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2. SECOND WORLD CONGRESS OF SOCIOLOGY.
- Subjects
SOCIAL science research ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,SOCIAL mobility ,INTERGROUP relations - Abstract
The Second World Congress of Sociology will be organized by the International Sociological Association (ISA) under the auspices of UNESCO from August 24 to September 1, 1953 in the city of Liege, Belgium. Sociologists of all countries of the world, professors, research workers and students, are cordially invited to take part in this Congress and are asked to contact the ISA Secretariat for registration and detailed information. The Congress will be centered on the presentation and discussion of papers in two major fields including social stratification and social mobility and intergroup conflicts and their mediation. It will also include important discussions of recent development in sociological research and of the problems relating to the professional activities and responsibilities of sociologists. All papers and reports to be prepared for the Congress will be duplicated and distributed in advance and will be presented by general reporters to be followed by prepared discussants for each section or sub-section.
- Published
- 1952
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. THE NEGOTIATION OF THE FBANCO-BELGIAN MILITARY ACCORD OF 1920.
- Author
-
Helmreich, Jonathan
- Subjects
NEGOTIATION ,MILITARY policy ,SOCIALISTS - Abstract
The article focuses on the negotiations of the Franco-Belgium military accord of 1920. The military relations of France and Belgium were of utmost importance because their joint power could be used as a defense against Germany. When the Franco-Belgium military accord was signed on October 27, 1920, it brought with it a storm of protests from anti-militarist Socialists like Flemings and others. With the increasing intensity of the protests, the accord was cancelled and it was decided that a policy which is solely and exclusively Belgian was required to govern the military affairs in Belgium.
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. La methode audio-visuelle et structuro-globale doit devenir une methode eclectique. (The Audiovisual and Structuro-Global Method Must Become an Eclectic Method).
- Author
-
Marechal, Raymond
- Abstract
This paper questions the practical application of the audiovisual method in FL instruction in Belgian secondary schools. Some of the reasons for the lack of success of the audiolingual method are given as: the large size of the classes; the young age and poor motivation of the students; the small number of weekly hours devoted to FL instruction; and the poor preparation of the professors. An eclectic method is proposed which incorporates: (1) the use of the FL as much as possible; (2) the active use of the mind, from the Direct Method; and (3) the use of drills, exercises, composition practice, etc., from the grammatical method. In addition, to insure the method's success, class sizes must be reduced; the aural-oral period must last several months; weekly instruction hours must be increased; and traditional methods such as dictation and translation must be used to insure the development of spelling and comprehension skills. It is hoped that this active and intensive method will give students a firm foundation with emphasis on the spoken language. (Author/AM)
- Published
- 1973
5. BUSINESS PRICING POLICIES AND INFLATION - SOME EVIDENCE FROM E.E.C. COUNTRIES.
- Author
-
Phlips, Louis
- Subjects
PRICING ,INDUSTRIAL concentration ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
This paper presents some empirical evidence, for Belgium, the Netherlands and France, on the so-called 'administrative inflation' hypothesis. The hypothesis might be defined as saying that price increases are higher in more concentrated industries, given positive changes in demand and costs. Empirically speaking, it implies that, for a cross-section of industries, wholesale-price changes are a positive function of concentration ratios, for given increases in demand and unit costs. Although any relevant evidence would be an interesting contribution to the present discussion about the Common Market's antitrust policy, the hypothesis has never been confronted-to my knowledge-with data from European Economic Community (E.E.C.) countries. The evidence presented in this paper is limited to the 1958-65 period, because of the difficulty in collecting comparable data form earlier years. As we were more familiar with Belgian data, Belgium was selected as a test case to detetmine the most appropriate empirical specification of the hypothesis. A few changes in Weiss's approach proved to be beneficial and are discussed in section it together with the data and results obtained for Belgium. In section III, results for the Netherlands are compared with the Belgian evidence on the basis of an analysis of covariance. Section IV introduces France while the last section draws some conclusions as to the validity of the hypothesis in a European framework.
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
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6. Ideal Number of Children in Marriage in Belgium and the U.S.A.
- Author
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Dobbelaere, Karel
- Subjects
BIRTH control -- Social aspects ,URBAN women ,CATHOLIC women ,BIRTH intervals ,SOCIAL status ,SOCIAL influence - Abstract
This paper attempts to test whether some propositions, explaining the number of children desired by women of urban American settings, are equally valid in explaining those of women of an urban European setting (Louvain urban area, Belgium). Attention focuses on the ‘institutional socialization theory’ which states that differences among Catholic women are to be explained by a difference of degree of exposure to the value system of the Catholic church in their formative years including college education, more specifically to the amount and extent of Catholic education. This theory, however, fails to explain the empirical data. In order to do so, the author elaborates the ‘avoiding status incongruency theory,’ or, positively formulated, the ‘status congruency theory.’ This miniature theory states that if one has a high social status and one is a highly integrated church member, one is seeking also to have a high status in the church by practicing the total church ideology and having, among other things, a large family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1967
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7. The Problem of Sampling and Instrument Construction in a Study of the Entrepreneurial Family in Belgium and the United States.
