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The reduction of diacetyl and acetoin has been shown to be catalyzed by one enzyme in Aerobacter aerogenes. The ratio of the two activities remains constant, during purification into homogeneity, and the two activities appear in the same amount when the growing cells are exposed to acetate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In liquid culture, Ustilago nuda hydrolyses exogenous sucrose and endogenously synthesizes trehalose, mannitol and erythritol. The two polyols are released into the medium. When injected into healthy host tissue, mannitol did not appear to be readily metabolized, but erythritol was converted into an unidentified compound, probably a glycoside derivative. It is suggested that a reciprocal flow of carbohydrate may occur from the fungus to the host. Spores produced in culture were shown to be pathogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methanol extraction residue (MER) of BCG has previously been shown to heighten host resistance to a subsequent challenge with microorganisms or syngeneic tumour grafts and to stimulate the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and phage T2. Present investigations on the effect of antigen dose on MER stimulation of the primary and secondary response to SRBC indicated that: (1) Pretreatment by MER stimulates the early primary response most effectively when the immunizing dose of SRBC is less than maximum, and this is due to a greater increase by MER of 19S antibody with low doses of antigen than with high doses of SRBC. Maximum 7S antibody production is higher in MER treated animals at all antigen doses. (2) MER administered after low doses of SRBC but not high doses stimulates the ongoing primary haemagglutinin response. (3) Maximum secondary responses of mice treated with MER before priming are considerably elevated above the corresponding controls and the secondary responses in treated mice are not inhibited by high priming doses of antigen. These results are discussed in relation to the locus of MER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the biochemical processes on the formation of lignin structure in conifer wood. A study conducted by Karl Freudenberg and his research team studied the activity of the extract of Psalliota campestris, also known as common field mushroom on monomeric along with the coniferyl alcohol. In addition the chemical activity is considered the rudimentary unit of lignin formation together with the compounds with phenylpropane's carbon structure. Moreover, the substitution of the coniferyl alcohol could be derived through lignin extraction in conifers.