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Several contemporary international incidents suggest that the threat of expulsion from an international organization is believed to be an effective means of ensuring compliance with international obligations. Professor Sohn argues that the effectiveness of this sanction can be judged only in light of its history. After an exhaustive review of expulsion Practices in the League of Nations, the United Nations, and various other international agencies, Professor Sohn concludes that outright expulsion is unlikely to achieve any useful long-range purpose. Professor Sohn goes on to suggest other, more promising techniques which may increase the likelihood of a nation's compliance with a particular obligation without necessitating the severance of oil relations with the relevant international organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of the United Nations' general processes and also explores the areas of the activities of the organization. The general process of the General Assembly is based on two assumptions and this process is basically similar to that of almost any other UN political organ. The United Process is most conducive to parliamentary debate and public appeal. The resolutions are hardly ever the crucial points of the UN process. The laying down of propagandas, whatever the outcome of voting on resolutions may be, has become increasingly a purpose of resort to the General Assembly and, perhaps prospectively, the Security Council. It is perhaps not unusual to concede that the United Nations process may have its own self-contained fascination and possibly even its specific, if mainly incidental, rewards. As the author concluded, the uses of the United Nations are to strive conscientiously to adopt resolutions having, usually, no direct consequence; to achieve individual, mostly incidental purposes in this process; and thereby also to affect, over a long period of incessant concern, the actual outcome of some of the disputes considered.

The article examines the role of underdeveloped countries' participation in international organizations in their development. In this context, the author cites the case of Barbados, which was an island dependency of Great Britain. This area got representation in an international conference headed by the U.S. diplomat Charles W. Taussig in 1946. The conference marked the first time in the history of international diplomacy that native leaders from backward, dependent areas had been permitted to attend an intergovernmental conference in the capacity of official delegates empowered to speak and vote on behalf of their territories. The Caribbean Commission has pioneered other new developments in the techniques of international organization. Since its modest beginning in 1942, the Caribbean Commission has compiles an enviable record in constructive efforts to ameliorate conditions in the area. The organization has employed on its staff and made extensive use of experts in community development and in the organization of marketing cooperatives and credit unions.

The article deliberates on the concept of a world federal body in the American academic parlance. World War II sounded the death knell of the League of Nations; but from early in the conflict, even in the darkest hours, the age-old aspirations of men for international organization to keep the peace found myriad voices, some desperate, some defiant, but all crying a new urgency. The performance of the United Nations since the war has confirmed initial suspicions of its incompetence to prevent war, founded as it was upon the sovereignty of member-nations, and confounded, as it proves, by the failure of its major premise: unanimity among the great powers. From all the welter of thought and discussion during the past decade or more in the United States, a few voices rise most prominently. Even before lightning struck in 1939, the ominous clouds of war had sent Clarence K. Streit, foreign correspondent and former Rhodes scholar, scurrying to fly warning signals and to denounce, most impressively for American generation, absolute national sovereignty as the storm-maker. Lawyer Richard Lee Humber egged on the state legislatures to follow the lead of Massachusetts by declaring their support for the principle of world federation.

The article reports that United Nations (UN) Educational, Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO), born into a world of confusion, has continued a child of confusion. In 1945 there were disagreements on many issues basic to UNESCO's existence. The purpose here is to examine UNESCO's role in strengthening the United Nations. UNESCO is an independent specialized agency. One of ten doing work designed to further the cause of world peace, it is related to the United Nations through the Economic and Social Council. The working arrangement between UNESCO and UN is defined in a formal Agreement. Procedure for exchange of recommendations between UNESCO and the General Assembly, through the medium of the Economic and Social Council, is established also in the Agreement. Further, UNESCO may request participation of other specialized agencies in any project wider than its own competence. One factor that has rendered impossible the adoption of an effective working concept is the East-West ideological conflict. Russia has not joined UNESCO.

The article discusses about the Arizona Copper Strike of 1917. When, at its Annual Convention of 1916, the Western Federation of Miners changed its name to the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, the Federation took its final step in the repudiation of radical unionism favor of respectability. The affiliation of the Western Federation of Miners with the Industrial Workers of the World had appeared to compound the difficulties of the Federation. When the depression of 1907 hit the Arizona copper industry, the Federation had turned to politics with early successes in contributing to the election of a governor and numerous county officials friendly to labor. Rising prices increased the federation's pressure on the copper industry for higher wages. A strike at Jerome, Arizona, preceded the general strike by one month. Negotiations between the International and the Company conducted by John McBride of the Conciliation Service were of no avail. The I. W. W. took no part in the negotiations de- spite a rather large membership in Jerome.

This article presents information related to organization of the Security Council of the United Nations. The number of states whose representatives form the Security Council of the United Nations, as compared with the number of members of the Council of the League of Nations, is relatively small. The number of permanent as well as the number of non-permanent members of the Security Council, as fixed by Article 23, may be changed by an amendment to the Charter under Articles 108 or 109. The member whose rights of membership are suspended under Article 5 remains a non-permanent member of the Security Council, but the exercise of this right too, is suspended.

Discusses the impact of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies on the development of biochemistry in Europe and around the world. View of the Council of the International Union of Biochemisttry on the growth of the federation; Biochemical Society's proposal of the setting up of a federation of biochemical societies in Europe.