとした.研究結果(1) 一定付加おもりを付した一定量の羊毛塊の多孔度 (Ph) の大小と使用単一液の表面張力の値とによって, 液面から沒入し沈降を開始するまでの所要時間 (ts) がどの程度相違するかを予備的に測定した.(2) 常温蒸畄水を用いた場合のスカードウール塊の即時沈降可能な多孔度の値 (lPh) を付加おもりの各重量 (Ww) に対しで求めた.大多孔度の場合ほどより大きなWwを必要としlPh=90%以上で急増してくる.(3) 種々なWwを付した各多孔度の羊毛塊が, その全占有容積のうちどの程度液の浸透入を受け, 空げき中の空気が液と入れ替ったならば沈降を起すかという割合 (sRα) を二, 三の液について推定した.多孔度の大なるほどより大きな被浸透容積割合を必要とし, Ph～sRα関係はいずれも直線比例的である.(4) 各種濃度の非イオン系浸透剤溶液を用いてWw=7.2gの場合のtsの多孔度による相違を測定はあくした。高濃度の場合はPhによる差はないが, 低濃度範囲においてはかなり相違しPh=80%の場合が最大であり, この傾向は濃度がうすいほどきわめて明りように現われてくる.これらの測定結果に基くlogts～logCp関係は, 標準多孔度の場合にもっとも直線傾向が強くかつ等傾斜である.また本浸透剤の0.5～1.5%濃度範囲についての総合的な沈降性の順位はPh=97>95>90>70>85>75>80%となった.

目的熟風貫流方式乾毛機における乾燥仕上り生産高 (残留水分率15%として) を, 処理される羊毛塊の開毛程度 (Po) と関連して考察しようとした.成果(1) 恒重量給毛法による場合の極大多孔度範囲での生産高につき解析すると, Po=95～98%範囲では生産高に大差なく, 99%の最大開毛程度とすることによってはじめて著大な生産高を得ることができる.しかし低温度低風速の場合には開毛程度をいくら大としてもあまり有効でない.(2) 恒容積給毛法による場合について解析した結果, ラチス上への羊毛塊のたい積厚さが薄い場合には多孔度値による生産高の相違は少なく, たとえ極限にまで十分に開毛して給毛しても大して生産高は上らないこと, 最大限度 (Po=99%) にまで開毛したものを乾燥室一杯の高さにたい積して処理する場合に特に大きな生産高を得ることができるが, Po=97～98%範囲では中程度のたい積高さとすることがよく, またPo=95～96%のやや密な状態の場合にはなるべく薄く給毛してやった方がかえっていくぶんか生産高の増大を図り得ることがわかった.そして実際的には開毛程度の不十分さを考慮するならば, 乾燥室内ラチス面から上部噴出ノズル面までの高さの半分程度に供給たい積してやることがだ当であると判断される.(3) 上記の最大生産高が得られる場合すなわちPo=99%で乾燥室の高さ一杯に供給たい積して処理する場合における外的乾燥条件の影響を検討した結果, このような場合でも温度, 風速の両要因とも大きな影響を持ち, 乾燥効率を高めるためにはやはりある限界以上の温度と風速 (風量) が必要であることが指摘される.

1. The covalent attachment of pyruvate kinase to filter-paper disks and some kinetic properties of the resultant enzymically active porous sheets are described. 2. A two-enzyme reactor was constructed by using water-insoluble sheets of lactate dehydrogenease in conjunction with the above-mentioned sheets possessing pyruvate kinase activity.

The suitability of polythene granules as a rooting substrate in the water culture of natural and cultivated varieties of plants is discussed and the use of porous, high density polythene tubing for continuous culture aeration is described.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC separations have now been achieved using porous glass1 as a medium. Its extreme inertness, optical transparency, and small pore diameter (about 4 mµ) suggested this usage. Initial results strongly indicate that unusually fine chromatograms can be obtained with this material. Other than in the choice of medium, there is little difference between the techniques described here and those commonly used in paper chromatography.

A highly efficient froth flotation procedure has been developed for harvesting algae from dilute suspensions. The method does not depend upon the addition of flotants. Harvesting is carried out in a long column containing the feed solution which is aerated from below. A stable column of foam is produced and harvested from a side arm near the top of the column. The cell concentration of the harvest is a function of pH, aeration rate, aerator porosity, feed concentration, and height of foam in the harvesting column. The economic aspects of this process seem favorable for mass harvesting of algae for food or other purposes.

