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This article presents abstracts of several papers about international monetary published in the March 1965 issue of the journal International Monetary Fund Staff Papers. In the article Euro-Dollars: Some Further Comments, Oscar L. Altman discussed some issues concerning the use of Euro-dollars in the U.S. While in the article Balance of Payments Adjustment Among Developed Countries, Anne Romanis argued that persistent disequlibria often originate in once-and-for-all changes and tend to abate in time, that the adjustment process can be strengthened by deliberate long-term policies and that if imbalances impose intolerable pressures on particular countries, recourse should be had to exchange rate adjustments at infrequent intervals.

Presents various econometric models of different countries. Problem of stabilization policy in underdeveloped countries; Productivity and comparative costs of Great Britain and the U.S. in international trade.

This section presents abstracts of articles on money and labor published in the September 1965 issue of the journal American Economic Review. The article titled The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the Investment Multiplier by Albert Ando and Franco Modigliani modifies both the model and the procedure employed by Milton Friedman and David Meiselman in their earlier work in order to assess their results and their interpretation as evidence for the relative stability of monetary velocity and the investment multiplier. Meanwhile, the paper titled Tests of the Relative Importance of Autonomous Expenditures and Money by Michael DePrano and Thomas Mayer presents a critique of a study by Milton Friedman and David Meiselman which claimed that the stock of money is far more important in determining income than are autonomous expenditures. This critique covers the period 1929-63 using sub-periods as well as data for the whole period. The main criticism of the Friedman-Meiselman study is that it defines autonomous expenditures in a way which includes many endogenous elements. Furthermore, the paper Surplus Agricultural Labor and Development: Facts and Theories by Morton Paglin used the Indian data to challenge the widely held assumption that disguised unemployment and surplus labor are prevalent in the agricultural sector of underdeveloped countries.

This paper gives detailed consideration to some of the factors likely to affect tax levels in developing countries While important gaps remain to be covered, our results suggest that the availability of taxable bases is a more important determinant of tax levels in developing countries than variations in the demand for government expenditures. In developed countries, variations in tax levels suggest that demand factors come into play. This conclusion is based on our findings that factors measuring tax administrative capacity, while not very meaningful as indicators of demand for public services, are highly significant in explaining the tax ratios in developing countries. The introduction of these variables enables us to explain about 45 percent of the variation in the ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the traditional Weberian concerns about complex organizations require refinement and extension for the understanding of organizations designed for social development. Six ideal type modes of looking at development bureaucracies are proposed: (1) that the organization is theoretically oriented; (2) that the organization is designed to provide latent structures to meet the changing contingencies of the development process; (3) that the organization is client centered and is consequently designed to work with the entire social system(s); (4) that the organization is designed to perform a socialization or resocialization function; (5) that social development organizations are ideally committed to a norm emphasizing experimental design as the primary consideration in program design; (6) and that the organization for social development is constrained by the limited alternatives for change available at any given time. In addition, brief attention is given to the great importance of community disintegration and ego impairment as critical constraints on attempts to repair and/or modernize a social system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines three patterns of entrepreneurial succession in private enterprise in developing countries. The process may be thought of as the succession from entrepreneurs to executives. The findings suggest significant variation in the adaptability of each type to the development of modern organizations in which the function of management is distinct from the manager as a person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to show that the method for distributing SDRs adopted through the Rio Agreements was designed not to lead to the redistribution of income and wealth among nations either on the occasion of the initial allocations or through the use of the SDRs in the financing of temporary deficits. This objective may not be attained because IMF quotas fail to reflect nations' long-run average demand for reserves or because the quantity of reserves in existence fails to establish an average equality of interest plus liquidity yield on SDRs to the marginal productivity of real resources. If the Rio Agreements are deficient in these respects, relatively simple technical adjustments in the operation of the scheme are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of management sciences in Peru, with particular reference to the introduction and diffusion of operations research in the 1960's. The reactions of government officials and executives in private industry to management science are analyzed. The educational and institutional aspects of the future of OR are also examined. The paper ends with a discussion of the methodological aspects of operations research work in underdeveloped countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents some abstracts of published materials concerning international economics. The paper entitled "International Liquidity: Meaning and Significance for the Haves and the Have-nots," by J. Amuzegar discusses the significance of international liquidity problem of the haves and have-nots with reference to three issues, the magnitude and adequacy of international liquidity now and in the near future, the involvement of different countries in the creation and use of needed additional reserves, and the appropriate ways and means of effecting necessary changes in the present world payments and reserve system. The abstract entitled "International Trade Theory in a Vintage-Capital Model," by P.K. Bardhan contains an analysis of the pattern of comparative advantage in a model of growing international economy where intercountry productivity differentials are affected by, among other things, differences in economic life of machines in different countries. The paper entitled "External Impact on Economic Development," by H. Burgard is a lecture on some problems arising from the international economic relations of developing countries.