- Author
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Dumon, Wilfried A.
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGICAL typologies ,FAMILY research ,DOMESTIC relations ,FAMILY demography ,CROSS-cultural studies ,CROSS-cultural differences ,STATISTICAL sampling - Abstract
Hill's typology of comparative family research is a challenging attempt to classify international, e.g., cross-cultural, research. This paper intends to criticize some details of this classification, particularly concerning methodological issues. The main point stressed here is the problem of the reconceptualization of the research problem for each different country in which the research has to be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1967
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8. Benelux Leaders Push Union.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic integration - Abstract
The article reports on the progress of uniting the economies of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg into the Benelux economic union. It states that the proposed joining will be a certainty by 1950. It discusses how prior problems such as tariff blocks on trade and devaluation has been overcome by the three countries as they now begin to move to the "pre-union" part of their plans. It shows that the countries are careful on joining together as issues still remain, such as the difference between the economies of Belgium and the Netherlands.
- Published
- 1949
9. THE VALUE OF THE BELGIAN FOREIGN OFFICE ARCHIVES TO STUDENTS OF PUBLIC OPINION.
- Author
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Thomas, Daniel H.
- Subjects
PUBLIC opinion ,ARCHIVES ,CLIPPINGS (Books, newspapers, etc.) ,BELGIAN diplomatic & consular service ,PRESS - Abstract
Investigators seeking to determine public opinion during the last half of the nineteenth century have too often overlooked the foreign office archives, particularly those of Belgium and Switzerland. The Belgian envoys reported official and other opinions gathered in the usual fashion, but they were expected to be more thorough and discerning than members of other foreign services in reporting opinions of the press. At times, the envoys summarized the opinion of the press and translated excerpts from leading papers, in most cases, however, they enclosed the clippings, being careful to give the name of the journal and the date. As often as they felt it necessary, a note on the political complexion of the journal was added. In addition to the clippings forwarded officially, Baron Lambermont, the most active and distinguished Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, had some of the consuls report press and other opinion to him privately. Realizing the growing influence of the press in the nineteenth century, the Belgian authorities made a special collection of articles. It contains both clippings and copies taken from the periodicals of many countries between 1860 and 1922.
- Published
- 1951
- Full Text
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10. Atomic Age Closes In on the Jungle.
- Subjects
METALS ,AGRICULTURAL resources ,EXPORTS ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
The article looks at the economic state of the Belgian Congo, the only colony possessed by Belgium in Africa. The colony had provided metals for Western nations and the U.S. including uranium, tin, and zinc, which contributed to exports worth 333 million dollars in 1950. Congo had various agricultural resources that contributed to its exports including palm oil, rubber, and coffee.
- Published
- 1952
11. Belgium: U. S. retailers set a new style.
- Subjects
RETAIL industry ,MERCHANDISING ,RETAIL stores - Abstract
The article discusses the role played by big U.S. retailers in the sophistication of Belgian merchandising industry. Two of the largest chains in Belgium are American-controlled, one of which is J. C. Penney, Co. that bought Sarma S. A. store and is launching aggressive advertising campaigns in automobile accessories, food and items for children. It notes the cadenas or padlock law that is being changed through the expansion of Sarma. Other American retailers in Belgium include Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Priba.
- Published
- 1972
12. Geographical and Occupational Mobility of Workers in the Aircraft and Electronics Industries, Regional Trade Union Seminar (Paris, 21st-22nd September, 1966). Final Report and Supplement.
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France). Social Affairs Div.
- Abstract
The trade unions in the European aerospace and electronics industries have become concerned with the sweeping and rapid economic and technical changes taking place in the industries. This seminar enabled trade union representatives from Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom aerospace industry and the electronics sector working for the aircraft industry to discuss their problems and acquire an understanding of each other's attitudes and policies. The participants focused their argument upon the broad economic policies affecting the destiny of their respective national industries. The British delegation reported particularly upon the nature of the issues in their country and the alternatives they were considering to maintain employment for the present work force and the other three delegations supplied information on the issues in their countries. The outstanding conclusion to be drawn from these discussions is the high priority assigned by trade-unionists to broad economic and political policy when jobs are in danger and their expectations are being frustrated. Background papers, speeches, and supplementary papers are included. (HC)
- Published
- 1967
13. Human Relations and Industrial Peace.
- Author
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Potvi, Raymond
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL relations ,INDUSTRIAL laws & legislation ,WORKS councils ,STRIKES & lockouts ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This study shows that environmental factors do at times influence human relations in industry, but that satisfactory relations as such can contribute, nevertheless, to industrial peace. Data for the study were acquired in Belgium during the first quarter of 1956. In an effort to create structures which would help to reduce industrial conflict the Belgian government passed the Economic Reorganization Law of 1948 which required the setting up of enterprise councils in every plant employing 50 or more workers. The only significant relationships are those between strikes in 1953 with production and employment levels in 1954 and production in 1954 with strikes in 1956, the correlation being .733 and the chance probability .028. For example, the coal industry is consistently high in strikes and low in production and employment. The human relations approach stresses the patterns of interaction in explaining action or sentiments. It is felt that the major influence which shapes sentiments, and hence industrial peace or conflict, is the nature of the human relations which prevail between labor and management in an industry. Among other things, satisfaction with these councils is in effect satisfaction with a stable structure of labor-management relationships. In other words, satisfactory human relations as such do contribute to industrial peace.
