Search

Problems associated with providing efficient and equitable distribution of public services are attributable in part to the inabilities of government or other public institutions to be responsive to requirements of their clientele. To permit a better understanding of the nature of such institutional failures, and to suggest avenues of effective reform, this paper views institutional systems of service provision in a "control systems" framework. In this perspective, the elements of "feedback" are seen as essential to successful system performance over time and changing conditions. The paper identifies the kinds of "error signals" a system needs to generate, and the types of "corrective mechanisms" that it may employ, and then discusses three basic modes of institutional reform-performance evaluation, decentralization, and market competition-for improving the dynamic capability of systems of providing urban public services. Two service areas-sanitation and criminal corrections-are used for illustrating possible applications of the reform strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1965, Warner developed an interviewing procedure designed to eliminate evasive answer bias when questions of a sensitive nature are asked. He called the procedure "randomized response." The authors have been studying the technique for several years and, in this paper, are re- porting some of the estimates of induced abortion in urban North Carolina using randomized response. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during the past year among women 18-44 years of age are reported. For the study population indices were developed relating induced abortion to total conceptions for whites and nonwhites. The illegal abortion rate per 100 conceptions was estimated to be 14.9 for whites and 32.9 for nonwhites. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during their lifetime among women 18 years old or over are also shown, Among ever married women, the proportion having an abortion during their lifetime declined as education increased. Estimates were high for women with 5 or more pregnancies. Most of the respondents stated that they were satisfied that the randomized response approach would not reveal their personal situation. Furthermore, they did not think their friends would truthfully respond to a direct question regarding abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents response of the author to the comments made to his article "Note on "Measures of Urbanization," With a Further Proposal,"by sociologist Jack P. Gibbs. According to the author, at points Gibbs interprets him literally to the last letter, as when he emends his statement that the Gini coefficient measures "the extent to which the urban population is concentrated in large cities" to read "in larger cities." Moreover, according to the author Gibbs nowhere defines the degree of technical dependence among his measures. In his original paper and in his reply to the commentary, Gibbs stresses the logical possibility of divergence among the three measures. Gibbs dismisses his contention that the X and Y , respectively, the proportion of the urban population in units above a certain size and the proportion of the total population in the same units, are mathematically dependent. He repeats the example given in the original paper, which shows only that the proportions in the two distributions can vary.

The article presents a paper that proposes a four step strategy for locating urban population service facilities. Although developed with regard to a specific problem, dealing with a system of public day care centers, the strategy has considerable generality and is applicable to a wide variety of situations and scales. Since population service agencies typically operate under budget, manpower, and other constraints that restrict the number and size of facilities and preclude serving the entire population, particular attention is given to applying the locational strategy to that situation. This includes illustrating the procedure by examining the need for public day care service among the poor in Columbus, Ohio, and locational options for a system of public day care centers in its Model Cities area. The total costs of implementing the locational strategy described in this paper were substantial. Those related to estimating and mapping the demand or need surface for day care service, which in itself would provide valuable information for a service or planning agency, are relatively small.