EGG shell porosity and its relation to bacterial penetration has been the concern of several investigators (Kraft et al., 1958 a, b; Haines and Moran, 1940; Walden et al., 1956; Fromm and Monroe, 1960). Marshall and Cruichshank (1938) defined porosity as that property of the shell which permits the exchange of water vapor and gases between the contents of the egg and the outer atmosphere. Egg shell porosity has been evaluated by several methods. Almquist and Holst (1931) dipped egg shells into alcoholic methylene blue and counted the pores. Bryant and Sharp (1934) immersed eggs in water, created a vacuum and counted the sources of bubbles arising from the egg. Romanoff (1940) measured the flow of various gases through a half section of dried shell while Mueller (1958) measured carbon dioxide loss from intact eggs by absorbing it in potassium hydroxide. Fromm (1959) evaluated porosity by measuring the amount of …

It is necessary for measurment of moisture content and porosity to define the dry condition of rock samples. Nevertheless various coditions of drying are actually adopted by many peoples.In this paper, the weight of samples, velocities of elastic waves and uniaxial complessive strength of rock specimens were measured at seven different condition of drying which are 50, 75, 105, 125, 150°C constant temperature for 48 hours, kept in desicator contained silicagel for a month, and dried naturall in the room.Sandstone and andestite have a different tendency of change in measured values. Results obtained in this paper are summarized as follows:(1) In regard to the change of weight, a remarkable effect of drying is showed at 50°C constant temperature dring for andesite which have higher porosity, and showed barely a constant weightat drying over 105°C for sandstone which has lower porosity. The drying in desicator contained silicagel has a similar effect at 50°C oven drying for andesite and 75°C for sandstone.(2) Dillatational waves of specimen show a maximum velocity at 50, 75°C drying forandesite, at 75, 105°C and silicagel drying for sandstone. Increase of the velocities for both rocks become dull at drying over 125°C Velocities of longitudinal vibration show a similar tendency of the dilatational waves for andesite, and show a maximum value at 105°C and silicagel drying.(3) Compressive strength of both rocks shows an increase in the region from room temperature to 150°C drying. Compressive strength for andesite fairly increases at 50°C drying, and that for sandstone shows a remarkable increment at 105°C drying. Compressive strength at silicagel drying shows a similar tendency of velocities.

Summary A general theory for the calculation of the second order effective elastic moduli of porous materials in which the porosity is in the form of isolated cavities is presented. The particular case of spherical cavities distributed randomly within an isotropic matrix in such a manner that the material is macroscopically isotropic is then considered in detail and an expression for the first pressure derivative of the effective shear modulus of such a material is obtained correct to first order in the porosity. 1. Introduction In a paper by Walton (1973), hereafter referred to as Paper I, the first pressure derivative of the effective bulk modulus of a porous material was calculated. The particular porous medium considered was that of a homogeneous isotropic matrix containing a dilute distribution of spherical cavities, not necessarily of the same size but such that the total porosity c (that is, the ratio of cavity volume to total volume) is so small that terms of order c2 may be neglected in comparison with unity. Furthermore, the distribution was assumed to be random and such that the material is macroscopically homogeneous and isotropic. The aim of the present paper is to extend the method used in Paper I to the calculation of the first pressure derivative of the effective shear modulus of such a material. 2. Second order effective moduli The method is based on considerations of the overall constitutive law and, in the spirit of Hill (1963), the problem of the calculation of the effective elastic moduli of porous materials may be formulated as follows. The model to be considered is that of a large volume V of some porous material subjected to a uniform strain in its outer boundary. The matrix material is assumed both perfectly elastic and homogeneous, although not necessarily isotropic. The porosity, on the other hand, is assumed to be in the form of isolated cavities distributed throughout the matrix in such a manner that the material is macroscopically homogeneous, although not necessarily isotropic. Finally, there is no restriction at this stage on the size of the porosity c. With the 9-vectors S and D denoting the nominal stress and displacement gradient respectively and with superscripts (m) and (c) referring respectively to the solid matrix and the cavities, the constitutive law for the matrix material may be written, correct to second order in D(m)

Following the preceding paper “Abrasion Resistance of Anodic Oxide Film Impregnated with Lubricating Oil”, this paper describes the experiments with MoS2 as impregnating material by using Okoshi's Rapid Wear Testing Machine. The following results were obtained: (1) Abrasion resistance of porous films impregnated with MoS2 was excellent and its value remained almost constant at high friction velocity. (2) The maximum abrasion resistance was observed when the films were heat-treated at 200°C; but, the value gradually decreased when the temperature of treatment was higher than 400°C. The resistance of the films heat-treated at 200°C was proved to be remarkably excellent by testing at a high frictron velocity. (3) The resistance was higher with the increase in MoS2 content of the oil, but it became lower when the content was more than 20%.