- Published
- 1959
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14. Here It Comes.
- Author
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Rickenbacker, WM. F.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,LABOR laws ,DAYLIGHT saving ,ENERGY policy ,LAW - Abstract
Forecasts several worldwide political issues and events in 1974. Estimate of the number of energy laws which would be proposed in the U.S. Congress; Theme of a two-week international conference in Brussels, Belgium; Importance of the Emergency Relief Act to U.S. electric workers; Opposition of the workers to the establishment of national daylight saving time in the U.S.
- Published
- 1974
15. The Real Summit.
- Author
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Reynolds, Alan
- Subjects
ECONOMISTS ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
Highlights the message delivered by several economists who attended the 1974 conference of the Mont Pelerin Society held in Brussels, Belgium. Friedrich Hayek; Chiaki Nishiyama; Arthur Shenfield.
- Published
- 1974
16. The lobbyists who work the Common Market.
- Subjects
LOBBYING ,LOBBYISTS ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,ANTITRUST law (International law) - Abstract
The article reports on the responsibilities and activities of corporate lobbyists for U.S. multinational companies in Brussels, Belgium in 1973. General Motors, Honeywell and Union Carbide are some of the firms that hired executives to observe the actions of the European Community (EC) regarding antitrust and industry issues. It is explained that the involvement of Great Britain and Denmark in the activities of the Common Market Commission contributed to the surge in lobbying. A comparison between lobbying in Belgium and in the U.S. is presented.
- Published
- 1973
17. A PROFILE OF LOCAL SUBSIDIARY MANAGERS.
- Author
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Daniels, John D.
- Subjects
SUBSIDIARY corporations ,EMPLOYEE promotions ,INTERNAL migration ,CAREER development ,FOREIGN business enterprises ,FOREIGN subsidiaries ,FOREIGN workers ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises - Abstract
The article discusses biographic data of several local subsidiary managers. Biographic data was gathered from 130 non-American executives in 27 subsidiaries of 12 U.S. companies in Belgium, France, and Great Britain. The biographic data resulted in some discrepancies with conclusions that are usually gathered from material related to this topic. Among the better educated managers, the expatriates advance faster than the non-American. According to the author, the three most plausible reasons are that the people sent abroad are individuals who have showed rapid upward mobility by virtue of past performance or qualifications, Americans are able to advance faster, or innovations within the firms originate in the U.S. so that U.S. personnel have the experience to transfer the innovations.
- Published
- 1973
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18. Perception of Marital Roles in Decision Processes.
- Author
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Davis, Harry L. and Rigaux, Benny P.
- Subjects
DECISION making ,FAMILIES & economics ,CONSUMER research ,SPOUSES' legal relationship ,CONSUMER behavior ,COMMUNICATION ,HOUSEHOLDS ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,STRATEGIC planning - Abstract
Influence exerted by husbands and wives at different stages in the decision process was examined for 25 economic decisions in a convenience sample of Belgian households in which both spouses were questioned. The analysis considers changes in marital roles throughout decision-making and extent of role consensus within families. Implications are discussed in relation to communication strategies as well as for research on household economic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
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19. The Mist That Rolled Into The Trenches: Chemical Escalation In World War I.
- Author
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Cook, Robert E.
- Subjects
2ND Battle of Ypres, Ieper, Belgium, 1915 ,POISONOUS gases ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of gases ,CHLORINE ,HAZARDOUS substances ,CHEMICAL warfare ,CHEMICAL weapons ,MILITARY weapons - Abstract
The article presents the author's comments on the implications of the chlorine attack in Ypres, Ieper, Belgium the first true measure of the chemical escalation that preceded the massive gas attacks of World War I. In April 1915, The French and British Commands were taken by complete surprise with the Germans in a chlorine attack. However, this gas attack did not occur without prior warning. The preceding months had seen the slow steps of escalation which began with the combat use of tear gas by both sides as early as October 1914. Upon the attack at Ypres, the poisonous gas became one of the greatest casualty- producing agents used in combat.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
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20. A STRIKE OF SELF-EMPLOYED PROFESSIONALS: BELGIAN DOCTORS IN 1964.
- Author
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Craven, John V.
- Subjects
STRIKES & lockouts ,PHYSICIANS ,LABOR unions ,HEALTH insurance ,MEDICARE beneficiaries ,HOSPITAL costs ,DRUG prices ,FINANCE - Abstract
This article deals with a strike ordered by the National Federation of Physicians' Unions in Belgium in 1964. The strike started because of the failure of the government and the medical corps to agree on reforms in the Belgian sickness insurance program requested by the union. The causes of the financial difficulties involved in the program include an increase in the number of beneficiaries and additional allowances for drugs and hospital care. Two events in 1961 have increased the tension between the medical corps and its adversaries. Then a number of Belgian doctors cooperated with the Federation to conduct the strike.
