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A conference paper about the history of marketing in Latin America is presented. The author gives a brief account of race and nationality distribution in the region, followed by the effects of the World War I on the area. According to the author, Latin America faces difficulties in industrializing due to its inability to import the necessary machinery.

This article presents abstracts of several papers published in the February 1965 issue of the journal Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. In the paper Notes on Public Investment Criteria in the United Kingdom, P. D. Henderson discussed the problem of devising a reasonable set of criteria for appraising public investment projects in Great Britain. While in the article The Absorption of Manpower by the Urban and Rural sectors of Brazil, Raouf Kahil examined the available data concerning urban and rural populations in Brazil and argues that the basis of a valid judgment of the job opportunities offered by the urban and rural sectors were cannot be seen.

The present paper attempts to construct such a bridge. We take as our case in point Brazilian development over the past 2 decades—and in particular the period of rapid industrialization up to 1962—but the results may have greater generality. The present paper attempts to construct such a bridge. We take as our case in point Brazilian development over the past 2 decades—and in particular the period of rapid industrialization up to 1962—but the results may have greater generality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines rural elementary education in Brazil in the light of historical phenomena and recent socioeconomic development. Contemporary rural society is described from the point of view of its social structure and the way in which rural educational problems emerge from this context. The paper concludes with a statement and evaluation of attempts on the part of the federal government to solve problems of elementary education in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responds to various comments concerning the author's article about inflation and stagnation in Brazil from 1963 to 1966. Brazil's experience to more traditional macroeconomics variables; Paper critics' allusion to structural imbalance, lack of demand, and an unequal distribution of income.

This paper is a study of the behaviour of the aggregate savings coefficient in the course of Brazilian development. Brazil is especially useful for such a case-study. Unlike most less-developed countries, many of the economic and social changes and the policy measures which have been suggested on a priori grounds as conducive to raising marginal savings rates have in fact taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses itself to some linkages between macro-social structure (industrialization, social class), social psychological variables (husband-wile decision making), psychological variables (attitudes), and fertility. A total of 726 currently mated women with proven fertility in five Brazilian communities were interviewed to determine various attitudes, their work experience, their participation in family decisions, their fertility ideals, and actual fertility. The five communities were selected along a rural-urban-industrialization continuum to include a village, two non-industrial cities, and two industrial cities (one of which was São Paulo). Family size in the industrial cities was small in all social strata, while in the non-industrial cities family size was large in the lower strata and declined in the upper strata. Further analysis revealed that smaller family size is associated with generally higher levels of status among women-higher educational levels, greater social contacts and more skilled employment, and equality in family decision making. Our analysis supports the hypotheses that industrialization influences fertility through shifts in the social status of women, both in their work and at home. New education and work opportunities facilitate the emergence of modern conceptions of the role of women in society and egalitarian decision making in the family. These attitudes and patterns of husband-wife interaction are related to smaller family size ideals and lower fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on data from 142 farm operators in a small farm setting in southern Brazil. The study centers on an index of prestige standards which differentiates between an orientation to ownership and consumption of goods and services, and an orientation to giving of time, resources, and energy. Analysis indicates that prestige orientation based on giving inhibits the seeking of information about new ideas and this, in turn, results in nonadoption of modern farm practices. The implication is that the ends of industrial society must be accepted before means to those ends will be accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general view and evaluation of rural research in Brazil. The beginnings of rural research and the main orientations during its early development are reviewed. Three fields are then analyzed more thoroughly: community studies, regional investigations, and problem oriented research. Although relatively few in number, the community studies have nevertheless served to illustrate the most varied types of social structure in Brazil. General regional surveys are numerous and are concerned principally with cultural and ecological aspects of society; most of Brazil's varied regions have been studied in this fashion. Problem-oriented research, on the other hand, is fairly recent and as yet unsystematic. The main problem areas that have been emphasized are: immigration and assimilation, internal migrations, messianic movements, and more recently, class relations and land tenure problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies on the private rate of return from investment in education are, by now, available. It is evident that if the private rate of return is to have realistic meaning, it must be measured net of taxes. Moreover, it is not merely the direct (income) taxes that are relevant here. Different education levels may also cause some changes in family expenditure patterns and costs of work performance. Accordingly, the indirect (outlay) taxes also become relevant. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the distribution of tax burden among Brazilian families classified according to education levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comparative study of three Pentecostal sects, two in Chile and one in Brazil. Opposing the traditional class system in which they rank low, the Pentecostal sects seek to shape their own structure after an egalitarian model in which all criteria of conventional ranking as practiced by the wider society are rejected. In reality, however, compromise with authoritarian principles seems rather common. Comparison of the three cases shows that the closer a sect comes to the egalitarian model the more its leaders feel the need to validate their authority by seeking supernatural sanctions for their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the stagnation of Brazilian exports of products other than coffee during the postwar period. Export stagnation led to a pattern of autarkic development. The combination of growing domestic demand and income-inelastic supply of imports put pressure on the real exchange rate. As the external value of the cruzeiro depreciated more rapidly than the internal inflation, relative prices moved to favor domestic producers for many new products, leading to the establishment of many new industries producing only for the internal market, and very rapid growth based on import substitution. This process was self-sustaining, as import substitution coupled with export stagnation in one period lowered the equilibrium exchange rate for imports, and stimulated further import substitution in the next. Because of the increasing inelasticity of domestic production with respect to downward movements of the exchange rate, however, import substitution became a progressively more expensive way both of saving foreign exchange and of generating growth.