In this paper an attempt has been made to study differential fertility by urban-rural and regional classifications, using data obtained from complete tabulations of the 1963 Census of Population, the four rounds of the Socio-Economic Survey conducted from November 1969 to October 1970, and the Registrar General's Department. The analysis of current fertility indicates that the traditional pattern of lower urban fertility relative to rural held true in both 1963 and 1970 and also shows a narrowing of the differentials. The country was divided into four zones on an agro-climatic basis for regional analysis. A consistent ranking of the zones in relation to current fertility emerges in both 1963 and 1970. Changing patterns of age-specific fertility and age-specific marital fertility are discussed. Data on average size of family by urban-rural and regional classifications are also analyzed. An attempt has also been made to identify some of the possible causes for the differentials observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first reviews the descriptions and structural explanations for variations, in urban population densities in the United States over several decades. The research reviewed focuses on shifts in the technology and economics of travel as being the major influences on urban density distributions. These variables appear to be somewhat less adequate as explanations of the process in recent decades. After reviewing these findings and suggesting several research questions, we attempt to assess the evidence relating variations in population density to several other aspects of human behavior. A review of the research relating high population densities to various "social pathologies" indicates that little of the variance in rates of these pathologies can be attributed to density independently of other social structural variables. Some important consequences of population density have been reported, however, and possible research directions are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data from 1,521 families in the City of Cebu, the second largest city in the Philippines, this paper reports on the structure and role constellations of the urban family in Cebu. Findings include: (1) Kin solidarity is a function of both the class and the ethnic variations. The unilateral system of the Chinese family and its economic functions reinforce the clan solidarity but are in-adaptive to the political structure. The bilateral system of the mestizo ad the Filipino family is more responsive to the polity than the Chinese kinship system. (2) The peer-group system serves as an agent in the shaping of conjugal roles in the nuclear unit. (3) Sex-segregated friendship patterns in the community greatly influence the affective relations between husband ad wife. (4) Finally, such segregated role relationships within the nuclear unit give the wife a greater monopoly and autonomy of household decisions and family activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an ecological perspective, one aspect of the relationship of social distance and physical distance is analyzed in the three largest cities in Israel. The principal aim of the paper is to examine ethnic (country of origin) residential segregation as an indicator of social patterning within the society. Despite the different demographic, topographical and functional characteristics of the three cities, fairly similar patterns of ethnic segregation are found using the technique of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) to analyze index of dissimilarity matrices. Patterns of ethnic segregation are then related to the SES of sub-quarters to determine the nature of the internal structure of the cities. It is suggested that ethnicity is an important variable in the process of social stratification in urban Israel, at least insofar as ecological relationships are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this paper is to analyze the "determinants" of migration between Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) in the United States. The magnitudes in which various factors have influenced inter-SMSA migration are estimated both for the country as a whole and for individual SMSA's. The "migration elasticities" estimated for individual SMSA's are in turn used to test several additional hypo- theses concerning migrant behavior. Other similar migration studies have found "wrong" signs or insignificant coefficients on certain variables a priori thought to play a crucial role in the migration process. Finally, we present clues to the causes of such "surprising" results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of destination choices among metropolitan bound migrants in an already highly urban society is a means toward gauging trends in the urbanization process. The results of this paper indicated that destination choices were strongly influenced by SMSA size, with larger SMSAs and particularly their suburban rings attractive to migrants. This pattern suggested the further growth of the larger SMSAs, to the detriment of those smaller in size. In addition, the varied status of migrants entering the ring pointed toward its increased heterogeneity. Yet, among small SMSAs, the central city received more and higher-status migrants than the ring. Here, destination choice was also linked to similarity to the migrant's past residence. Regional differences emerged, and a closer examination of small and very large SMSAs suggested that destination choices were influenced by previous patterns of urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses about the problems of differential fertility in Mexico utilizing data that have more recently become available. Large increase in Mexico's urban population has come about in large part from differential internal migration. Indirect evidence of this is shown by an analysis of state-of-birth data from the Mexican Censuses of 1940 and 1950. It was observed that Mexican fertility is subject to the differential effect of urbanization in much the same way as has been fertility in the industrialized countries of the West. The second major observation is that urban dominance significantly reduces the fertility ratio and offers a variable whose importance in fertility studies has hitherto been unexplained. The significance of this factor deserves attention in fertility studies of our own country. It is hoped that the methodological decisions pertaining to the rural-urban designations as well as the technique developed to hold the effects of age constant will be of some use to students of fertility in areas where such methods need to be employed.