- Published
- 1967
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21. New Standard for Belgium.
- Subjects
GOLD standard ,NATIONAL currencies ,DEVALUATION of currency ,MONETARY systems - Abstract
The article discusses what happened after Belgium moved its currency away from the gold standard. It states that the belga was devalued by 28%, moving it closer to the sterling bloc, causing liquidity problems among its banks. Balancing their liabilities is reportedly a challenge because most deposits and assets are in stocks, a problem which began in 1934. Further, exports are low due to the higher cost of foreign raw material, another result of devaluation. The rising unemployment rate is likewise impacted by the lower value of wages.
- Published
- 1935
22. Belgium's big bank breaks out of the mold.
- Subjects
BANK building design & construction ,COMPUTER systems ,ECONOMIC competition ,FINANCE - Abstract
The article reports the construction plan for a building of Société Générale de Banque at the opposite of its old edifice in Brussels, Belgium in October 1966. It says that Banque, developed in 1965 through a three-way merger, will erect the building with new computer system and administration, aiming to address the consumer demand and competition in Europe. Moreover, it states that the company plans to set up subsidiaries abroad and exchange shares and directors with European banks.
- Published
- 1966
23. Brussels: no longer Europe's wallflower.
- Subjects
BELGIAN economy, 1945- ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The article reports on the economic developments in Brussels, Belgium as it seeks to become the capital of the European Economic Community (EEC). The city serves as the administrative headquarters of the EEC wherein many important economic decisions are made, and functions as the principal center for business and economic intelligence in West Europe. It is noted that U.S. and foreign companies including Rexall Overseas establish their offices in the city because of growth opportunities.
- Published
- 1963
24. 10. International Marketing.
- Author
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Penn, William S., Gross, Walter, Meissner, Frank, Bergstrom, Marie, and Arnay, Oscar P.
- Subjects
EXPORT marketing ,STATISTICS ,GRAIN ,PRICES ,LIQUORS ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Several abstracts are presented for articles pertaining to international marketing. They include "Statistical Abstract of Latin America," by C. Paul Roberts, "French and EEC Grain Policies and Their Price Effects, 1920-1970, by Helen C. Farnsworth and Karen J. Friedmann, and "Spirits and Liqueurs in Belgium."
- Published
- 1968
25. Business Packs Them In at Brussels Fair.
- Subjects
TRADE shows ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,CONCERTS - Abstract
The article presents information on the Brussels Fair held in Brussels, Belgium. Musician Benny Goodman performed at a concert at the American Pavilion Theatre as a part of the fair. Several U.S. companies including International Business Machines Corp., United States Steel, and General Electric participated at the fair.
- Published
- 1958
26. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BELGIAN TOP MANAGERS AND THEIR CAREER PATH IN THE FIRM.
- Author
-
Beckers, Marc and Frère, Jean-Pol
- Subjects
EXECUTIVES ,MANAGEMENT ,PROFESSIONAL education ,OCCUPATIONAL achievement ,SOCIOCULTURAL factors ,MANAGEMENT literature - Abstract
The article explores the individual characteristics of top managers in Belgium and their career path in their firms. Studying only the practices of managers is not sufficient to grasp in depth the functioning of applied management systems in firms. Management is the result of a compromise between a value system and the internal and external constraints which weigh on the firm. Basically the socio-cultural background of managers is usually studied with respect to two variables: the father's profession and education. As far as the father's profession is concerned, it appears that two out of five managers are sons of top manager. And when the education is concerned, it appears that 75 percent of the top managers went to college, 12 percent received advanced training somewhere other than at college, and 13 percent did not go any farther than high school. When talking exclusively industrial character of top managers, 87% of the members had never worked anywhere else than in industry, while 13 percent came to it from public administration. If one examines the education, professional qualities, and social origin of individuals, the top managers' professional success can always be mainly attributed to one of these factors.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
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27. Announcement: International Conference on Transportation Research.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSPORTATION research , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *RESEARCH , *FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
The article presents information about an international conference, Transportation Research Forum and the College of Europe, to be held at the College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium, from June 18-22, 1973. The theme of the conference will be "Current Issues in Multi-Modal Transportation," and will focus primarily on matters of inter-modal and international significance. The issues to be discussed will span all modes of transportation and their inter-modal relationships, and will concern both passenger and freight movements. The issues will reflect the perspectives of the public and of the private sectors, and will concern research, policy and planning, as well as operations. Descriptive outlines of proposed papers, in English (300-400 words), should be submitted before December 1, 1972 to: Professor Marvin L. Manheim, Room 1-138, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States; or Dr. H. Brugmans, Rector, College of Europe, 8000-Bruges, Belgium.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
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28. Task Allocation in Marriage in the United States and Belgium.