The paper is a brief report of a study of the way of life followed by the caipiras who inhabit the Paraitinga Valley in the eastern part of the state of Sāo Paulo, Brazil. It is limited largely to considerations of the population and its characteristics; health, diet, housing and related aspects of the level and standard of living; labor contracts and work techniques; religious beliefs and practices; social participation; and the rights enjoyed by these humble folk who are similar in so many ways to the bulk of the rural inhabitants of other sections of the Brazilian nation. Most of the description and analysis is based upon a long period of personal observation and study by the Brazilian co-author of the report. For almost two decades the author has been in intimate contact with families in the region studied, making detailed observations and records of various aspects of social organization and social participation. Caipira is a term widely used in Sāo Paulo to designate the humble rural folk who inhabit the less advanced sections of the state. It usually has a depreciative connotation.

The article presents a study and experience obtained during a two-year sojourn in an academic environment in Brazil as of July 1962. The study of the role of the accountant in other countries is in keeping with the development of world commerce and the necessity of recognizing the earth as one ever-narrowing commercial community. This paper is offered as a contribution towards the development of that understanding. Each observer, however, forms his opinion based on the limits of his experience, his background, and his special prejudices. This is especially true when observing a foreign scene. Thus opinions differ from visitors' opinions seldom have much substance; long-time residents' opinions often reflect a subtle shift in their original "national" perspectives. The implications for international public accounting are likewise rather dear. Those persons pushing for immediate or near immediate amalgamation of every nation's public accounting societies and the introduction of American standards must realize that the maturation process must first get at least a good hold. This process will be aided in direct proportion to the participation of foreign accountants in both the educational and professional fabric of every country. The process basically consists of the introduction of the broad ideas of business administration into the academic fabric of the country. The concept of financial information as useful for something other than formulations of historical, backward-looking, taxpaying records must precede the development of a strong accounting profession.