The article author comments on views of economist A.N. McLeod on his (author's) paper on trade and investment in underdeveloped areas. McLeod has expressed apprehension about absence of a definition for underdeveloped areas. In his paper, the author had referred to countries which are poor for reasons other than war destruction. These countries also happen to be mainly agricultural and exporters of primary products. The author also notes that McLeod himself falls back "more on usage than pure logic," so he should not be bothered about absence of definition. The author did not mean "a country that is not at present industrialized." The under-developed countries are agricultural (or mining) countries, but not all agricultural (or mining) countries are under-developed. The author does not have to show that merely geographic investment is "actually harmful to the recipient country." Foreign indebtedness is bad, even if the results of the investment are not "actually harmful." The onus is onus is on someone to demonstrate that the investment is positively useful.

This article presents a discussion on a research paper "Commercial Policy in the Underdeveloped Countries," published in the May 1959 issue of the journal "American Economic Review," by Raul Prebisch from the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America. In dealing with mechanisms that are supposedly "inherent" in elasticities or terms of trade, one cannot help feeling uneasy about the degree of generalization and the inference from historical statistics that the material of the research paper permits. General methods of determining elasticities, especially over the long term, are far less than perfect, and the difficulties of terms-of-trade analysis are also great enough to warrant caution. The numerical examples used by Prebisch are based on the usual assumption of an income elasticity of less than unity for primary products. On the demand side this assumption seems reasonable enough, but long-term supply elasticities within the industrial countries have been shifting significantly in developing countries. However, the domestic output of certain minerals has not kept up with demand, so that the import requirements are rising relative to income growth in the industrial world, notwithstanding some protectionist interference.

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents some abstracts of published materials concerning economic history, economic development and national economies. The paper entitle "Economic Growth in Britain in the Inter-War Years: A Re-assessment," by D.H. Aldcroft presents calculations based on the statistical data collected by these authors and suggests that the growth of the British economy not only compared favorably with that of other industrial countries but was also considerably better than pre 1914 achievements. The purpose of the paper entitled "Capital Formation and Government Capital Policy in Developing Economies," by H. Ben-Shahar is to suggest a rationale for such an intervention in the capital market, particularly in developing countries, where the financial system is underdeveloped, and to suggest optimum techniques for government operation. Another paper entitled "Factor Pricing with "Unlimited" Supplies of Labour," by A. Bottomley and D. Nudds sets out to show that there are strong theoretical reasons for supposing that the supply of Labour in overpopulated countries is not perfectly elastic at the subsistence wage.

This article presents abstracts of articles on economics published in the January-March 1965 issue of The Indian Economic Journal. In the paper An Activity Analysis Approach to Measure Productive Efficiency in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ahmednagar and Nasik Districts, by K. R. Bharadwaj and R. Bharadwaj, the authors have made an attempt to employ the activity analysis technique to measure productive efficiency of agriculture in India. This technique enables the authors to handle more efficiently multiple inputs without varying the usual index number problems. The approach requires only the more general convexity condition on the production set and the non-positivity of the slope of the isoquant. In the first two sections the methodological issues and the empirical procedure have been discussed. In the final section the results of an empirical enquiry using the farm management data pertaining to the Ahmednagar and Nasik districts have been presented. Furthermore, the article Central Banking in Developing Countries: Some Lessons of Australian Experience, by H. W. Arndt considers each of the major central banking functions such as foreign exchange policy, control of money supply, selective control of credit and development of capital market in order to show how they have come to be exercised by Australia's Central Bank, what problems have arisen and what lessons the Australian experience may hold for central banking in the developing countries. Moreover, the purpose of the paper Production Function for Indian Steel Industry, by A. K. Sarkar is to study the functional relationship of output in the Indian steel industry with that of different inputs. The modified Cobb-Douglas type regression equation has been fitted to the time-series data by the method of least squares in the multiple regression equation with a linear relationship.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the May 1965 issue of the Quarterly Journal of Economics. In the paper The Impact of Underdevelopment on Economic Planning, Andrew M. Watson and Joel B. Dirlam argued that certain fundamental handicaps have been insufficiently considered in setting the goals of, and establishing the institutions for, economic planning in developing countries. While the article N Achievement and Economic Growth: A Critique, discussed the theory of David McClelland on economic development such as his hypothesis on the relationship between n Achievement and economic growth, and not with the validity or reliability of his measures of n Achievement.

