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Presents abstracts of geography-related papers, as of March 1926. "The Status of Zoogeography in North America," by Chas. C. Adams; "Settlement and Economic Development of the San Juan Region of Colorado," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Culture and Landscape at Madison, Wisconsin," by V.C. Finch.

This article presents the research papers published in this issue of the journal "Rural Sociology." The first paper by James H. Copp represents a stage in the maturation of research on farm practice acceptance. It is one of the first attempts to compare the results of studies conducted in different agricultural regions. Using data from Wilkening's study in Wisconsin and from his own study in Kansas, he developed comparable measures of certain personal, social, and economic variables. Another paper by Copp and colleagues deals with the informational aspect of the acceptance of new farm practices. They attempt essentially to specify the function of information sources in the adoption process. By asking a series of questions about the sources of information at various times, from the awareness of a new practice until its adoption, they find that institutionalized sources tend to perform a function separate from that of noninstitutionalized sources. The study by Charles R. Hoffer and Dale Stangland is a worthy attempt to take into account the farmer's value orientations as they affect his adoption of practices.

In this article the author comments on a paper by economic theorist Alex Maurizi, previously published in the journal Industrial and Labor Relations Reviews, where he argues that shortening the length of apprenticeship training may be a far more successful means for achieving an increased participation of non-whites in the construction trades than the current antidiscrimination efforts in the U.S. Maurizi also states that nepotism is widespread in the construction trades, over half of construction tradesmen typically have fathers in some of the skilled trades. Many theorists argue that long training periods discourage employer training of apprentices and discourage continuation of apprenticeship to completion. In the first place, many apprentices complete their programs in less time than formally scheduled. In addition, men who do well in related instruction are fairly often allowed to graduate early. Second, the cost of the last year of apprenticeship to the apprentice may be fairly low. The author argues that shortening the length of apprenticeship will increase the supply of those who enter apprenticeship but reduce the demand for apprentices by employers.

This paper looks into the change in retail and service activities in a sample of Wisconsin villages. A documentation of recent trends in trade activities by village and a review of the patterns of change by individual functions are likewise presented. The findings are intended to update previous research and to provide a more detailed description of trends in individual activities. Retail activities were plotted according to their frequency of occurrence in the sample at each time to depict which activities were increasing or decreasing in importance. Village population was then compared with the functional offering at each time and population change was compared with change in the number of functions.

This paper compares the perceptions of county agricultural committee members with those of county extension agents as to general objectives and specific roles of county extension workers in thirty Wisconsin counties. County committee members tend to view the agents more as "generalists" and as persons performing services for groups and associations in the county than do the agents themselves. The ordering of types of activities on the basis of importance in "getting the job done" by committee members tends to agree more with the ordering by agricultural agents than by home agents or 4-H Club agents. County agricultural committee members tend to define the roles of county extension workers in terms of local needs and interests rather than in terms of sectional, state, or national problems. There is general consensus between agents and committee members with respect to their relationships in program planning but not in administrative matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to test two hypotheses concerning relationships between farm income and the adoption of farm practices. The first hypothesis is that there is no association between adoption of new farm practices and net farm incomes. The second hypothesis is that farm operators will designate as "best farmers" other operators who are like themselves in net farm income. Viewed in terms of the conceptual framework previously stated, the second hypothesis implies an assumption that the "best farmers" serve as models of behavior in the adoption of farm practices as well as in a general sense, that they rank high in adoption of practices, and that, at least by example, they serve to promote the acceptance of new farm practices. Data on the adoption of 20 extension-recommended farm practices were obtained from a random sample of 200 Rock County, Wisconsin, farm owner-operators. Each respondent was given an adoption score representing that proportion of the practices applicable to his own farm which he was following in 1951, the year preceding the survey.

