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The article presents subject index for the journal "Clinical and Experimental Immunology." Some of the subjects included are: Allergen antibodies, a modified radioallergosorbent test for the in vitro detection of, 617; Anaemia, autoimmune haemolytic; Chromium survival studies in patients with different kinds of warm autoantibodies, 559; Antibodies and anti-kidney antibodies in kidney transplanted patients and patients with renal disease, occurrence and cross-reactivity of heterophile, 191; Antibodies to tubercle bacilli in sera from non-tuberculous and tuberculous individuals. Universal occurrence of, 65; Antilymphocyte globulin by human peripheral lymphocytes, uptake of, 423.

By means of the antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis of Laurel! twenty-two different candida albicans precipitins were demonstrated in a serum from a 56-year-old woman suffering from idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and chronic candidiasis. This precipitin response is remarkably strong, but a detailed evaluation of the finding must await further investigations. lt is mentioned how the human precipitins may be quantitated and the titres expressed in arbitrary rabbit precipitin units. The antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis may be useful in other infections, and possibly in certain autoimmune diseases, in order quantitatively to screen patient sera for a multitude of precipitins without purification of the individual antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intact IgG antibody can terminate established immune responses, whereas F(ab')2 antibody cannot do so. The difference between the two antibodies appears to be qualitative. F(ab')2 antibody, but not pepsin-digested normal serum, can interfere with the suppression and termination of immune responses induced by intact IgG antibody. These results are discussed in terms of the tripartite inactivation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal regulation of the immune response was studied in toads following single injections of bacteriophage f2. The immune response was markedly inhibited in animals kept at 15° as compared to the controls (25°). The appearance of serum antibodies was delayed in animals kept at 15° for the first post-immunization week but their peak antibody levels were similar to those in toads maintained at 25° throughout. Transfer of animals from 25° to 15° 2 weeks after immunization only temporarily depressed the serum antibody levels but caused a marked delay in conversion from heavy to light antibodies. Our results are in keeping with the hypothesis that lowered environmental temperatures inhibit a variety of metabolic processes which may be concerned with the utilization of antigen and/or the synthesis of antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunochemical identification of a distinct immunoglobulin class associated with mouse reaginic antibody and designated IgE has been performed. An antiserum against mouse reaginic antibody was prepared in rats by immunization with homologous peritoneal mast cells sensitized with mouse reaginic antibody. This antiserum, after adequate absorption, recognized only one component existing in mouse serum or fractions of serum containing reaginic antibody. This component was not any of the already known γ1, γ2, IgA or IgM immunoglobulins; its immunoglobulin nature was indicated by its antigen-binding capacity in radioimmunodiffusion analysis. Fractionation experiments (zone electrophoresis, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200) showed that there was a strict association between reaginic anaphylactic activity and IgE immunoglobulin. Molecular weight of IgE was found to be about 200,000. In biological tests, anti IgE neutralized anaphylactic activity attributed to reaginic antibody, but not that attributed to γ1-antibody. Anti-IgE degranulates normal and sensitized mouse peritoneal mast cells, and rat peritoneal mast cells after they have been sensitized by mouse reaginic antibody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken anti-bovine serum albumin antibody was isolated by precipitation with albumin at pH 8.6 in 13 per cent NaCl, solution of the precipitate at pH 11.3-11.5 in 0.9 per cent NaCl, and separation of the antibody from the antigen by gel filtration at the same pH. The purified antibody precipitated its antigen and was precipitated by rabbit antiserum to chicken serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitin lines were observed in double diffusion tests between mouse gut tissue homogenates and serum from the same animal. Other tissues failed to produce this result. The line-forming components of the tissue are lipoidal while serum reactants are free of lipid. Purified γ-globulin, IgG, does not react with tissue constituents. An IgM component can be identified as one reactant. Lipo- polysaccharides extracted from E. coli 014, Forssman antigen and Kidd-Friede- wald antigen could not be demonstrated as reactants. It appears that certain tissue components which may be lipoproteins, and lipid free serum components, one of which is IgM, react in a way which resembles immunological interactions but which arc believed not to be so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of 