Nations borrowing technology from more developed countries often fail to realize that much of the developed country's class structure, behavior and attitude are often implicitly built into its technology. Thus, a developing nation may be obtaining more than it bargained for in such technological borrowing. The developing country may either have to change its own class structure or partially fail in its efforts to borrow. This paper examines some of the reasons why class structures are built into technology and what some of the implications of such technological borrowing are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion of "Stochastic Stability of a General Equilibrium Model," by Roy Weintraub, "Equilibrium Growth and Capital Movements Between Open Economies," by Myron Myers and "Farmer's Response to Price in Underdeveloped Areas: The Nicaraguan Case," by Pedro Belli, all in this issue. Comments on Weintraub's paper include a caution in interpreting results and an injunction to introduce the peculiarities of an economic problem into stability conditions. Belli's paper invites criticism on the grounds that is provides insufficient supporting detail to further elucidate the problem, but is praised for employing a testing method in development studies. Myers's paper engenders comments on capital movement.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics and statistics published in a 1965 issue of the journal Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik. The subject of the paper Problems of the Theory of the Forward-Exchange Market is the effects of interventions in forward-exchange market in comparison and addition to interventions in the spot-exchange market. In the article The Economic Growth of Developed and Underdeveloped Countries, Walter Wittman analyzed the economic growth of developed countries and compared the economic development of the advanced countries with that of underdeveloped nations.

Presents information related to several abstracts on economics published in the May 1962 issue of the journal 'Economia Internazionale.' Custom unions and underdeveloped countries; Self-financing and its importance on the working of the economic system.

This conference, held under the auspices of the British Ministry of Overseas Development, was the twenty-first in the series of annual University of Cambridge Overseas Studies Committee conferences. Originally devoted to colonial administration and development, especially in Africa, their concern has now spread to the third world as a whole. All the same, among the 150-odd academics, administrators, and politicians who attended, Africans and Africanists still predominated, as did African examples in the 14 papers presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

What is the role of the scientific community in a less developed country (LDC) in furthering that country's development? In this paper I will try to develop a perspective on this question by describing the view of underdevelopment and the development process that tends to be held by development economists and then contrasting the economist's view with the one that tends to be held by the natural scientist. The development economist, by and large, has placed less weight on organized science as a factor in development than has the natural scientist; while the natural scientist may overestimate the role of science in development, the economics community may underestimate it. In any case, the reasons for the differences are well worth exploring. What is the role of the scientific community in a less developed country (LDC) in furthering that country's development? In this paper I will try to develop a perspective on this question by describing the view of underdevelopment and the development process that tends to be held by development economists and then contrasting the economist's view with the one that tends to be held by the natural scientist. The development economist, by and large, has placed less weight on organized science as a factor in development than has the natural scientist; while the natural scientist may overestimate the role of science in development, the economics community may underestimate it. In any case, the reasons for the differences are well worth exploring.NNWhat is the role of the scientific community in a less developed country (LDC) in furthering that country's development? In this paper I will try to develop a perspective on this question by describing the view of underdevelopment and the development process that tends to be held by development economists and then contrasting the economist's view with the one that tends to be held by the natural scientist. The development economist, by and large, has placed less weight on organized... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I shall not attempt any sort of comprehensive survey of the contributions to empirical knowledge that have been accumulating in consequence of the application of the new concept, though I shall refer to some of them in the course of the argument. Instead, I shall attempt, first, to outline the essentials of the new approach, second, to apply it to the problems of the measurement of tariff barriers and the cost of protection, and third, to develop some of its implications for customs-union theory, in the particular case of the proposal advanced at UNCTAD for the granting of preferences for the manufactured exports of the less-developed countries in the markets of the developed countries. In the first part of the paper I must necessarily be brief; such brevity can be excused on the grounds that the main points are rather simple, and that several good expositions are available in print.[1] In the second and third parts, I shall deliberately use very crude models of the economic system, essentially partial-equilibrium models or general-equilibrium models from which most of the substitution possibilities of such models have been removed. The reason for proceeding in a fashion so contrary to the general-equilibrium spirit of modern international trade theory is two-fold; to avoid the use of complex mathematical formulae, and to make the results potentially applicable to empirical study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents views on the study about the trade policies in developing countries. According to the author the nontariff barrier makes it difficult for the developing country exporter to cope than the exporter in a rich country who has resources, marketing apparatus and quality control. The author also presented that in evaluating alternative growth strategies in developing nations the cost of implementing social and economic objectives relating to income distribution, employment, land reform, spreading of technological and market knowledge and political modernization must always be accounted.

This article presents a method for the measurement of import substitution in Brazil during 1949 to 1964. Because of its narrow definition of imports, however, Hollis Chenery's original approach misses much of what can be meaningfully considered as import substitution. In this paper the authors examine the nature of this bias and attempt to correct it by expanding their concept of imports to include the intermediate demands generated by import substitution. Finally, the authors present calculations for Brazil to give some idea of the magnitude of the bias of the original Chenery measure for a semi-industrialized developing countries.