This paper shows the sources of population change in standard metropolitan areas and compares the change in central cities and suburban areas resulting from each source. Five steps in the estimating procedure are stated and the operations described. It is shown that between 1940 and 1950 the central cities, as a group, lost population through net migration. Their moderate growth was due to annexation and to a natural increase rate which more than made up for the net migration loss. The suburban rings gained 26 per cent through net migration. There was much variation among the metropolitan areas and among their central and suburban parts in the components of their growth. Population change in the Chicago Standard Metropolitan Area in the 1930-40 and 1940-50 decades is illustratively analyzed to show the color, sex, and age components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While population growth and urbanization are the source of the problems of our cities, hoped for solutions lie in the management of our urban systems. Urban statistics are not only observations of the urban culture but the data used by decisionmakers who cope with the individual problems of traffic, pollution, crime and education. The urban information system is characterized by many subsystems having functional and jurisdictional boundaries which defy integration in the commonly understood sense of the word as used in information systems parlance. However, integration of subsystems, in effect, if not in form, can be achieved through the appropriate design of interfaces among the subsystems and with the user. This paper describes such a network design for a national system. The approach outlined and the techniques described would in principle be equally applicable to systems at the state or local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a proposed method for gaining continuous information about the activities, attitudes, and concerns of citizens within an urban community. The method provides quick feedback on actions and changes made within the community. It monitors longitudinally, the effects of actions and changes on the population. The approach is derived from marketing panel surveys. It utilizes neighborhood personnel. The organizational aspects of such an enterprise are emphasized, a basic objective being to guarantee the availability of better information to citizen groups as well as public officials. Possible uses of the data collected from such a reporting system are outlined, along with possible modeling efforts and methods of community distribution and utilization. The ultimate goal is the wielding of an effective interface between competing decision-making centers as these wrestle with the major problem of confronting the urban community—uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of public apprehension about crime indicate that people hold conflicting orientations regarding the nature and extent of the problem (McIntyre, 1967). On the one hand, they feel that throughout the country as a whole and even elsewhere in their own communities, the threat of crime, especially violent crime, is severe and increasingly so. On the other hand, however, they feel that people and property in their own neighborhoods remain relatively safe, this being the case even among residents of high crime risk areas. The issue of crime deterrence, particularly in residential areas, involves a number of dimensions, depending partly on threatened and partly on actual apprehension of offenders by actions of residents and police. The threat of apprehension exercised through informal channels has been demonstrated in the work of Maetoby et al. (1958) which shows that the crucial factor differentiating high from low delinquency areas of the same lower socio-economic level is the shared expectations among neighbors that residents would intervene to prevent the commission of offenses. More recently in a study of ghetto riots, Warren (1969) has demonstrated the importance of actual informal intervention in crime deterrence, finding that the more cohesive the neighborhood, the more likely that residents attempted to prevent looting, burning, and disorder. The significance of formal controls as deterrents to crime is somewhat more problematic. Even though crime prevention is a major manifest function of police (Banton, 1964; Bittner, 1967; Wilson, 1968), one is left to assume the degree to which formal controls do deter crime, and as Blumstein (1967), for one, has stated, "although the question (of what people are deterred from eommitring what crime by what actions of the criminal justice system) is central to much of the operation of the criminal justice system, and especially to police operation, there has been no systematic attempt to answer it." Some light is shed on this issue in studies of police response to citizen complaints which show the mutual dependence of formal and informal structures for the control of crime. Black and Reiss (1970) report that the majority (72 percent) of police encounters (at least with juveniles) stem from citizen calls rather than from police-initiated action, yet the results of victimization studies reveal that this still represents only a limited proportion of all offenses reported by citizens to police (Biderman, This paper is concerned with the issue of how people view the nature and extent of crime in their own neighborhoods, and whether they attribute their area's safety (or dangerousness) to the exercise of formal or informal controls, comparing rural, suburban, and central city residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many attempts have been made to compare the fertility of rural and urban populations. Usually the rates as published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census have been presented at their face value. Occasionally corrections have been made for differences in the age and sex distributions of the respective populations before the comparisons were attempted. But these assume that registration is equally complete in rural and urban areas. This paper attempts to show that such is not the case, that registration of births is far less complete in the rural than in the urban portions of the United States. It also seeks to develop for each state the correction factors which are needed in order that valid comparisons of rural and urban fertility may be made. As a starting point, some mode of estimating the completeness of registration is necessary. Unfortunately, in the United States, all the conditions necessary for an exact estimate of the number of births are not perfectly fulfilled. But with certain modifications they can be utilized. First, in registering infant deaths, all persons aged less than one year at the time of death are taken, instead of all those born within the given calendar year.

The article discusses the effect of alternative age adjustment procedures on the analysis of urban mortality patterns. Analyses of mortality differences among populations need a single index of the overall mortality experience of each population. The conclusions one draws about the nature of mortality's correlates are a function of the type age adjustment used. In this paper housing was more important than income in explaining variations in the crude death rate and the indirect standardized rate. However, income was more important than housing in explaining variations in the direct standardized rate. Indirect standardization in itself is not necessarily enough to eliminate the compositional effect of age. Attention must be given to the extent to which there is a correspondence between the standard population's age-specific rates and those for the population studied. Census tracts, since their populations are comparatively small, are quite subject to great fluctuations in the number of deaths per year in the different age categories.