- Author
-
Silverman, William and Hill, Reuben
- Subjects
MARRIAGE ,DOMESTIC relations ,FAMILIES ,SOCIAL institutions ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,HUMAN life cycle ,CULTURE - Abstract
Three miniature theories constructed to account for patterns of task allocation in marriage are compared for their explanatory power on data collected from similarly designed samples of American and Belgian families. Cultural prescriptions theory fails to explain either American or Belgian findings. Availability theory, namely, that the more available a spouse is to perform family tasks, the more tasks he is likely to perform, best explains American task allocation but does less well in explaining the Belgian findings. Family development theory which puts availability theory into time perspective over the family's life cycle explains best both American and Belgian variations in task allocation. Task performance, task specialization, and adherence to gender definitions of task assignments are shown to vary in both settings with changes in the size and composition of the family over its life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1967
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29. A Survey of Population Changes in Belgium.
- Author
-
Kendall, Henry Madison
- Subjects
POPULATION ,DEMOGRAPHY ,CULTURE ,DEMOGRAPHIC change ,POPULATION geography - Abstract
Points out that the population record of Belgium displays areas of marked deterioration which show strikingly against the general background of growth. Population growth categories; Language frontiers, which compares cultural differences within the country; Peak dates in population growth; Areas of decline; Areas of growth.
- Published
- 1938
- Full Text
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30. THE GEOGRAPHIC PROSPECT.
- Author
-
Johnson, Douglas
- Subjects
GEOGRAPHY ,EARTH sciences ,COSMOGRAPHY - Abstract
Delves into the geography of some countries. Discussion of the conditions of countries such as France, Great Britain, Germany and Belgium; Analysis of local causes of factors such as low prestige of geography in some countries; Importance of improving the conditions for geographic research.
- Published
- 1929
- Full Text
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31. APPRAISAL OF LABORATORY SIMULATION EXPERIENCES.
- Author
-
Geisler, Murray A.
- Subjects
MANAGEMENT science ,LOGISTICS - Abstract
The article presents a speech by Murray A. Geisler that was given at the 8
th Annual International Meeting of The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) in Brussels, Belgium on August 24, 1961. The speech discussed the role of TIMS in the field of management science, the international role of the organization and in particular the role of the European section of the organization. Geisler also discussed his research into logistics while working for the RAND Corporation in collaboration with the U.S. Air Force.- Published
- 1962
- Full Text
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32. Belgian Political Parties Since Liberation.
- Author
-
Oppenheim, F. E.
- Subjects
POLITICAL parties ,LIBERTY ,BELGIANS ,POLITICAL development - Abstract
The article discusses the political parties of Belgium after its liberation. It states that the Belgian Catholic Party has always been a conglomerate constituting different economic strata and differing political opinions. After the liberation, the Belgium's Liberal Party had the support of high finance groups although most of its followers have come from the middle class, small business men, civil servants and liberal profession members.
- Published
- 1950
- Full Text
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33. MODERN STUDIES IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION IN FRANCE AND BELGIUM.
- Author
-
Ross, Eva J.
- Subjects
RELIGION & sociology ,SOCIOLOGICAL research ,RELIGION & society ,CATHOLICS - Abstract
This article discusses modern studies in the sociology of religion in France and Belgium. Modern studies in France and Belgium are predominantly conducted by Catholics who have had no formal sociological training. Their interest dates from the publication of a popular three volume work by a Jesuit priest, Pierre Lhande, Le Christ dans la banlieu which cited facts to prove the diminution of religious influence among the working classes in the Paris suburbs, and was followed by the publication of a book on the scarcity of priests in France by Paul Doncoeur, La crise du sacerdoce, and by later similar publications. The facts revealed by Lhande did more than influence public opinion, for they led a professor of the history of canon law at the Sorbonne University, Gabriel Le Bras, to begin his career in the sociology of religion by writing his first article of a series in the Revue d'histoire de I'Eglise de France. In Belgium, as in France, Catholics are in the forefront of studies in the sociology of religion. Canon Jacques Laclercq, has had two courses in the subject within his department at the University of Louvain, another Catholic, a research assistant at the university, Mlle Claire Leplae, was one of the first to do modern-type research in the field: Pratique religieuse et milieu, Bulletin de I'Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales, XIII.
- Published
- 1954
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Industrial Democracy in Belgium.
- Author
-
Clarke, William N.
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL management ,INDUSTRIAL costs ,SOCIAL classes ,WORKING class - Abstract
The article reports on industrial democracy in Belgium. In order to appreciate the significance of revolutionary law, it is essential to see it as a response to a widespread and growing demand throughout the whole of the industrial capitalistic world, a demand that has become extraordinarily loud and insistent in Western Europe since the war. This is the demand of the working classes to be considered no longer as a mere extrinsic element or part of the production costs in the plant to which they contribute the best part of their time and energy, but rather to be admitted to a more organic role of participation with capital in the rights, responsibilities, and fruits of the enterprise in which they play such a key part. Thus alone, they maintain, will inherent dignity and value of their labor receive just recognition, and their personality and initiative, crushed out in the modern impersonal factory system, be given a chance once more to express themselves in work. In the United States also the same tendency is unmistakably present, but general opinion seems to look on such pretensions of labor as either too radical or too premature to have any chance of success for a long time to come. Witness the opposition on the part of capital to Philip Murray's proposal some years ago of a national system of labor-management industrial councils.