This paper deals with the differential pressure rise method employed to measure the outgassing rates. With this method, measurement errors due to outgassing from the test-dome surface, gas absorption of the test-dome surface and the pumping of the ionization gauge used can be considerably reduced.Auxiliary experiments were carried out to determine the pumping speed of the gauge used. Under some assumptions, errors, introduced in the outgassing rates measured with the differential pressure rise method, were discussed. For the examples of outgassing datas measured with this method, ones of Viton 'A', Teflon, steatite and porous alumina are presented in this paper. For the standpoint of simplicity and accuracy, it can be concluded that the differential pressure rise method is highly suitable for outgassing measurement at room temperature in respect of nonmetallic materials.

A mathematical theory is developed enabling wind tunnels with porous walls to be designed to give zero tunnel blockage in subsonic compressible flow. The tunnel walls are taken to be porous over only a finite range R , and solid elsewhere, and a sealed jacket is placed over the porous section so that the pressure on the outside of the porous wall can be controlled. The porous wall is assumed to have the characteristic that the component of velocity normal to it is proportional to the pressure drop across it, the constant of proportionality, λ, being termed the ‘porosity’ of the wail. Infinite porosity and zero porosity correspond to free streamline and solid wall boundaries respectively, which are thus included in the theory as special cases. The problem solved in this paper is to determine the relation between λ, R , the tunnel height H , and the Mach number M , so that the ‘blockage’, or velocity increment at the model caused by the tunnel walls, vanishes. It is found that for a given value of the porosity the length of the porous wall, R , must be reduced with increasing Mach number to keep the blockage zero. Thus the tunnel needs to be fitted with adjustable sections of solid wall which can be moved across the porous surfaces to reduce their effective length (see figure 1). Both ‘solid ’ and ‘wake’ blockage are considered in the paper. The effects of wake blockage, which are particularly important at high subsonic speeds due to the rapid increase in drag, cannot be completely eliminated by varying R alone. This is because wake blockage, unlike solid blockage, causes a pressure gradient in the tunnel. This gradient and the blockage can be eliminated simultaneously only by introducing a further independent variable. A very convenient one for this purpose can be created by pumping air at a certain rate from the jacket and exhausting it outside the tunnel. The rate of removal of the air from the jacket can be adjusted to eliminate the induced pressure gradient completely.

In the membrane method for measuring diffusion coefficients (Northrop and Anson (1928-29)) diffusion takes place through a porous disc. Under these conditions convection currents which usually make diffusion measurements difficult are avoided, the time required for a measurement is greatly shortened, and it becomes possible to remove the diffused substance for estimation. Under suitable conditions the rate of diffusion of one substance is independent of other substances present. To calculate the diffusion coefficient it is necessary to know only the per cent, not the absolute amount, of the original material which passes through the disc in a given time. The method can be applied, therefore, even to impure biological substances which can be estimated only by activity measurements. Since the dimensions of the pores are unknown, the membrane is calibrated by measuring the rate of diffusion through it of a substance of known diffusion coefficient. The first part of this paper describes the calibration of diffusion membranes with sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and hydrochloric acid and summarizes the evidence that the membrane method yields correct diffusion coefficients. The second part of this paper states the assumptions made in calculating molecular volumes from diffusion coefficients by Einstein's law, states the consequences if these assumptions are not valid, and discusses the possible reasons why molecular volumes of various proteins calculated from their diffusion coefficients are higher than the molecular volumes calculated from osmotic pressures and sedimentation data. The third part