This article presents information on the increase of urbanization around the world. This article in particular addresses the housing situation in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa constitutes roughly 57 percent of the country's urban population but only 3-4 percent of the country's total population. The municipality covers a land area of some 218 square kilometers with the radius of the city roughly 7 to 9 kilometers. Addis Ababa as of 1974, is increasing by an estimated 50,000 inhabitants per year. The rate of immigration has also increased in the last decade and a half. The quality of housing in Addis Ababa is generally poor, particularly given the three-month rainy season and the coolness of the climate-- the city is over 8,000 feet above sea level. In 1961, a survey conducted in Addis Ababa showed that the average number of persons per household was 4.40, the average number of rooms per household was 2.19 and the average number of persons per room was 2.00. It has been concluded that the hosing situation has become more acute since the 1967 municipal census. While the population continues to increase at roughly 7 percent per year, the available housing stock has remained virtually stagnant.

The impact of new and improved transportation facilities on urban travel behavior is a topic seldom addressed in transportation-research literature. The paper presents a method for classifying travel behavior of urban residents and suggests a procedure for quantitatively estimating diverted traffic. An application of the method is made to a limited sample of Chicago's residents. Seven groups of residents with similar travel patterns were identified and the impact of a new expressway on each of the seven groups was estimated. The study suggests a reorientation of research activities: in addition to the analyses of aggregate traffic data a greater attention should be directed toward detailed inquiries about the travel patterns of urban residents and the spatial structure of commercial traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the variations in urban population structure in the U.S. cities over the period of twenty-years from 1940 to 1960. Two cities, Rochester and Seattle, serve as case studies for this analysis of variation. The study focuses on the relationships between population structures, that is, the age and sex composition of census tract populations, and other social and demographic variables. Population structure was singled out for study as it reflects the dynamic processes of urban growth and change, in terms of the natural demographic factors of births and deaths, as well as the possibly more important selective migration of population. Population structure forms the basis upon which community social organization is constituted. There exist several dimensions to the study of change in census tract populations. The correlation of deviational changes not only permits an investigation of perhaps the most crucial aspect of change, the relationship between velocities of change, but also encourages the inspection of all six intercorrelations between the basic data.

The pattern of city growth in Korea deviates from that typical of the rise of a large urban population. Most of the urban growth has occurred since the country was annexed by the Japanese, in 1910. The pattern of growth was heavily influenced by the Japanese policy of utilizing Korean resources and manpower for empire development rather than for supplying consumer needs in Korea. Urbanization in Korea under the Japanese was extremely rapid. This was partly due to expanding economic opportunities in urban areas but also because cities served as a refuge from the poverty of densely populated agricultural areas. After World War II, urbanization continued at a rapid rate, but the limited economic base for city growth provided by Japanese activity had largely disappeared. In 1949, 17.2 per cent of the population of South Korea was in incorporated cities, but the occupational distribution showed a persistence of the rural-agricultural focus of the cities. it appears that city growth based on escape from rural conditions has reached a saturation point. However, the outlook for establishing even a partial industrial base for the Korean economy is not promising. Thus the prospect for Korean cities is one of little growth, or even decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns the population structure of the Soviet Union in 1939. In a research paper entitled "A New Look at the Soviet Population Structure of 1939," the author and late professor of sociology Eugene M. Kulischer had presented a series of computations showing in broad groupings the 1939 age-sex composition of the Soviet Union's total, urban and rural population. Later in 1956, a sociology journal "Vestnik Statistiki" made public in the Soviet Union, certain data from the 1939 census with some refinements, due to the inclusion of data pertaining to the North and some insignificant corrections resulting from the final census totals. The revised statistics included a slightly higher total population and urban population, a corrected age distribution for the total population and adjustments of previous data which indicated the percentages of persons literate by broad age and sex groupings. Using these materials it is now possible to make the same type of computations as presented earlier by professor Kulischer.