This paper presents the results of a field investigation concerning the social behavior of rural-neighborhood members. From a study of 713 rural families in Dane County, Wisconsin, the conclusion was reached that families who live in rural neighborhoods engage more often in certain proximal, primary, rural-located interactions than do other families. This finding generally supports current theoretical formulations. A research instrument was devised to determine neighborhood membership, on the basis of behavior, and to aid in trend analyses of interactions characteristic of neighborhood members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The farm transmission or succession practices employed by 636 Wisconsin ‘century farm’ families are analyzed in this paper. Ownership of each farm has been handed down to descendants of the first owner for a period of at least a century—1848 to 1948. These 636 farms have been transferred a total of 1,458 times, or an average of 2.3 transfers per farm. Sons became subsequent owners more often than daughters or collateral descendants. Out of 1,458 transfers, 74.6 per cent were to sons, 3.6 per cent were to sons and daughters jointly, 14.5 per cent were to daughters, and 7.3 per cent were to relatives other than children. Statistical tests of significance revealed that the sibling order of sons who succeeded their fathers was not important in determining which one acquired ownership, except in the case of five-son families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in ‘indigenous fertility’ of farm families has been very limited because of the difficulty of obtaining a sample of farm couples who were reared on the farm and who, subsequently, spent their married life on the farm, and the difficulty of securing such a continuing sample of farm families throughout several generations. This paper presents an analysis of indigenous fertility of a sample of 305 farm families and their survivors through ensuing generations, including the present farm owners. Out of a total of 910 Wisconsin century farms, 305 have been handed down to a direct lineal descendant (a son or daughter) in each generation from 1848 to 1948. The size of the farm family has declined each succeeding generation. The data suggest that the decline in fertility began to slow down after 1900 and that the size of farm families is becoming somewhat stabilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes cultural changes which have occurred since pioneer days in a rural, east Wisconsin German ethnic island. The social process is considered in terms of cultural history, geography, mobility, and enmeshment of the area in the dominant American culture. To determine the nature and degree of changes in ethnic values and attitudes, attention is focused on farming methods, family functions, and cultural conflict. The area has succeeded in making easy adjustments to the American situation and has remained a stable society largely for the following reasons: a traditional pattern of a diversified agriculture, coupled with a willingness to experiment and to conserve soil fertility, a climate and soil suited to this type of farming, acceptance of dairying to assure a cash income, a unique local outlet for excess farm produce, familism, settlement in a large compact group, and contact with an urban culture quite similar to its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is one chapter from a larger study called "Success and Failure of Adult Probationers in Wisconsin." The problem is to compare the behavior of rural-farm probationers, rural-nonfarm probationers, and urban-nonfarm probationers with respect to certain traits in their history. These traits were age of conviction, factors in the family background, factors associated with the circumstances and conditions of the crime and of the trial, crime for which convicted, length of sentence, and period on probation. Rural- farm and urban-nonfarm differ most strikingly in their behavior on probation. The critical ratio of the standard error of difference to the actual difference between their mean violation rates was 6.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statistics of the federal income tax is reaching directly less than one half of one percent of the population. It further appears, from the published statistics, that 1598 persons with incomes exceeding $100,000 paid approximately $11,600,000, or over 40 percent of the aggregate tax collected. In Wisconsin 60,860 persons were assessed in this year, representing about 2.6 percent of the population. Of these, 667 persons having taxable incomes of over $10,000 were assessed for 48 per cent of the total tax. The income tax is still, therefore a rich man's tax. It is drawn predominantly from the rich and in that sense it plainly equalizes the distribution of wealth. Though no similar statistics have been seen relating to inheritance taxes, it is almost certain that the inheritance tax works in the same general way. Both taxes draw far more from the rich than from the poor and plainly operate to equalize wealth in the first instance. The paper addresses the questions of whether the rich should continue to be expected to equalize wealth in the long run, and are their direct effects counterbalanced by indirect and less obvious consequences.

Measures of political involvement, perceptions of political cleavages, and political beliefs are developed from interviews conducted in 1962 with formal leaders and voters in four middle-sized Wisconsin cities. Leaders and voters are divided into those with some college education and those with less than college. The relative effect of holding a leadership position versus having some college education upon political attitudes and behavior is the key problem of the paper. Both leadership and education are found to be independently related to all attitudes and behavior analyzed. Leadership is more important than education with regard to the "quantity" of political involvement; education is more important than leadership with regard to the "quality" or "direction" of political beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the interactional patterns of Wisconsin farm couples with their parents. Step-wise multiple regression analysis provides a technique to solve a sequence of one or more multiple linear models by step-wise application of the least sum-of-squares method. The predictor variables used in this analysis include: distance, husband's age, stage in the family life-cycle, husband's education, wife's education, gross farm income, agricultural training of the husband, productive-man-work-units, and level of living. The results showed that distance is an important factor in the interaction between generations in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the acetylene reduction in relaxation to levels of phosphate and fixed nitrogen in Green Bay. This paper reports data collected during the summer of 1971 in the southern part of Green Bay of Lake Michigan. This study undertook to characterize acetylene reduction and nutrient levels throughout the summer. Water samples were collected. Phytoplankton characteristically increase rapidly in the spring. A high soluble phosphate concentration in the water preceded all major increases in the population of heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae.