- Published
- 1949
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. A Survey of Recent Belgian Population Policy.
- Author
-
Watson, Cicely
- Subjects
POPULATION ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,GOVERNMENT policy ,SOCIAL indicators ,PUBLIC health ,DEMOGRAPHY - Abstract
This article presents information about a survey of recent Belgian population policy. Belgium is one of the most thickly populated areas in the world, with an average density of rather more than 279 inhabitants per square kilometer. Belgium, like other industrial nations of the western world, has for fifty years been experiencing a rapidly declining birth rate with a consequent ageing of her population. The total population of a country is affected by three major factors-births, deaths and migrations. The government's policy is concerned with all three but, since purely demographic considerations cannot be isolated from the general national approach to social welfare and public health and the political and economic tensions and strains peculiar to the nation, its intentions, successes and failures must be viewed in their proper setting. Any population programme in Belgium, as indeed any national programme in whatever sphere of activity, is faced with deep racial-linguistic conflicts, and particular attention must be given to regional needs and desires.
- Published
- 1954
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The Effect of Task Volume and Complexity upon Computer Use.
- Author
-
de Brabander, B., Deschoolmeester, D., Leyder, R., and Vanlommel, E.
- Subjects
BUSINESS enterprises ,COMPUTER training ,BUSINESS research ,COMPUTERS ,WORK environment ,ELECTRONIC data processing ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior ,COMPUTER industry - Abstract
The article presents findings from one part of a major research project, carried out in Belgium, on computer use in business firms. The project's objective has been to explain the kind and degree of computer use in terms of the firm's task. The research design was based on the considerations that the existing literature contains too many speculations and even contradictions' to suggest a coherent and consistent set of research hypotheses and too much of the research is in the form of case studies covering one or a few firms. This raises doubts about the generality of the conclusions of these studies. Moreover, possible differences as to the use of computers in the Anglo-Saxon business world and in the Belgian business environment have never been investigated and no systematic study has previously been made of characteristics of the firm's task to explain the use of computers. The research project has two parts. Part 1 studies the impact of the task environment on computer use and part 2 is a study of the organizational consequences of computer use.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Trials of Foreign Borrowing: the English Crown and the Antwerp Money Market in the Mid-Sixteenth Century.
- Author
-
Ouithwaite, R. B.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain ,MONEY market deposit accounts ,MONEY market funds - Abstract
This article focuses on Great Britain's dependence on the Antwerp, Belgium money market for loans or credits during the sixteenth century period. The reasons for this dependence are largely explicable in terms of the size and frequency of royal demands for credit, the inability of the English money market to satisfy such demands, and the contemporary dominance of Antwerp both as an international capital market and as a center for English trade. There can be no doubt that intermittently throughout these thirty years Britain's demands for credit were extraordinarily heavy. A few random illustrations reveal the enormous scale on which credit was periodically demanded. The localization of financial transactions in the famous bourse and an advanced system of brokerage facilitated the rapid satisfaction of borrower and lender. Also, to Antwerp there migrated, and at Antwerp were developed, some of the greatest fortunes of the sixteenth century.
- Published
- 1966
38. NEWS FROM ABROAD.
- Subjects
NUCLEAR research ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,NUCLEAR power plants ,BRITISH foreign relations ,SOVIET Union foreign relations, 1953-1975 ,SCIENTISTS ,NUCLEAR energy ,MEDICAL physics ,20TH century British history ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article reports on issues and topics related to the global nuclear energy development. Belgium and Great Britain has signed an agreement providing for the sale to Britain of uranium from the Belgian Congo. In relation to this agreement, an atomic power plant will be built within a few miles of the center of Brussels to provide electricity for the World's Fair of 1958. Seven British scientists, headed by Dr. B. F. J. Schonland, left London for a six-day visit to the Soviet Union. The First International Training Course for Health Physicists opened in Stockholm, Sweden on November 11, 1956.