The article talks about the dispersal of urban population as a defense measure against the threat of atomic attack. It focuses on the examination of the meaning of urban dispersal and attempts to appraise its feasibility. A program concentrating on the practicality of building new cities or reducing old ones to a size of about 50,000 population is discussed. The article provides the estimated costs for such a program and concludes that the municipal governmental integration for this urban dispersal, excluding the possibility of oppression, will be in the distant future.

The article presents a hypothesis concerning matrimonial and residential choices of men in Yaounde, Cameroun. The emergence of monogamous nuclear families reflects modern aspirations or ends and/or lack of resources or means. Plural marriage is associated with traditional ends, but always traditional means. Topics are research methods used in this study, ethnic isolation, characteristics of monogamous and polygamous city dwellers and their homes, ecological correlations, educational attainment, and housing status.

The structural opportunities and normative constraints affecting the cross-sex friendships of men and women were explored. Interview data from 800 middle-aged and elderly urban residents revealed that while only a minority report cross-sex friends, they constitute a significant segment of the interpersonal resources of a number of adults. Women had fewer opportunities and were subject to more constraints with respect to the formation of cross-sex friendship ties than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the interaction between the local government and urban residential location. Local government's services in urban areas have been conceptually divided into three categories: those that facilitate accessibility (transportation); wealth redistribution and enhancement (welfare and education); and services which offset externalities which arise from dense habitation (police and fire protection, sanitation, etc.). Attempting an answer requires a definition of urban public services. Many are intended to offset externalities that are due to crowded living patterns in urban areas. As an example, municipal water supply, sewage disposal, and garbage collection are all attempts to ameliorate unpleasant realities of human existence. In rural areas, the solution is left to individual households, partly because this approach is less costly with widely separated homesites, but also because an unsuccessful solution imposes a much smaller burden on distant neighbors.