In this third paper dealing with the algae of Brazil, four Chlorophycophyta and six Chrysophycophyta are described. These organism were found in the so called "Sete Lagoas" Lake-District, State of Minas Gerais. They are: Granulochloris maxima nov. sp., Pseudoquadrigula lagoensis nov. gen., nov. sp., Oedogonium spirostriatum, Pseudochaete crassisetum (Chlorophvceae), Phalansterium digitatum (Chrysophyceae), Tetraedriella polychloris, T. acuta, Goniochloris gigas, Peroniella minuta y Pseudostaurastrum enorme (Xanthophyceae). Except Oedogonium, all these genera are mentioned for the first time for Brazil and also for South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the experience Brazil has had with indexing its economy, a policy that was undertaken in 1964 as a response to inflation. Brazilian indexing or monetary correction was applied in some fashion to taxes, financial instruments, exchange rates, and wages. Monetary corrections in the first three nonwage areas succeeded in restoring to prices and the market place the allocative role they had lost during the preceding hyper-inflation years. Interest rates and exchange rates were made meaningful once again and some workable private financial instruments were created. But nonwage indexation has served as a vehicle for government intervention rather than as a substitute for it. Export subsidies and incentives have been used alongside the crawling peg; indexing as applied to mortgage loans has undergone extensive revision at various times; tax rulings concerning financial assets have been changed, providing favorable treatment to certain assets at the expense of others. It was stressed that wage indexing was more a form of price control than a step toward better functioning markets. Instead of serving as an automatic correction for inflation, wage indexing in practice was a completely discretionary instrument of policy.

The importance of the dynamic structure of agricultural supply functions has been recognised for a long time. The seminal work has offered an elegant solution to this problem which has been so widely adopted that at present it might even be regarded as the standard approach. The impact of this work on dynamic models has been felt far beyond agricultural economics and in the course of this diffusion, a number of modifications have been proposed. The supply of tree crops is particularly suited to this treatment as there are long lags of gestation between planting and cropping. The investment decision of planting trees is a classical problem in capital theory. One explanation for the absence of parallel development in the field of agricultural economics is that this model was originally applied to field crops in which long lags are absent. In this paper an attempt is made to fill this gap by constructing a structural model of tree crop supply. The model is developed with reference to the supply of coffee in Brazil, for the sake of concreteness and ease of interpretation and because coffee is a crop possessing most of the characteristics outlined in the article.

Nurkse's classical analysis of nineteenth-century trade and development dealt largely with the temperate-zone countries. Why the tropical countries remained "outsiders" to this process is not clearly understood. In an effort to substitute historical analysis for the a priori explanations which have been popular in this area, the present paper presents data and analysis on international trade and its effects on income growth, structural change, and income distribution in Brazil during the period 1822-1913. Apart from its historical and analytical interest, this material may also be useful for checking the historical relevance of the stylized facts which underly deductive models of trade and development. Perceptions concerning nineteenth-century tropical trade and its effects on development have provided an implicit background to economic models of trade and development as well as to policy making in the current less-developed countries. What actually happened in tropical trade and development during the nineteenth century, however, is not at all clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political histories of the Plate Basin after independence have tended to obscure the dynamic relationship between the frontier cattlemen and the commercial-political-industrial centers. It is suggested that borderland warfare and political factionalism were related to the areas resource base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the extended family as a source of information and as the basis for mutual assistance and social contact is studied among rural and urban samples in central Brazil. Chi-square tests are used to determine the presence of association between length of residence of migrants and occupational status with the extent of mutual assistance and social contact. While migrants have fewer contacts than do natives, the extent of contact tends to increase, particularly with relatives of the husband, with length of residence of the migrants. Occupational status is positively associated with extended family contacts of all types in both rural and urban samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes some aspects of the industrialization policies followed by the Brazilian government in the post-World War II period. This article concentrates on the effects upon the structure of the economy, the rate of growth, and the performance of the principal new industries. Brazil's industrialization should be viewed against a background of declining earnings of its traditional exports, which consist principally of coffee, cocoa, sugar, and cotton. From the long-term trends in world trade, it would seem that these commodities are not among those which have a bright future. Further evidence of the dim outlook for the exports of primary producing countries and their continued reliance on specialization in those goods has recently been shown by the United Nations World Economic Survey, 1962. Although Brazil came out of the second World War with substantial amounts of foreign exchange reserves, these vanished within one year in an import spurt, a large proportion of which consisted of consumer goods.