The article presents a study of the relationships of formal and informal leaders of the voters in Madison, Wisconsin. The purpose of this paper are to compare some of the characteristics of the informal political leaders with those of the respondents, to measure and compare the influence of formal and informal leaders, and to find what kinds of respondents were more influenced by each type of leader. To obtain needed information about the informal leaders named by the respondents, it was necessary to interview a sample of these leaders. To make the data for formal and informal leaders more comparable, the frequency distributions of the first three issues were put into two multiple contingency tables, one for respondents who voted Democratic, another for respondents who voted Republican, in the 1950 elections in Madison. Opinions of respondents and leaders were quantified by the discriminant function technique. Correlation ratios between the initial opinions of respondents and the opinions they ascribed to their leaders were then of the order .7, positive and statistically significant, for both formal and informal leaders. These results imply a considerable amount of agreement between the respondents and their leaders, whether the latter were the most respected persons among themselves or prominent political figures.

The article discusses the author's perspective as a student attendee at the 20th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs which was held in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. She emphasizes that the most apparent difference between the older and younger participants was the acceptance of the elders to the state of the world. She notes that there is a need for a younger generation on idealism and commitment to change concerning science. She adds that the majority points for the alternative selection for the participants might be based on their expertise, reputation and professional qualifications.

The article presents the author's reply on a comment by George Strauss, on one of his papers focusing on the period of apprenticeship programs. Strauss argues that the extent of minority participation in construction apprenticeship programs is far more significantly influenced by factors other than the length of the training period. The author says that "Strauss identifies the principal factor left out of my previous analysis as status." According to him Strauss offers no definition of "status," except to say that the low-status trades are the mud trades. Strauss' division of the trades into high, medium, and low status categories indicates that status is positively correlated with educational level, ability, and annual and hourly earnings. Strauss also points out that the author's statement concerning nepotism is misleading in that it does not distinguish, between the sons of carpenters who are carpenters and the sons of carpenters who are electricians or bricklayers. The point is that those who have no relatives in any of these trades will have less chance of becoming an apprentice in any of these trades than those who have a relative in at least one of the trades.

In recent years many large cities have been purchasing floodplains for recreational use. The advantages of utilizing floodplains for recreation use are more obvious than are the disadvantages which have received less public attention. This paper focuses on the efficacy of floodplains as a source of recreation land for metropolitan areas. Several advantages for buying floodplains for recreational use are usually espoused by planners. Land acquisition expenditures for recreational development are much less for the city which opts to buy floodplain land rather than more costly land. When appropriately and adequately zoned, floodplain lands have fewer improvements and the improvements on the floodplains are less valuable than comparable structures located outside the floodplain. Finally, the vulnerability of floodplain lands to flooding limits the uses that can he made of this land. Floodplain land provides art ideal setting for particular kinds of recreational activities. Water-based activities such as boating. fishing and swimming are typical of recreational uses made of floodplains.

This paper tests several well known theories concerning the relationship between spatial and socioeconomic patterns of settlement in urban areas. Ernest W. Burgess described city growth in terms of concentric rings. He framed his theory in dynamic terms, based on the "invasion-succession" process. Hoover and Vernon also examines the aging of cities and neighborhoods, and propose a sequence of stages through which a residential area may pass. Two centrally located, contiguous census tracts were chosen for 1960 and the street boundries of these tracts were used as the boundries for all three dates. The directory provides only one measure of socioeconomic status, occupation. Other directory information of interest in this analysis is; sex of head of household, type of business or industry at the address, when not a resident and building or land use. In 1921, about 30 percent of household heads were women. Over half were apparently not employed; many were widows. Clerical and sales positions no women in 1848, but employed 17 percent of the women by 1921.

State payments to local governments in the United States amounted to $21.9 billion in fiscal 1968. This sum was up $5.1 billion, or 50.4 per cent above the 1966 total and $10.1 billion,, or 83.9 per cent above the 1963 total. The 1968 state payments to local governments in the aggregate constituted 36.3 per cent of the states' general expenditures. Of the total payments, transfers for educational purposes comprised by far the largest item, accounting for 60.5 per cent in that year. The educational transfers have increased steadily in recent years, from $8.4 billion in 1965 to $13 billion in 1968. Considering its magnitude and the rapid growth, the effect of state transfers on the fiscal structures of local governments has not received adequate attention by researchers. This paper analyzes the manner in which state's educational transfers affect the fiscal balance of municipalities in a metropolitan area. Its study is thus specific with regard to function (education) and area (metropolitan). An in-depth study requires a specific area as the object of analysis. Milwaukee metropolitan area, in Wisconsin, has been chosen for this article, taking into account the availability of excellent sources of information.