Data for both rural and urban women in Thailand indicate that the large majority of respondents are able to provide numerical responses to questions on desired family size. Although there is evidence that some women tend to rationalize the number of children they have when stating the number they would want if they were recently married, the vast majority of respondents prefer a number which is different from the number of living children they had at the time of the interview. Women who had already reached or exceeded their desired number were almost universal in stating they wanted no additional children, whereas only a minority of women who had yet to reach their desired family size said they wanted no more children. Finally, the proportion of women who practiced family planning is substantially greater among women who had already achieved or exceeded their desired family size than among women who had fewer than their desired number. The results thus suggest that, in Thailand at least, responses to family size preferences need to be interpreted with caution but nevertheless can be of use to the population analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blacks are more likely than whites to have unwanted births. A common explanation for that difference is that blacks use less effective contraceptive methods, use contraception less effectively, and use contraception less often than whites. Analysis of data from 17 cities in our family planning evaluation project suggested that, among women living in low-income neighborhoods, the black-white difference in unwanted births was not due to (1) blacks reaching desired completed parity at younger ages than whites, (2) differences in age or parity in our black and white samples, (3) black-white differences in current use of physician-administered contraception, or (4) blacks being more likely than whites to adopt physician-administered contraception after having an unwanted birth. Black-white differences which might have contributed to relatively more unwanted births among blacks were (1) blacks desired fewer children, (2) blacks were less likely than whites to use nonphysician-administered methods and more likely than whites to use no contraception, and (3) blacks had higher failure rates than whites subsequent to the adoption of physician-administered methods and when not using those methods. Comparisons are made with the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies, and program implications of the findings discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An apparent inverse relationship between intellectualism and attendance at religious services is examined in a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected in 1963-1964 in a sample of New York City residents. There is no relationship between intellectualism and attendance when religious group is controlled. Jewish respondents, in particular, displayed decreasing rates of religious attendance and increasing rates of intellectualism when analyzed by generation. A decreasing rate of attendance by generation was more characteristic of Jews low on intellectualism than those high on intellectualism. Among white Protestants, attendance diminished across generation for those low on intellectualism, while it increased for those high on intellectualism. Data are also reported for white Catholics and for blacks of all faith. The differences are among generational categories at a single point in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey data on which this report is based were collected from a sample of 180 married men, employed as senior civil servants, in government institutions in Accra during 1967-68. Following the findings of Blood and Wolfe (1960) and subsequent writers, there were found to be statistically significant differences in modes of decision-making reported, according to the relative ages, educational levels and occupations of the spouses. A syncratic power relationship was found to be most common among couples similar in education and age and jointly providing for household needs. Not only did the wife's earning of an income tend to enhance her power role, as elsewhere, but also her use of her earnings to supplement financial provision for the thousehold. A more traditional autonomic pattern was most common among couples with the lowest levels of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the data collected from two studies in France and America about the relationships between marital interaction and real number of children, the authors found that in both countries better marital salts faction and agreement are related to the success of the realization of the desired number of children and not to the actual number of children. Furthermore, excessive fertility in France and in America is more damaging to conjugal interaction than negative fertility. In both countries the wife's satisfaction with the standard of living is the single aspect of marital interaction which is related to the real number of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on special tabulations of 1960 census data on migration within Thailand, this analysis attempts to assess the role of migration in the urbanization process and the relation between migration and fertility. The importance of migration to urban growth is evidenced by the clearcut positive relationship between the percentage of persons classified as either lifetime or 5-year migrants and the urban character of their 1960 place of residence. Yet, the evidence also points to an increasing proportion of urban growth in recent decades attributable to natural increase. The specific relation between fertility and migration varies depending on the measure of migration used: Compared to nonmigrants in their place of destination, the fertility levels of lifetime migrants are not very different; but those of 5-year migrants are considerably lower. Regardless of migration status, however, fertility level is markedly lower for those living in urban places compared to those in rural places. This suggests the important role of both migration and urbanization in affecting fertility levels in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Census data for area! units, SMSA's in 1960 and cities in 1940, are used to test hypotheses and estimate parameters concerning the influence of a variety of socioeconomic variables on fertility rates of ever married white and nonwhite women aged 25-29, 30-34, 35-44, and 45-49. An economic mode! of the demand for children is adopted as the theoretical framework. The principal findings are that the market earnings opportunities for wives have an important negative effect on the fertility rate and that male income, representing the income of husbands, has a small but positive effect on fertility. The implication of these results is that changes in economic variables, for example, improvements in the employment opportunities and wages for wives or the establishment of a children's allowance program, may be expected to affect fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt is made to investigate the educational differentials between various types of interdivisional migrants and nonmigrants in selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) of the United States. The analysis is carried out for four color-sex groups standardized for age. We have been able to identify three distinct patterns of migration differentials by education, that is, the J-shaped, the U-shaped, and the reverse J-shaped distributions. The tendency for migrants to be better educated than nonmigrants, by and large, has received support from the data we have analyzed. Wherever this tendency has not been confirmed, the main factors which, we believe, have influenced the differentials are the proportion of foreign-born whites, the geographic location of the places of origin and destination, and the differences in levels of educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between career mobility and reproductive behavior is examined for five cities of developing Latin American nations Bogota, Columbia; San Jose, Costa Rica; Mexico City, Mexico; Panama City, Panama; and Caracas, Venezuela. The data are obtained from fertility surveys conducted between September, 1963, and August, 1964, in the above-named cities under the auspices of the Centro Latinoamericano de Demografla (CEIJADE), and the analysis is based on information from 600-800 women per city who have been married only once and married ten years or more. Career mobility is defined as an occupational change of the husband between the date of marriage and 1963-1964, based on the Hall-Jones occupational scale. Reproductive behavior is operationalized as the number of live births. The conclusion of the multiple classification analysis is that the process of career mobility in four out of five Latin American samples is not a significant factor in explaining differential reproductive behavior. These results are compatible with a variety of North American studies which stress that variation heretofore ascribed to the process of mobility is an additive composite of past and present status effects. These findings are discussed; a theoretical and methodological critique of mobility-fertility research is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was made of the factors that affected the casefinding of internal migrations in Liberia using the Chandrasekar-Deming dual enumeration and tabulation methods. The results of this work suggest that the recording and not recording of a migration is not a random occurrence but is associated with a particular enumeration system, origin and destination of the migration, and the migrant's age, sex, and location of current residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey research data collected in Rhode Island over a three year interval are used to test six propositions: 1) Suburbanites have higher family size than central city residents. 