- Published
- 1956
39. New Patterns of Teacher Education and Tasks; Country Experience. Belgium, France, and United Kingdom.
- Author
-
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France). and Breuse, Edouard
- Abstract
This collection of four reports deals with the topics of teacher education, teacher tasks, general aspects of training policies, and changes in teacher tasks and working conditions. The first report, "Experiments in Continuing Teacher Training," by Edouard Breuse, examines the program established in the French-speaking part of Belgium. The experiment organized for state school teachers promotes training for new teacher attitudes and brings teams of educators together for retraining. "Experiments in Continuing Teacher Training," by Gilles Feery, examines several innovative approaches to teacher training in France. Topics include a) diversity of conditions in which the innovations were set up, b) variety of models, and c) disparities in how the models fit into institutional structures. The report also considers whether a new model of teacher training is now being built up from disparate efforts, each focusing on a limited aspect of training. "Experiment of the College of Secondary Education at Marly-le-Roi and Its Implications for Teacher Tasks," by Josette Poinssac, discusses the effects of educational technology on the changing pattern of teacher tasks. "Innovative Trends to Teacher Training and Retraining," by S. J. Eggleston, discusses the 1972 government white paper on educational reorganization and its policies for the restructuring of tertiary education and the adjustment of teacher supply as being the critical factor in innovation in England and Wales. (Author/JS)
- Published
- 1974
40. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1895. In Five Volumes. Volume V -- In Two Parts. Part 1 [Report of the Commissioner of Education]
- Author
-
Department of the Interior, United States Bureau of Education (ED)
- Abstract
This is the Report of the Commissioner of Education, part of the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1895. The Bureau of Education report is contained within volume five, which is in two parts. Part one contains: (1) The Commissioner of Education's Introduction; (2) Statistics of State Common-School Systems; (3) City School Systems; (4) Statistical Review of Secondary Schools; (5) Statistical Review of Normal Schools; (6) Statistical Review of Higher Education; (7) Statistical Review of Professional Schools; (8) The Educational Systems of England and Scotland, with Statistics for 1893-94; (9) Manitoba School Case; (10) Education in France; (11) Public Education in Belgium; (12) Education in Central Europe; (13) Education in the Netherlands; (14) Education in Italy; (15) Report of the Loyal Commission on Secondary Education; (16) Papers Accompanying the Report of the Loyal Commission on Secondary Education; (17) Higher Education in Russian, Austrian, and Prussian Poland; (18) Art education in the public schools; (19) Facilities for the University Education of Women in England; (20) Educational Status of Women in Different Countries; (21) Chautauqua: A Social and Educational Study; (22) Pensions for Teachers; (23) Coeducation--Compulsory Attendance--American Students in Foreign Universities--Continuation and Industrial Schools; and (24) Educational Directory. [For the first part of the Commissioner of Education's 1894-95 report, see "Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1894-95. Volume 2. Containing Parts II and III" (ED622083).]
- Published
- 1896
41. Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93. Volume 1. Containing Parts I and II
- Author
-
Department of the Interior, United States Bureau of Education (ED)
- Abstract
This is Volume 1 of the Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93, containing Parts I and II. This volume begins with the Commissioner of Education's Introduction. Part I covers the topics: (1) Statistical Summaries; (2) Illiteracy in the United States; (3) System of Public Education in Belgium; (4) Elementary Education in Great Britain; (5) Education in France; (6) Education in Ontario, New Zealand, and India; (7) Recent Developments in the Teaching of Geography in Central Europe; (8) The Common School System of Bavaria; (9) Education in Uruguay; (10) Child Study; (11) Bibliography of Herbartianism; and (12) Name Register. Part II, Education and the World's Columbian Exposition, covers the topics: (1) Programme of the International Congress of Education and Addresses of Welcome; (2) American Views and Comments on the Educational Exhibits; (3) German Criticism on American Education and the Educational Exhibits; (4) French Views upon American Education and the Educational Exhibits; (5) Medical Instruction in the United States as presented by French Specialists; (6) Notes and Observations on American Education and the Educational Exhibits, by Italian, Swedish, Danish, and Russian Delegates; (7) American Technological Schools; (8) Higher Education of Women in Russia; (9) Papers Prepared for the World's Library Congress; and (10) Notes on Education at the Columbian Exposition. [For "Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93. Volume 2. Containing Parts III and IV," see ED622070.]
- Published
- 1895
42. The Training of Teachers of Mathematics for the Secondary Schools of the Countries Represented in the International Commission on the Teaching of Mathematics. Bulletin, 1917, No. 27
- Author
-
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education (ED) and Archibald, Raymond Clare
- Abstract
This bulletin is based upon reports to the International Commission on the Teaching of Mathematics concerning the development of the teacher of mathematics in the better secondary schools of different countries. For the most part, only those schools which are under the immediate direction of the Government have been considered. And even here discussion is limited to the best schools for boys and to the teachers in such schools. As a rule, the schools for girls are not as completely organized or of so high a standard. Included in this bulletin, when possible, are brief independent sketches of the educational conditions in the various countries, so that the readers may receive here in connected form condensed but definite accounts of the following phases of educational work in the country under discussion, in so far as they bear on the preparation of teachers of secondary mathematics: (1) the general educational scheme; (2) secondary schools and their relation to that scheme; (3) the mathematics taught in the secondary schools and the pupils to whom it is taught; (4) the inducements (such as salary, pensions; social position) to young men to take up secondary-school teaching as a profession; (5) the universities of the country, the courses of mathematics and allied subjects they offer, and the diplomas or certificates they confer. The countries profiled include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Roumania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The following are appended: (A) England: Cambridge local examinations, senior students; Oxford and Cambridge schools, examination board; University of London, matriculation examinations; (B) England: Entrance scholarships examination papers, Cambridge University; (C) France: Concours for admission to the Ecole Normale Superieure and for the Courses de licenses in 1913; (D) Agregation des sciences mathematiques; (E) Germany: Reifeprufungen; Lehramtsprufungen; (F) Japan; Examination questions. This bulletin was produced with the editorial cooperation of Smith, D. E.; Osgood, W. F.; and Young, J. W. A. An index is provided. (Individual chapters contain footnotes and tables.) [Best copy available has been provided.]