The article presents discussions of various papers in the issue. Stephen Hymer's "The Efficiency (Contradictions) of Multinational Corporations," and Robert Baldwin's "The International Firm and Efficient Economic Allocation International Trade in Inputs and Outputs" are discussed in terms of a paradigm shift within international trade economics. A commentator amends Jack Baranson's "Technology Transfer Through the International Firm," saying that international technology transfer does not always lead to greater efficiency. Another commentator disputes Hymer's article and instead asserts that the real issue is how developing countries structure their own economies to accommodate or repel multinational corporations.

This paper concentrates on the role of the industrial sector. The growth of industrial employment opportunities and output depends mainly on the strength of two forces, capital accumulation and technological change. The greater the rate of capital accumulation, the greater the rate of expansion of industrial employment and output. Moreover, in an economy with substantial surplus labor, innovations can also make significant contributions in the same directions, especially if they are sufficiently strong and are biased in the labor using direction thus making possible maximum use of the relatively abundant factor. If the combined forces of capital accumulation and innovation yield a rate of labor reallocation in excess of the rate of population growth, the economy may be considered to be successful in the development effort in the sense that the center of gravity is continuously shifted towards the industrial sector. As this process continues, the underdeveloped economy will sooner or later exhaust its surplus labor and reach a significant turning point in the development process. The aim of this paper is to examine carefully the role of industrial capital accumulation and technological change during the development process.

A good deal of the literature on the international distribution of poverty says that people do not move among employments in accordance with the principle of equal advantage, so that advantage is not equal at the margin in all employments. There are too many in some industries and too few in others and stable equilibrium is achieved at less than maximum output for given resources. In the paper on incentives in underdeveloped countries the author examines the assertion that in those countries people do not respond to income incentives. He shows that the statement is only partly true, but to the extent that it is true it clearly bears upon economic growth. For if people do not strive to maximize income, clearly there can be no maximization of welfare. The author proposes to restore order in phenomena by reformulating the behavioral postulate thus, they maximize a basket of incentives, only one of which is income. Authors document the increasing Intrusion of government into economic life.

This article presents a discussion on the research paper "Transportation and Economic Development," in the context of problems faced by developing countries, by Wilfred Owen, a professor at the Brookings Institution in Washington D.C., published in the May 1959 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." In considering the kind of transport system to be developed for an area, Owen has ably set forth the many factors that must be considered. He recognizes that the transport media already in existence must be taken into consideration. In other words, the problem is quite different in an area not previously provided with some form of modem transport and an area in which railways or water transport or both had been previously developed to some degree. It must also be recognized that the different forms of transport are not complete substitutes of one for another. Each has its peculiar advantages and limitations. Air transport, for instance, requires the least investment but gives the highest ton-mile operating costs, railroads require the largest capital investment and, except for water transport, usually produce the lowest ton-mile operating cost. Highway transport appears to stand between air and rail transport as far as capital requirements and ton-mile operating costs are concerned.

Conscious pursuit of public goals is the essence of public policymaking. Policy process involves among other things activating and mobilizing various administrative elements such as authority, structure, resources, procedures, and relations. Rationality requires that these elements become continuously restructured, revamped, and realigned in order to maximize the goal effectiveness of policy. The effort to gear administrative elements to the achievement of deliberate policy goals is administrative reform. This is a continuous and prevasive process. Now the crux of administrative reform is innovation, that is, injection of new ideas and new people in new combinations of tasks and relationships into the policy and administration process. This is, however, not an automatic process. It requires strategy in order to facilitate its adoption and diffusion throughout the public organization. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevance of innovation theory to administration in developing countries in general and administrative reform in particular and then to devise a heuristic matrix of administrative reform strategy that brings to the fore innovational leadership and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main thesis of this paper is that industrialization of non-western societies will eventually lead to the development of new societal patterns. The view that only very limited aspects of western culture can be imported into the non-machine societies while certain other "less desirable" aspects can be excluded is naive, unless it is based on an understanding of those aspects of culture which are independent of the industrial economic institution, and those which are inextricably tied up with it. One important change which will occur in a society with the introduction of industrialization will be the creation of new roles. These new roles are predominantly economic in nature thus introducing an entirely new pattern of behavior into a society. The separation of the economic functions from a totally integrated system would throw the entire system into a state of disequilibrium. Another factor which further disrupts the old system is the decline of certain old roles, such as skilled craftsmen and magicians. Man needs to make various adjustments to machinery and its effects on social organization.

This paper makes a distinction between ‘opinion leadership’ and traditional leadership in the process of directed change in underdeveloped areas. Using the case study method, an attempt is made to demonstrate that each of the two types of leadership is suited to a specific situation. Using support from Max Weber's argument that the traditional leader is free to confer grace quite arbitrarily, the potentiality of this type of leadership as an instrument for social change is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]