The article presents the author's comments on the research paper "Floodplain Lands for Parks and Recreation: A Case Study of Milwaukee," by E.J.L. David, which was published in the May 1973 issue of Land Economics. The author says that floodplains are not necessarily restricted to being adjacent to lakes, including Lake Michigan where flooding is caused by a combination of winds and high lake levels such as in the early 1950s Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. The county has an extensive park system along Lake Michigan's shore and it keeps the area free of private structures and reduces damages caused by high water, beach erosion and bluff erosion. Therefore, the lakefront park system should also be shown on the map in the paper. In the research paper, David indicates that floodplain parks will not be equally distributed throughout most cities because the rivers are not so distributed. This is a truism and so far the Milwaukee County Park Commission has never maintained that floodplain parks would meet the recreation needs of all citizens. David should also indicate which other parks and public recreation facilities are available in the low-income areas.

The Seventy-ninth Annual Congress of Corrections, sponsored by the American Prison Association, was held at the Hotel Schroeder in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from September 25-30, 1949. The Congress included meetings of the American Prison Association, the National Probation and Parole Association, the National Jail Association, the National Chaplains' Association, the National Conference of Juvenile Agencies, the Correctional Education Association, the Correctional Service Associates, the Medical Correctional Association, the Wardens' Association, the National Prisoners' Aid Association, the Penal Industries Association, and the Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers. There were also meetings sponsored by the Committee on Classification and Case Work, the Committee on Professional Standards and Training, the Committee on Women's Institutions, the Committee on Institution Libraries, and the Committee on Crime Prevention. A goodly number of academic sociologists who are members of the American Sociological Society were present.

A historical discussion of agrarian ideology is used to define its presumed content and to select a set of attitudinal items for measuring the prevalence of agrarianism among Wisconsin farmers in 1965. The analysis indicated that agrarianism is higher among farm operators who are relatively: 1) low income earners; 2) less educated; 3) older; 4) small farm operators; 5) owners; 6) long-time farmers; 7) debt free; 8) seldom in personal contact with extension agents or agricultural college specialists; and 9) negative toward collective bargaining, although the magnitude of the correlations were low. In general, however, Wisconsin farmers possessed high expressed levels of agrarianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canonical correlation analysis permits the sociologist to study empirically the patterns of relationships between 2 sets of variables, but the technique has not been widely applied. Data from a random sample of farm families in Wisconsin were utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in predicting the joint satisfaction of husbands and wives with their occupational success. The results suggest a single satisfaction profile. Joint satisfaction of the couple occurred for high-status farmers with mechanized operations, having high corn yield per acre and providing adequate income, in which high farm aspiration of the husband combined with high home aspiration of the wife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Data and Program Library Service for the Social Sciences at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, announces the availability of a collection of computer program abstracts pertaining to software of utility to social science researchers. This effort is sponsored by the National Science Foundation as part of a project entitled "A National Program Library and Central Program Inventory Service for the Social Sciences" which was initiated in the latter part of 1969. Each abstract contains descriptive information about the computer pro gram's function, usage, source language, hardware configuration, and distribution source. The collection consists of programs primarily of a data management and statistical analysis nature, but other computing capabilities are also represented in the collection. The bulk of the program distribution sources represented in the abstract collection is comprised of university and other research computing installations. The current collection is by no means exhaustive nor complete, but it is hoped that this announcement of the availability of the collection will stimulate additions to the collection as well as aid researchers in locating specific types of computer programs.