2) Any differences in family size between Catholics and non-Catholics are larger in central city than in suburban areas. 3) Within religious categories, suburbanites attend church more regularly. 4) Among Catholics, suburban residence is associated with less frequent Communion reception. 5) Among Catholics, church attendance frequency is positively associated with family size. Among non- Catholics no relationship exists. 6) The frequency with which Catholics receive Communion is more strongly associated positively with family size than is church attendance frequency. Propositions 1, 2 and 5 are rejected. Propositions 4 and 6 are accepted. Proposition 3 is accepted for non-Catholics only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical propositions from human ecology are used to develop a model that explains the centralization or decentralization of various types of families, such as married couples with children, in the Cleveland, Ohio, Metropolitan Area. The model shows how proximity to the Central Business District affects neighborhoods in terms of three characteristics: Age or period of development, both internal and external housing Space, and Site features such as industrial and recreational activity. These structural characteristics are seen, in turn, as the causes of the location of families in relationship to the center of Cleveland. Of the three characteristics, Space generally plays the most important and Site the least important role in determining the location of types of families. However, the location of most types of families is affected by a variety of interrelation- ships among neighborhood characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in factorial ecology have typically used the principal factor procedure coupled with varimax rotation. Since it can be shown that the results one obtains vary according to the factor and rotation models he employs, and since there is no one "best" way of obtaining initial and derived factor solutions, it is proposed that future research in the area adopt an approach involving the simultaneous use of several different computing algorithms for obtaining initial solutions and both orthogonal and oblique rotation procedures to avoid the possibility that the results one obtains are not method-dependent. Ideally, the factor models employed should differ maximally with respect to the principles upon which they are based. If one finds a given factor regardless of the method he uses, only then can he assert with any confidence that it is not an artifact of his method. Factorial ecologists are often interested in computing "factor scores", but "true" factor scores are not uniquely computable; they can only be estimated. Since the proposed research strategy involves using either a component or an image model, in which the corresponding scores are exact and uniquely computable, the factor score problem is, in a sense, solved. Next it is suggested that, by using orthogonal solutions, factorial ecologists may be overlooking a very important piece of information-the correlation between the factors. There is some reason to believe that this varies from city to city, and may account for the fact that some factors which emerge in studies of Western cities are sometimes not found in cities elsewhere. Some comments are also made on the value of using census tract data, and on the availability of computer programs for different initial and derived factor solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has demonstrated that socioeconomic differentials in fertility are heavily influenced by couples with rural background. These studies show an inverse relationship between fertility and socioeconomic status for couples of rural background, but no relationship for urban- origin couples. The effect of urban background on rural fertility differentials has not been examined. This study investigates the potential effect of urban-origin couples on socioeconomic differences in fertility in rural areas. Data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity are analyzed to show that rural socioeconomic fertility differences are not influenced by the presence of persons of urban background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four generalizations are made. 1/ Despite the varying interpretations made by the respective authors, previous studies indicate that urban growth in Latin America is caused by both rural-urban migration and a positive rate of urban natural increase. Thus to ascribe Latin American urban growth to a single prime causal factor is a misleading oversimplification. 2/ Net in-migration apparently plays a larger role in determining the rate of growth of large metropolitan centers than is the case with smaller urban areas. 3/ A significant portion of urban growth in a given intercensal period may be attributed to the growth of localities previously too small to be classified as "urban". 4/ Urban natural increase is the weighted sum of the natural increase of in-migrants (after their arrival) and urban natives. Improper recognition of this last point may lead to an overstatement of the relative importance of urban natural increase as a component of urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study by historical comparison of the fertility trends related to mortality levels is made between Latin America and Europe. The purpose of such study is to show why Latin America did not repeat the European mortality-fertility pattern during 1930-1960. Differences between the two areas are established, and an explanation is given about the particular Latin America mortality-fertility model. The effects of such a Latin America trend are pointed out, principally in relation to population growth, city growth and labor force. Hypothetical Latin American populations are calculated under the assumption that the area has repeated the European pattern. A comparison between these hypothetical populations with the actual ones shows how different the situation of the area has actually been. Nevertheless, an analysis of the necessary fertility changes in order to reproduce the European model shows that it was impossible for Latin America to repeat the European mortality-fertility experience during 1930-1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the Ankara Family Study, in which 1138 married women living in Ankara city and four selected villages in Ankara Province were interviewed in 1965-65, are used to study the impact of the amount and timing of urban residential experience on six dimensions of modernism in attitudes and behavior. Scores on the modernism indexes consistently are higher for the women with urban residential experience. The proportions of variance in the study population accounted for by the urbanism factor are: nearly three-fifths on the mass media index; nearly two-fifths on the nuclear family role structure index; three-tenths on the home production or consumption index; two-tenths on the religiosity and extra-local orientation indexes; and a seventh on the extended family ties index. The place of residence prior to marriage, the period when decisions about schooling are made and socialization into adult roles occurs, appears to be of special importance. Women who migrated from villages to the city at any stage of the life-cycle, however, report attitudes and behavior more modern than those of women with no urban residential experience (though less modern than those of women who have always lived in a city). Such micro-social analyses may help to illuminate the relation between urbanization and modernization in developing nations and to account for the coexistence of modern and traditional patterns in transitional societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two hypotheses regarding urban differentiation were tested for the 1940 populations of the Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Region. The method of factor analysis was used in a hypothesis-testing framework, which permitted a comparison of the structure of the rotated matrix predicted from the hypotheses with the structure of the rotated matrix computed from the empirical relations in each of the urban areas. From the comparison of the predicted with the observed values in each of the two regions, it was concluded that the two hypotheses were supported. The verification of the first hypothesis leads to the conclusion that economic status, family status, and ethnic status are three social factors which are necessary to account for variation between census tract populations with respect to certain variables contained in available census data for each urban area. Further validity can be attributed to the typology because the second hypothesis was verified for both urban areas. The indexes selected to measure economic status and family status were shown to be unidimensional measuring instruments.