10 mg of ovalbumin (HEA), bovine γ-globulin (BGG) or rat γ-globulin (RGG) to a mycobacterial wax D adjuvant emulsion inoculated intracutaneously reduced the induction of adjuvant arthritis from a 95 per cent incidence in control rats to 18·5, 26·6 and 33 per cent, respectively. There was notably less protection from bovine plasma albumin, rat serum albumin or heat denatured rat serum albumin. With a 5-mg dose of HEA arthritis was reduced to 37·5 per cent. Lower dosages were not protective. Little or no protection resulted from pre-treatments with HEA or BGG intramuscularly, with BGG in incomplete adjuvant intracutaneously or from the latter given separately but concurrently with wax D adjuvant. The inhibitory effects of the various proteins may be attributed to their adsorption by wax D in vitro before inoculation. Alternatively the protein may compete as an immunogen with an immunogenic moiety of the wax D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcellular preparations of mouse thymocytes were compared with respect to their power to raise in rabbits antisera which prolonged the survival of skin homografts. Of the fractions studied thymocyte ‘membrane’ gave the most consistently good results, whereas thymocyte ‘mitochondria’ gave rise to sera which were toxic in high dose. Whole mouse liver homogenate or liver subcellular fractions did not elicit potent antisera. It is concluded that thymocyte ‘membrane’ best fulfils the requirements for an ideal material for immunization thus far studied and provides a convenient starting point for further purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slowly sedimenting components with a sedimentation velocity of about 7S and reacting with specific antisera against IgM were found in six pathological human sera. Four of these came from patients with different forms of reactive macroglobulinaemia of infectious origin. Similar components were produced from purified IgM preparations by bacterial action, and to a lesser extent by spontaneous splitting at room temperature. The conditions for such a splitting were, however, absent for most of the sera investigated in this study. The possibility that slowly sedimenting IgM-like components are artefacts, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies reported here indicate that tanned red cells coated with a mixture of chromatographically purified ovalbumin and conalbumin give agglutination titres which are directly related to the amount of antibody (as meas- ured by quantitative precipitation) present against either of these antigens in mixed sera. With whole (unabsorbed) mixed sera, these coated cells record the titre of the major antibody present, whether this is anti-ovalbumin or anti-conalbumin. There was no evidence of greater sensitivity to anti-conalbumin. A trace of ovalbumin in a preparation of conalbumin used to coat cells is fully sufficient to enable them to react with any anti-ovalbumin in a serum. Twice recrystallized ovalbumin still contains some conalbumin. Sera raised against it may contain unexpectedly high levels of anti-conalbumin and this could cause confusion in tanned red cell tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antisera to specific proteins in herpes simplex infected cells were produced by immunization of rabbits with infected rabbit kidney cells. These antisera were highly virus specific and produced up to twelve lines in immunodiffusion tests against infected cell extracts. Acrylamide electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis revealed up to ten virus specific proteins of varying size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donor guinea-pigs were immunized with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Three weeks later these donor guinea-pigs showed strong delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen. Peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages) and serum were then transferred intravenously from the immunized donors to normal recipients. Good 24-hour skin reactions were obtained in the recipients which had received cells and serum from donors immunized with bovine serum albumin, y-globulin, ovalbumin and haemocyanin. The reaction transferred by immune cells and serum was greater than the reaction transferred by either singly. This synergy was not found with PPD or blood group substance as antigen. Good transfers of 24-hour skin reactions to PPD were obtained with peritoneal exudate cells both alone and with serum. Good transfers could not be obtained with blood group substance. The synergic action of cells and serum in the passive transfer of 24-hour skin reactions was specific. The ability of peritoneal exudate cells to transfer 24-hour skin reactions was present at 1 week and greater at 3 weeks. In contrast the ability of serum to enhance passive transfers was absent at 1 week and present at 2 and 3 weeks. The histology of reactions passively transferred by spleen, lymph node and peritoneal exudate cells in the presence and absence of serum was studied. Serum alone produced a predominantly polymorphonuclear infiltrate which was maximal at 18-24 hours and almost absent at 48 hours. Cells alone produced only a very slight reaction. The combination of cells and serum produced lesions at 4 and 18 hours resembling those