Literacy and level of education are examined as predisposing factors in exposure to information about modern farming methods. Data from 142 operators of small farms in southern Brazil show that, except for a necessary association between literacy or level of education and reading of printed farm information, these variables do not serve in a general way to enhance exposure to information about agriculture. It is concluded that the influence of literacy and basic education on the process of agricultural development may not be direct. Quality of education, and the articulation of education with available means of increasing economic productivity, are among the factors which should be analyzed to arrive at a sound basis for policy decisions regarding investment in education in underdeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history of Brazil as an independent country, it has been dismantled by inter-regional strife and jealousy. The Vargas régime in Brazil, in its current context, is an exceptional reminder of the Italian Fascism up to the middle 1920s. Brazil is a reminiscent of a partially completed syndicalist structure that has dominated Europe during the era. It has witnessed the evolution of an elaborate apparatus of propaganda and censorship. The article presents a discussion on the effectiveness of the Brazilian system of opinion management. The Vargas régime has been motivated by both negative and positive considerations in its attempt to design popular opinion. On the negative side, the principal objective has been to prevent the expression and spread of ideas prejudicial to the maintenance of the régime. Due to the possibility of an organized opposition undermining its foundations, the régime has not allowed the development of such opposition. Positive objectives of the control system are associated chiefly with propaganda, insuring the internal security of the régime. The propaganda has been build up an active support for its leaders and their policies.

The article examines the position of colored freedmen in Brazilian slave society. By analyzing the occupations, status, and degree of acceptance of freedmen during slavery, historians can shed light on the pattern of postemancipation assimilation for the entire slave class. Additionally, the role of the free colored indicates the nature of the slave regime and reveals whether it was closed or open. The paper looks at freedmen in Brazil through the use of data on numbers, rates of growth, occupational mobility, and degree of integration.

The article presents a study of migration, natural increase and city growth with regard to Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. The processes associated with the demographic transition from high to low vital rates in developing countries are progressively being understood as divergent from those prevailing during the chronologically earlier transitions occurring in the developed Western nations. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the nature of those demographic relationships which culminate in the unprecedented city growth of developing areas. Moreover, although several studies have concentrated on apportioning the relative contribution of natural increase and migration, few have paid systematic attention to the factor of migrant natural increase. Such an oversight can assume considerable proportions since, depending upon the dimensions of prior migratory moves, migrant natural increase could conceivably play a commanding role, even to the point of competing with either native natural increase or net migration. In an effort to illustrate the manner in which components of urban growth can concretely interact in an urban developing area, the growth processes operating in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during the period 1920-1970 are presented here.

This article provides a summary of the paper "Streams and Meander Lakes on the Mato Grosso," presented by J. Green at the Spring Meeting of the Tropical Group of the British Ecological Society held in London, England, on April 24, 1969. This paper discusses an investigation into the conductivities of streams in the Mato Grosso in Brazil conducted during the Royal Society-Royal Geographical Society Xaventina-Cachimbo Expedition. The investigation found that surface run-off had a higher conductivity than the rain, but water seeping into a soil pit had a much lower conductivity.

The article analyzes various papers related to the Latin American demography that were published in different journals. The article "O Brasil em Face do Intercambio Migratorio Internaional," by E. Fischlowitz was published in the September 1968 issue of the journal "Verbum." The article examines the following facts related to Brazil: the decreasing international immigration in Brazil, the increasing internal migration and the increasing emigration of Brazilian people, most of them scientists, engineers and technicians, to other countries. The article "Race and Class in Brazil, 1937-1967: A Re-Assessment: A Review," by A.J.R. Russel-Wood was published in the October 1968 issue of the journal "Race." This article is a review of Donald Pierson's book, "Negroes in Brazil: A Study of Race Contact at Bahia." The paper "A Economic Analysis of Internal Migration in Brazil," by G.S. Sahota was published in the March-April 1968 issue of "The Journal of Political Economy." This paper analyzes interstate migration in Brazil by isolating the factors underlying labor migration. Among the major findings of this study is the fact that internal migration in Brazil is highly responsive to earning differentials.