This study, using Wisconsin small towns, replicates and ex- tends Hassinger's research on Minnesota trade centers concerning location near large centers and population change. For Wisconsin the 1950-1960 decade is considered in addition to the 1940-1950 decade, and a remote and an urban region are considered in addition to a farm region. In Minnesota, the association between distance to nearest large town and small-town population change was positive if the nearest large town was only slightly larger and negative if the nearest large town was considerably larger. This pattern is duplicated in the Wisconsin farm region and to some degree in the remote northern region in the 1940-1950 decade. In the more urbanized southeast in the 1940-1950 decade, and in all regions in the 1950-1960 decade, the association between population change and distance to nearest large town is either negative or nonexistent. Distance to nearest town of the same size also is negatively associated with small-town population change in Wisconsin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data taken from a one-third random sample of Wisconsin farm boys who were high school seniors in 1957 (N = 932) were used to test hypotheses concerning tile existence and uniqueness of the influence of planning to go into farming, and the influence of several general factors on occupational choices. Occupational choice was classified as farm, blue-collar, lower white-collar, or professional and executive. The findings agree with most previous research that planning to farm depresses levels of concern with future education, and is associated with lower intelligence and with lower emphasis on achievement by significant others. The findings disagree with other studies in that blue-collar and lower white-collar choices appear to have about the same antecedents and consequences as does choosing to farm. Also, economic resources of significant others, and social context variables reflecting the general environment's lack of information sources concerning nonfarm occupational success, appear not to be associated with the occupational choices of farm boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study replicates work by Hassinger on service patterns and small town population change, here using villages in Wisconsin. A new retail service scale was constructed to meet possible shortcomings of Hassinger's scale, but high intercorrelations indicated his scale could be used. We found the low positive association between this scale and population change to be smaller than for the Minnesota data reported by Hassinger, and this difference could not be explained by certain differences in the universes studied. Size of center had a slightly higher association with population change than service scale, and this was sustained when the universe was grouped by service wale, although the association of service scale and change was negligible for all but the smallest centers when the universe was grouped by size. These results are evidence of a slight population concentration process, where larger centers and those small centers with more services are most likely to be growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typology of the part-time farmer is presented, based upon past, present, and future commitment to farm and nonfarm occupations. This career typology is applied to data for 153 part-time farmers from a Wisconsin study, resulting in a reduction from 90 to 24 types. A necessary condition for the usefulness of part of the typology is demonstrated with the Wisconsin data by showing types to be different on the basis of related occupational variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 903 Wisconsin farm operators was classified into matched high and low technological competence groups to test the hypothesis that farm operator technological competence is associated with an "integrative-supportive" wife marital role. Comparison of the wives of these two groups on 46 items hypothesized to reflect this concept shows one third significantly differentiate the two groups. The number and nature of the significant items supports the hypothesis under test. The differentiating items are used to form a Wife Role Supportiveness Index. Multiple and partial correlation shows this index to add a significant increment to the total explained variance in use of improved farm practices. Implications for theory and action programs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the analysis of the relationship between ten independent variables and attitude toward high-school education. Seven factors were significantly associated with attitude toward high-school education. These were educational attainment, socio-economic status, ethnic back- ground, sex, occupational status, size of farm, and age. A more detailed test of the association of the three independent variables most highly associated with attitude toward education was then undertaken. The most important conclusion is that the total associations hold only under specific conditions. Socio-economic status is associated with attitude toward high-school education within three of four samples: Continental Europeans of high educational attainment, Continental Europeans of low educational attainment, and Anglo-Americans of low educational attainment. Educational attainment is associated with attitude toward high-school education only among Continental Europeans of high socio-economic status, and ethnic background only among persons of high socio-economic status who have not attended high school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association of eight independent variables with the dependent variable--school attendance of 16- to 17-year-old farm youth--was tested. County figures were used. Five factors were found to be significantly correlated with school attendance. A multiple correlation analysis with the five factors indicated that nationality background was the most important factor influencing school attendance. A partial correlation analysis confirmed this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a comparative analysis of the adjustment of a Danish and a Polish ethnic group to the American culture in a dairy farming area in central Wisconsin. The adjustment is evaluated in terms of recommended farm practices. These practices are grouped under three major categories: (1) Livestock practices, (2) Cropping practices, and (3) Mechanization. For every trait measured the Danish farm group exceeds the Polish group in the proportion who have adopted the selected recommended practices. The performance suggests that the Danish and Polish ethnic groups are different universes from the standpoint of behavior and reaction to recommended dairy farming practices. The Danish and the Polish groups constitute distinct culture complexes, or subcultures, within the North central Dairy region. The evidence of the study indicates that the cultural adjustments of the Danish group facilitate the introduction of new ideas, whereas the adjustments of the Polish group tend to perpetuate status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The few studies of American hamlets now in existence have been primarily concerned with the survival of these tiny agglomerations-have good roads and automobiles caused them to be superfluous? In all of these studies Dun and Bradstreet's reference books of commercial ratings have been the principal data source. In some, Rand McNally's and Cram's atlases provided supplementary data. For 12 counties in southwestern Wisconsin, where I am making a field study of hamlets, counts of these settlements were made from the three sources noted above for 13 irregularly spaced years beginning in 1882 and terminating in 1940. The discrepancies between the three sources is striking. Recent counts by these same sources were compared with data collected in the field during the spring of 1940. The results are such as to raise serious doubts whether the published sources are sufficiently reliable in their hamlet counts to permit the data to be used in decade to decade comparisons of hamlet numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author recounts about his experiences as a rural sociologist and how he was drifted to teach rural sociology at the University of Wisconsin. Then U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's Country Life Commission report on rural life was responsible in giving rise to a spontaneous movement for a new type of civilization among farm and village people. Sociologist H.C. Taylor has a great influence in molding the author's interest in rural sociology. Professor Taylor, in the winter of 1911, began to look about for a young instructor to take a place in his department of agricultural economics in the Wisconsin College of Agriculture to teach courses in rural social problems and the human life in agriculture. After much casting about, and not being able to put his hand upon a young graduate student ready for such a position, he asked the author to teach as a part-timer. Before the author began his formal connection with the university, he rather decided to go to Delavan, Walworth County, and Wisconsin, where he spent several months in 1904, visiting farmers, ballyhooing for their whole milk to come to the Cold Process Milk Factory.