caused by serum alone. At 24 hours however the histiocytes and lymphocytes were more numerous than in the pure serum reaction and by 48 hours the infiltrate consisted of histiocytes and lymphocytes. It was concluded that, with certain antigens, there is a synergic effect of immune cells and serum in the passive transfer of 24-hour skin reactions and reasons are given for considering that these passively transferred 24-hour skin reactions are indeed delayed hypersensitivity reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoelectrophoretic analyses and complement titrations of whole human serum show that a number of physical, chemical and immunological agents affect the ß1C/ß1A-globulin system which is considered to represent the third component of complement (C′3. The transformation from ß1C-globulin to ß1A-globulin is the normal result of ageing, while antigen-antibody complexes, polylysine, hydrazine and cobra venom accelerate this change. In addition, α-globulin fragments of ß1A-globulin appear after interaction of normal sera with antigen-antibody complexes, treatment with cobra venom, and by storage under nitrogen in glass tubes or in polyethylene containers. Similar α-fragments are seen in the aged sera of some patients with glomerulonephritis or renal allografts. With prolonged storage these α-fragments can reform ß1A-globulin. On the other hand, 2-mercaptoethanol and penicillamine produce complete dissolution of ß1C into rapidly migrating, poorly defined fragments in the α-globulin and albumin regions, and transform ß1A into a stable ß2-globulin. The reduced fragments of ß1C-globulin, if not alkylated, can subsequently form the ß2-globulin, but not the ß1A-globulin. These results indicate that ß1C-globulin is composed of several subunits, some of which are joined by disulphide bonds, but that the α-globulin fragments seen in some pathological sera are not a result of disulphide bond reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γG-globulins† from human syphilitic sera when treated with pepsin are still capable of flocculating cardiolipin antigen but lose their ability to fix guinea-pig complement in the presence of antigen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine precipitating and non-precipitating antisera against bovine serum albumin where studied by quantitative isotope precipitin and coprecipitation techniques. Canine precipitating antisera yielded curves of incomplete precipitation of antigen in antibody excess. Non-precipitating canine antibody can inhibit precipitation of antigen by rabbit precipitating antibody under certain conditions. Canine precipitating antibody contains a &gamma-globulin fraction which results in complete precipitation of antigen in antibody excess. It is suggested that canine non-precipitating antibody is a faster moving globulin which is present in canine precipitating antisera and the combined effect of canine non precipitating and precipitating antibodies results in the characteristic types of canine precipitin curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific interchange takes place between 131I-marked antibody combined with cellular antigens and the free unmarked antiserum antibody in three systems studied: (A) bovine cells with (i) human infectious mononucleosis serum and (ii) rabbit anti-bovine serum and (B) human Rh D-positive cells with Rh incomplete anti-D serum. The rate of interchange is much lower than the initial combination of an unmarked antibody with an unoccupied antigenic site, and also is slower in the Rh incomplete system than in the other systems studied. Rabbit anti-bovine red cell antiserum partly interchanges with 131I-marked infectious anti-body on bovine cells, but the reverse interaction does not apparently take place at all. Possible reasons are put forward to explain this. The infectious mononucleosis interchange reaction has a large temperature coefficient (about 4·9) which corresponds to a heat of reaction of 29,000 cal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried ceils of Pasteurella multocida type I were extracted with 2.5 per cent aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Acidification of the extract with HCl to pH 3.8 yielded a fraction containing protein with some polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide. This was removed by centrifugation. Addition of ethanol to the supernatant precipitated a polysaccharide containing fructose, mannose, glucose and glucosamine. This polysaccharide could be further fractionated into products containing varying proportions of glucosamine and fructose. It is produced by both ‘blue’ non-capsulated and ‘fluorescent&lrsquo; capsulated phases of the same strains. From the former it is almost entirely released into the surrounding medium instead of remaining bound to the surface layers of the bacteria. The purified (heterogeneous) polysaccharide fraction is precipitable and fixes complement with homologous sera. When added in repeated amounts to rabbit and cattle sera against whole bacteria until no further precipitate formed it reduced but did not abolish the mouse-protective power of the sera. It did not immunize mice to challenge when injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally in doses ranging from 2 to 100 μg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of