The general consensus of demographers and other observers of population phenomena has been that differential fertility among various groupings within the U.S. population has been in a process of contraction during recent decades. The evidence presented in this study, in general, supports this consensus although not without reservations. More precisely, the main findings of this study can be specified as follows. There appears to be some evidence of contraction between white and nonwhite fertility, although since 1920 the relationship has stabilized at around 85 percent of unity. The evidence on the urban rural differential is more inconclusive. Although the urban rural fertility ratios in 1930 are the closest they have ever been in this time series, this is due to the greater increases in urban fertility during the baby boom and is not prefaced by any observable trend toward contraction before 1940 except among nonwhites. The data on the educational fertility differential are inadequate.

The most prominent research investigations of leadership relations currently making scientific progress appear to be sociometric studies. But despite their contributions, sociometric studies seem to be seriously hampered, in terms of integrating diverse patterns of leadership, by an inadequate theoretical orientation. The adequacy of this orientation stems primarily from the inability of "socio-criteria" to comprise a system of related leadership categories but also from the proponents' questionable claims that: leadership is based on harmonious group support; the correct research method to determine leadership is to proceed by means of "respondent authorship" through the "reality test"; and leadership positions should be determined only by sociogram inspection which not only becomes progressively more difficult as the size and scope of the community increases, but also denies the validity of qualitative treatments. To develop an alternative research treatment which would eliminate the limitations of the sociometric approach and provide a possible basis for a more generalized theory of leadership relations, a New York rural community, comprising about 4,000 residents, was studied in 1946-1947.

Growing concern over pesticide use and environmental quality has intensified the potential for varying attitudes between the farmer and the city dweller toward the pesticide industry. The reasons of the differences in attitudes toward the pesticide industry are influenced by the usability of pesticide in the groups' production activities. This report summarizes the results of a survey related to the statements about the pesticide industry among farmers and city dwellers in Champaign County, Illinois.

The farm family is generally considered to be more oriented toward tradition than the urban family. For this reason and because of close ties between family and farm in American agriculture, a good deal of attention has been focused on family variables in studies of technological change in agriculture. The present study is based on the general proposition that the family as an institution is slow to change and that persistence of traditional aspects of family structure and function will deter acceptance of change in other areas. This report is based on a larger study of obstacles to change among commercial farmers in one of the agriculturally less prosperous Pennsylvania counties. Relationships between characteristics of the sample families which reflect a traditional orientation and one aspect of technological change, the attitude of the farm operator toward the use of credit, are dealt with in this article. The process of earning a living from the farm has traditionally involved most family members. Several questions were asked to determine which family members were part of the farm work force when needed. Relative great family involvement in farm work was hypothesized to be positively associated with a traditional, negative attitude toward credit.