- Published
- 1918
43. Education under Enemy Occupation in Belgium, China, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland. Bulletin, 1945, No. 3
- Author
-
Federal Security Agency, US Office of Education (ED)
- Abstract
As yet citizens in the United States have had very little specific and authoritative information from the enemy-occupied countries of Europe and the Far East about what has happened and is happening to the intellectual life of their people. Recognizing these limitations in the information and desirous that the citizens of the United States, particularly the youth in schools and colleges, should be made as fully aware as possible of the situation, the members of the American Education Delegation meeting in London in the spring of 1944, arranged to secure authentic information on the important matters indicated. The delegation referred to was appointed by the Secretary of State of the United States for the purpose of participating with ministers of education, or their representatives, of 17 nations in a conference to be held in London, where, as is well known, most of the occupied countries have set up governments in exile. This bulletin is devoted to accounts of what the war and enemy occupation following it have meant to education in 6 of the 11 countries to which requests were addressed. They are presented as nearly as possible in the form in which they were prepared by the respective ministers of education or their representatives. They are, therefore, authentic and official and represent conditions as they were when written, during the early summer of 1944. The U.S. Office of Education presents them to the schools, school officials, and school children and youth of the United States, knowing well their sympathetic interest in their less fortunate fellows who have suffered and are suffering not alone the tragic casualties of war but the still less tolerable, brutal and unnecessary destruction which followed in its wake. In secondary schools and colleges these papers will be read as presented for the story they tell, for the style and tone of the authors, for renewed appreciation of the valiant manner in which youth of character meets disaster; but the facts disclosed will lead to further study of the countries involved, of their people, their history, and development socially, economically, and educationally. (Contains 6 footnotes.) [Best copy available has been provided.]
- Published
- 1945
44. SHAPE and its Shapers.
- Author
-
Bryan III, J.
- Subjects
FLAGS ,OFFICE layout - Abstract
Describes the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, the central command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Mons, Belgium. Aim of the NATO; Description of the central command's flag; Office layout.
- Published
- 1958
45. Reich Post War Plans.
- Subjects
NATIONAL territory - Abstract
The article focuses on the possibility of the territorial division of Belgium which will give the northern part to Holland and the southern part to France, and the two post-war economic trends in Berlin, Germany.
- Published
- 1940
46. Germans Set Up Plans Export Volkswagen.
- Subjects
AUTOMOBILE exports & imports - Abstract
The article reports that Volkswagen has planned to export its cars in 2 European countries, including Belgium and Netherlands, while its current output is 1,000 cars a month.
- Published
- 1948
47. Light for Belgium.
- Subjects
DISTRIBUTORS (Commerce) ,FLUORESCENT lighting - Abstract
The article profiles Andre Closset, exclusive distributor for Sylvania electrical products in the U.S. According to the author, Closset is a major distributor of durable goods and magazines in Brussels, Belgium. Closset has sold more than 2 million U.S. dollars worth of Sylvania fluorescent lighting products in Belgium and Luxembourg in 1947 and is competing with Dutch lighting company Phillips.
- Published
- 1947
48. THE WAR AND BUSINESS ABROAD.
- Subjects
TRUCK design & construction - Abstract
The article offers global news briefs related to business in 1945. The French Army prepares for an operation that calls for the extensive aid from American and Allied business in Europe. The Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc. is building and repairing its communications installations for the Allied military forces in Belgium. The factory of Ford Motor Co. resumes its assembly of trucks for occupation forces in Cologne, Germany.
- Published
- 1945
49. THE WAR AND BUSINESS ABROAD.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic assistance ,LEND-lease operations (1941-1945) - Abstract
This section offers news briefs related to war and international business as of April 1945. The Italian aid offered by the U.S. federal government covered the repairs of transportation equipment for railroad rolling stock as well as transmission of electric power in Italy. The national government of Belgium reversed lend-lease to the armies of the Allied force which totaled 107,000,000 U.S. dollars. The financial aid of the U.S. for Belgium which amounts to 325,000,000 U.S. dollars does not include any long-lived equipment like machinery or locomotives.
- Published
- 1945
50. Intuitive Management Is Still the Thing.
- Subjects
MANAGEMENT ,EXECUTIVES' attitudes ,INTUITION - Abstract
The article focuses on the "Shallenberger Report" prepared by professional manager John Shallenberger, which provides information on management practices in 60 countries. Shallenberger found that most of the world's managers have failed to benefit from the application of a scientific approach to management, and that U.S. managers, like most managers, prefer to manage by intuition. He cited Belgium as one of the leaders in the management movement, with the country's long exposure to foreign management methods and experimentation by its own managers.
- Published
- 1960
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