sera containing immuno-conglutinin or conglutinin in demonstrating complement-binding by human blood group iso-antibodies was investigated. Provided that a suitable complement was used, positive results were obtained with all human sera which had been shown by other methods to contain complement-binding antibodies. When human red cells were sensitized with human complement-binding blood group antibody and then treated with horse serum as a source of complement, the strongest reactions were obtained with rabbit immuno-conglutinin; the reactions with bovine serum (containing conglutinin) were distinctly weaker, and the reactions with human sera containing immuno-conglutinin were weaker still. When rabbit complement was used instead of horse complement, stronger reactions were obtained, but it was difficult to avoid ‘false positive’ reactions. When human complement was used, good reactions were obtained with rabbit immuno-conglutinin, but the reactions with bovine conglutinin and human immuno-conglutinin were completely negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the object of simplifying the fluorescent protein tracer technique, the following fluorochromes were examined as possible alternatives to fluorescein: aminoeosin, aminorhodamine B, 3-phenyl-7-isocyanatocumarin (Geigy), 5-β-carboxyethylaminoacridine, R 4388 (Geigy), fluorite C (I.C.I.), lissamine flavine FFS (I.C.I.), lissamine rhodamine GS (I.C.I.), and lissamine rhodamine B 200 (I.C.I.) (RB 200). With the exception of RB 200, none was suitable as a protein label largely because of unsatisfactory fluorescence intensity or colour. RB 200 has proved a successful alternative to fluorescein. The conjugation of dye to protein by a sulphonamido linkage is quick and simple and does not materially affect the physico­chemical or biological properties of the protein. The resulting conjugates are stable, have a brilliant orange fluorescence in ultraviolet fight and good contrast with tissue autofluorescence. The contrast is sufficient to permit the use in microscopy of ultraviolet plus blue light with a yellow filter above the object to ensure a black background; fluorescence is greatly enhanced in this way. When injected intravenously into rats or rabbits, conjugates are distributed in the tissues and eliminated from the plasma in much the same way as proteins labelled with fluorescein or radio-active isotopes. Serum antibody conjugated with RB 200 retains immunological specificity, as demonstrated by the staining of the corresponding antigen. Practical use has been made of RB 200 conjugates as plasma tracers and as specific immunological stains: they have been applied alone and in combination with fluorescein conjugates in double tracing experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determining the antigen-binding activities of specific immunoglobulins in serum is described. Samples of sera were applied to commercial immunodiffusion plates and unprecipitated proteins eluted. The precipitate circles were challenged with specific radio-labelled antigen and exposed to X-ray film. Blackened circles on the radioautograph were found to be good indices of the antigen-binding activity of each immunoglobulin and could be monitored using a Beckman Model R Analytrol. The height of each analytrol peak provided an objective estimate of the intensity of darkening. Variation in the amount of added radio-antigen had a direct effect upon the intensity of the darkened circle at low concentrations. At a given concentration of antigen, however, all antigen-binding sites became saturated and additional increases in antigen concentration did not further increase the density of blackening. The quantity of antigen required to just saturate the combining sites of a particular immunoglobulin is a measure of the antigen-binding activity of that immunoglobulin. The employment and some of the applications of this relatively simple radio-isotopic technique are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of abbreviations related to immunology. Some of the abbreviation given are for antibody, antigen, acid-citrate-dextrose, autoimmune complement fixation, antilymphocyte globulin, bis-diazotized benzidine, biological false positive reaction, bovine gammaglobulin, bovine serum albumin, Bence-Jones, buffered saline solution, carboxymethyl, cerebrospinal fluid, diethylaminoethyl, deoxyribonucleic acid, dinitrochlorbenzenc, ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fluorescein to protein, gonococeal complement fixation test, graft versus host, intraperitoneal, intravenous, keyhole limpet haemocyanin, long acting thyroid stimulator, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, lupus erythematosus and so on.

The article presents a list of abbreviations that have been used in the September 1, 1971 issue of the periodical "Clinical and Experimental Immunology." The abbreviation "Ab" is used for antibody; "Ag" is used for antigen; "ACD" is used for acid-citrate-dextrose; "AICF" is used for autoimmune complement fixation; "ALG" is used for antilymphocyte globulin; "HSA" is used for human serum albumin; "IF" is used for intrinsic factor; "IFT" is used for immunofluorescence technique; "DNA" is used for deoxyribonucleic acid; "DNCB" is used for dinitrochlorbenzene; etc.