This paper is a sequel of our previous paper "Part 1" that appeared in the Journal of the Japanese Association of Petroleum Technologists, Vol. 35, No. 4 (1970). In this paper we discuss (1) abundance ratios of some isomers of lighter hydrocarbons that would characterize the Minami-Aga crude oil, and (2) n-heptane-2 methylhexane-3 methylhexane relationship as viewed from the crude oil evolution.At first we deal with the subject (1). In general, the abundance ratios of hydrocarbon isomers, which could characterize the crude oil from a reservoir and may have been kept almost constant during the time of secondary migration and accumulation of the crude oil, must satisfy at least the three following conditions.a) The boiling points of the hydrocarbon isomers are nearly equal.b) An abundance ratio has no correlation with the specific gravity of the crude oil and various reservoir geological parameters such as depth, thickness, porosity, water saturation of the reservoir, etc.c) An abundance ratio of the crude oils from all the producing wells of a reservoir shows nearly equal values of narrow scattering.From such a viewpoint benzene and gaseous hydros arbons should be excluded. We adopted the specific gravity of the crude and the depth, thickness, water saturation, porosity and temperature of the reservoir as the parameters against the various hydrocarbon ratios (Figs. 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20). Figures 13, 15 and 21 show the cases of the Kubiki (Katamachi Ie) crude (Kawai and Totani, 1970) for comparison. From these figures we can find out that such abundance ratios as (cyclopentane+2.3dimethylbutane+2methylpentane)/3methylpentane, (2.3dimethylpentane+cyclohexane)/n-heptane (Silverman, 1965) and C7 branched paraffins/n-heptane (Figs. 12, 16 and 18) are rather satisfactory. But even such abundance ratios are ill suited for the Kubiki crude. This is probably because the reservoir and geohistorical conditions of the Kubiki field are much more complicated than those of Minami-Aga field, thereby secondary alteration of crude oil has taken place remarkably in the Kubiki field. The abundance ratio of 2.4dimethylpentane/2.2dimethylpentane (Fig. 14) is see- mingly a good ratio, but by the use of this ratio we cannot draw a clear distinction between the Minami-Aga crude and Kubiki crude (Fig. 15). Some of the abundance ratios show correlations with the specific garvity of oil and some reservoir parameters. And some of the abundance ratios of the crude from the B block are more or less different from those of the A block crude and C block crude, whereas the latter two crudes show often similar tendencies in the abundance ratios. This is probably due to rather different reservoir conditions of the B block from those of the A and C blocks.Next, n-heptane-2methylhexane-3methylhexane relationship is discussed. Figure 22 is the triangular diagram. The crude oils from the 24 producing wells of Minami-Aga field are concentrated in a small part within the diagram, but the Kubiki crude occupies a different and larger part near the bottom of the triangle. The crude oils from the Ponca City field (Texas, Ordovician; Martin et al., 1963) and Khafji field (Middle East, Cretaceous) are situated near the corner of n-heptane. It is considered that the point in the diagram moves from the bottom part towards the top concurrently with the evolution of crude oils, and that the Minami-Aga crude is derived from one origin.

Abstract Synthetic rock with predictable porosity and permeability bas been prepared from mixtures of sand, cement and water. Three series of mixes were investigated primarily for the relation between porosity and permeability for certain grain sizes and proportions. Synthetic rock prepared of 65 per cent large grains, 27 per cent small grains and 8 per cent Portland cement, gave measurable results ranging in porosity from 22.5 to 40 per cent and in permeability from 0.1 darcies to 6 darcies. This variation in porosity and permeability was caused by varying the amount of blending water. Drainage- cycle relative permeability characteristics of the synthetic rock were similar to those of natural reservoir rock. Introduction The fundamental behavior characteristics of fluids flowing through porous media have been described in the literature. Practical application of these flow characteristics to field conditions is too complicated except where assumptions are overly simplified. The use of dimensionally scaled models to simulate oil reservoirs has been described in the literature. These and other papers have presented the theoretical and experimental justification for model design. Others have presented elements of model construction and their operation. In most investigations the porous media have consisted of either unconsolidated sand, glass beads, broken glass or plastic-impregnated granular substances-materials in which the flow behavior is not identical to that in natural reservoir rock. The relative permeability curves for unconsolidated sands differ from those for consolidated sandstone. The effect of saturation history on relative permeability measurements A discussed by Geffen, et al. Wygal has shown quite conclusively that a process of artificial cementation can be used to render unconsolidated packs into synthetic sandstones having properties similar to those of natural rock. Many theoretical and experimental studies have been made in attempts to determine the structure and properties of unconsolidated sand, the most notable being by Naar and Wygal. Others have theorized and experimented with the fundamental characteristics of reservoir rocks. This study was conducted to determine if some general relationship could be established between the size of sand grains and the porosity and permeability in consolidated binary packs. This paper presents the results obtained by changing some of the factors which affect the porosity and permeability of synthetically prepared sandstone. In addition, drainage relative permeability curves are presented. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Mixtures of Portland cement with water and aggregate generally are designed to have certain characteristics, but essentially all are planned to be impervious to water or other liquids. Synthetic sandstone simulating oil reservoir rock, however, must be designed to have a given permeability (sometimes several darcies), a porosity which is primarily the effective porosity but quantitatively similar to natural rock, and other characteristics comparable to reservoir rock, such as wettability, pore geometry, tortuosity, etc. Unconsolidated ternary mixtures of spheres gave both a theoretically computed and an experimentally observed minimum porosity of about 25 per cent. By using a particle-distribution system, one-size particle packs had reproducible porosities in the reproducible range of 35 to 37 per cent. For model reservoir studies of the prototype system, a synthetic rock having a porosity of 25 per cent or less and a permeability of 2 darcies was required. The rock bad to be uniform and competent enough to handle. Synthetic sandstone cores mere prepared utilizing the technique developed by Wygal. Some tight variations in the procedure were incorporated. The sand was sieved through U.S. Standard sieves. SPEJ P. 329ˆ