In the year 1947, an inevitable reduction in the export of fountain pens, along with hundreds of other items made in the U.S. could be clearly forseen as foreign countries made plans to impose import ban on such items. It was realized that such a step would affect a substantial number of employees in the Parker Pen Company's Janesville, Wisconsin, who would be likely to lose their jobs. The solution to inform workers and townspeople about the effect of this development was found in an ingenious public relations program. The project began originally as a plan for paying off employees partially in foreign currency, rapidly expanded under the direction of the Chamber of Commerce in which the entire town was to participate. Mexican pesos were selected as the foreign currency to be used. The assent of both the U.S. Treasury Department and the Mexican Government had to be secured so that an artificial rate of exchange between pesos and dollars could be set up for the occasion. The cooperation of local Janesville bankers made the problem of collecting and exchanging the Mexican money after the celebration, a great deal simpler than it otherwise might have been.

In Wisconsin, the state which fostered such "radical" ideas as workmen's compensation, social security, civil service, railroad rate control, university extension and the income tax, a political broadcasting plan is in use which has, through three state campaigns, met the approval of politicians and listeners alike. The idea is fundamentally sound and socially right. The State of Wisconsin operates its own broadcasting stations. These sell no time and are free to operate with the interests of the listener, rather than a sponsor, as the primary concern. The Wisconsin Political Forum has been in the public interest. Only when voters are acquainted with all sides of current political issues can they ballot intelligently. At present, many voters get only one point of view; they read only one newspaper. But if each party or group is allowed an equal opportunity to present its case, voters can gain a much more adequate understanding of the issues and can cast a much more intelligent ballot.

In 1935, Wisconsin was the only state in the union with natural vacation facilities not publicizing those facilities. When, the following year, the Wisconsin legislature appropriated $50,000 for publicizing the state's recreational attractions, no one visualized completely in the early weeks the significance of the program that was to be developed. The new appropriation was handed to the Conservation Department to administer. Most people resident within Wisconsin were reasonably informed of the state's conservation program. But little information regarding this work had seeped into other states. Many people in the U.S., particularly in the Mid-West, knew something of Wisconsin as a place for a vacation. Most of them, it can be assumed, did not know why. It was therefore decided that the publicity program should be aimed not in one direction but in two. There would be ample publicity of the customary type-lure stories and pictures for the newspaper travel pages. But in addition, there would be a wholly new type of story, prepared especially for outdoors editors. These were to be certified as to facts and scientific accuracy by experts of the Conservation Department.

In the beginning of industrial history of the U.S. until the New Deal period, employers were free to deal with trade unions or not to deal with them, as they choose. Because the opposition of many employers to unionism was extremely bitter, American history is scarred with fierce struggles between employers and organizations of their employees. These struggles were often a kind of private warfare, with considerable loss of life and destruction of property. To eliminate some of the causes of this type of industrial warfare, in 1935, the U.S. Congress passed the National Labor Relations act, thus putting teeth into a national labor policy based upon the assumption that labor unions are a social necessity in modern capitalism. This law directs the employer to maintain strict neutrality in all matters pertaining to the organization of his employees and requires him to bargain with any union, which may come to represent the majority of his employees. A frequently-voiced criticism of the national labor relations policy is that the law ignores the legitimate interests of employers in matters pertaining to collective bargaining.