In this study, various chemical and electrographical methods were tested so that to determine porosity in the coatings on aluminium. Filter paper or desilvered photographic paper was used as the printing medium. Certain sensitive indicating reagent was dissolved in alcohol which contains, as electrolyte, a small quantity of NaCl dissolved in water. When the printing medium was pressed on the surface of a specimen, aluminium was preferentially dissolved. Aluminium ions were transfered through pores in the coating to the printing medium and reacted to form a colored product. It was found that aluminon and eriochromcyanine R were suitable agents for good printing.It was revealed by optical microscopy, that the porosity prints obtained by this method were closely relative to the microstructure of the surfaces. The method was also applied to the determination of porosity in the anodized films. Also was it known by the corrosion test that the corrosion spots found on the specimen printed by the method are relatively in parallel with the printed spots.

In Part I of this series of papers (J. Ceram. Assoc. Japan, 68 [9] 194-204 (1960)), we have described the effect of different methods of kneading clay bodies on the orientation of particles. The present paper deals with the difference of texture in a suspension-insulator green body. The dried body was cut along different directions to get the test pieces for measuring the particle size distribution, DTA, imbibibitional swelling in water, thermal expansion and porosity, and also the thermal expansion of fired specimens.From a detailed study of the effect of plastic forming method of the body on the texture, not only the orientation of clay particles was strictly different partially, but also non-plastic grains were concentrated to interior parts of a body associated with flow-phenomena of a plastic mass.

A temperature gradient across a partially saturated porous material produces a movement of water from the hot to the cold side. The controversy regarding the mechanism by which this water moves has been referred to in a previous paper ( NRCC-3453). If there is flow in the liquid phase toward the cold side, the liquid may be expected to carry along dissolved salt, and this flow may be expected to give rise to a streaming potential. This paper gives the results of experiments to detect flow in the liquid phase through a bed of sand by using a salt tracer and by measuring streaming potentials.

This paper gives the results of an experimental investigation of unsteady moisture transfer in chromatographic paper and compares them with the solution of the parabolic transport equation in Stefan's formulation.

A. E. Salomonovich: The emissivity of the absorbing disk material can be measured in the laboratory to an accuracy better than 1 percent. The physical temperature of the disk surface also can be measured with high accuracy with the aid of a thermocouple, or a system of thermo· couples. The principal source of error in such measurements is the additional radiation due to diffraction of Earth radiation by the disk. These effects have been considered in the papers cited in the review paper of Prof. Troitsky. C. Sagan: How does Prof. Troitsky determine the imaginary part of the dielectric constant? This value depends greatly on impurities in the material. A large number of substances could give the values you quoted. A. E. Salomonovich: In radio-astronomy observations of the Moon (during eclipses and lunations), under certain assumptions one finally determines the value of tan fl ip, which does not depend on the porosity of the substance but does depend on the chemical and mineralogical composition. Of course, the impurities do affect this value. A comparison with terrestrial ores helps in selecting materials most similar in composition. It is possible that this choice is not quite unique.