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A seminar was conducted which provides a foundation upon which research, education, and action programs might be based as a state university brings its programs to focus more fully on the economic and social problems of rural areas. Papers presented covered the following subjects: objectives of community development, trends related to rural areas, rural industrialization, political ideology, economic attachment to agriculture, public policy, food processing industries, social change, population redistribution, distribution of physicians, adaption of local and regional government, natural resource use, recreational development, national development, modern living, economically disadvantaged, labor markets, and growth trends. (CK)

Information presented at a workshop on current rural development in the Northeast was described in this report. The objectives of the workshop were to get an overall view of the regional rural development research conducted under the State Agricultural Experiment Station in the 12 northeastern states; to encourage interdisciplinary exchange; to identify the potential use of the current regional rural development research for policy and program purposes; and to contribute to more effective planning, management, and use of such research. Major areas were rural development, social change, economic change, natural resources, poverty, and community services. Also included in the report were technical discussions of the presented papers; user discussions; and a panel discussion on the future directions in planning, management, and use of rural development research in the Northeast. (PS)

The effects of industrialization on the economic and social profile of a rural community are described in this paper. Some of the major changes when industry moves into a community are in the land use and support systems such as an increase in the demand for water, energy, and waste disposal. Other changes are in the labor force, retail sales and services, housing development, and demand for schools and other public services. The major conclusion is that much of the effort spent by a single small community in attracting new industry will benefit an area far beyond its own environs. (PS)

The relationship between prior and present socioeconomic status and 10 symptoms of social and psychological stress were examined for mobility effects. The analysis was confined to a 5-year, intragenerational mobility panel from 2 Illinois regions--Putnam County and segments of 3 other adjacent counties in north-central Illinois, and a portion of Iroquois County in central Illinois (the control region). In 1966, the Jones-Laughlin Steel Corporation developed a large steel mill in Putnam County. Then, in 1966, 1967, and 1971, area probability surveys of household heads were conducted. For this study, only those in the 1966 and 1971 surveys will be used. During the 5 year span a marked reshuffling of occupational structure occurred in both regions. In Putnam, 74.5% remained stable, while 11.5% moved upward and 14% downward. The control region displayed similar results, with 71.4% remaining stable. The findings provided little, if any, support for suggesting that mobility has disruptive consequences. The Durkheimian mobility hypothesis pointing to manifestations of anomia, stress or social isolation was not evident. (KM)

The document has 3 goals (1) to examine the distribution of economic benefits of industrial development as reflected by the concept of competition in human ecology; (2) to provide an empirical test of the ecological model, and (3) to relate the findings to public policy. Two Illinois study areas were identified. First, as an experimental region, Putnam County and bordering sections of the 3 contiguous counties were selected. Second, a comparable region across the state--Iroquois County--was selected as a control region. Both regions: (1) are about equidistant from Chicago, (2) had similar highway and railway systems in 1966, and (3) were rural agricultural counties similar in demographic composition. In 1966, 1,171 household heads were interviewed in the experimental region, and 411 in the control region. Five years later, after the industrial plant had beenin operation, 1,166 persons in the experimental region were interviewed and 399 in the control region. Findings are presented in 5 tables and are summarized--e.g., Table 1 presents gross and net effects on income of each category of competitive capacity. (FF)

Information on the commuting patterns of the employees of a recently constructed manufacturing facility in north central Illinois is presented in this report. The subjects included 720 hourly workers and 300 salaried employees of a cold rolling mill. Data were obtained from the 1972 personnel records of the plant and were available for 98% of the employees. Air and road miles between residence and plant site were calculated. Major findings were that there is considerable variation in commuting distance among the employees and that the radius of the commuter field is very wide. It was noted that the income generated by the plant is dispersed over a wide area, which is desirable for the region but may pose problems for the host community. (PS)

PLANNING AUTHORITIES IN THE COUNTRIES OF ASIA SHOULD PLAN TO USE THE WIDE, INSTANTANEOUS RANGE AND INTIMATE APPEAL OF BROADCASTING TO LIFT THE LOW LEVELS OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, PRODUCTIVITY, INCOME, MOTIVATION, AND NATIONAL INVOLVEMENT OF THEIR PEOPLE. IN PLANNING FOR ITS USE IN FORMAL EDUCATION, THEY SHOULD ANTICIPATE NEEDS IN SCHOOL-BUILDING DESIGN, TEACHER EDUCATION, AND UNIVERSITY-TYPE BROADCASTS. IN PLANNING FOR INFORMAL EDUCATION AND PROGRAMS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LISTENING CLUBS AND TELECLUBS SHOULD BE PLANNED FOR AND RECEIVERS MADE AVAILABLE. PROVISION SHOULD ALSO BE MADE FOR TRAINING IN EDUCATIONAL BROADCASTING AND FOR INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF PROGRAMS. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE AS B.2266 FROM NATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS OF UNESCO PUBLICATIONS OR FROM THE DIVISION OF FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION, UNESCO, PLACE DE FONTENOY, PARIS-7E, FRANCE, FOR $1.00. (MF)

An empirical approach to the development of a system of social indicators was suggested in this paper. The paper also suggested research developed around a more inductive approach to social indicator research with 3 methodological phases representing increasing levels of methodological sophistication. The first steps attempted to conceptualize social indicators that reflect the human meaning of societal change and development by examination of the life experience of nonmetropolitan people. Second, attempts were made to work inductively toward the macro-level, by combining these empirical indicators into more abstract indicators that provide multidimensional profiles of individuals and subgroups. Third, attempts were made to develop relational models of community systems and to draw causal inferences by the use of controlled indicators designed to measure the social effects of major demographic changes as one strategic force in societal change. (Author/PS)

The 28 papers in the proceedings are separated into 7 categories according to the session at which they were presented at the annual meeting. The areas of rural life covered by the papers are youth, rural development in the 1970's, population, social change, race and culture, community and community development, and ecology and environment. (PS)

The Barrio Development School, a 4-year action-research project which has been in operation for 2 years, is located at Masaya, Bay, Laguna, Philippines. Begun by the University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture, and the Board of National Education, it is a secondary school program for barrio youths who have decided to stay, live, and work in the barrio as farm operators. It is aimed towards (1) determining whether a non-college preparatory secondary school program is possible in a village setting, (2) determining the extent of the school's contribution to the socioeconomic development of the people and the village, and (3) studying the sociological processes involved in the introduction and operation of such a school project. The Barrio Development School trains prospective (12-18 year olds) farm operators on their own farm, where day-to-day problems have to be studied and solved. In addition to learning about farm production, the future farmer learns about supply, labor, credit, marketing, and other management requirements of modern farming. The student operates the farm by himself, with the guidance of the agriculture teacher and his parents. This paper discusses the resistance encountered from the barrio leaders and parents, the program-supervised farming projects (i.e., raising rabbits for profit), and the school's impact on the barrio, parents, and educators in the country, as well as from other countries. This paper also compares the school project to the present secondary school programs. (NQ)

A set of conceptual schemes that can provide a partially articulated framework to serve as a basis to relate educational policy to the ends of rural development is described in this paper. Education is viewed in a sociological perspective as a process and as a social institution. Rural development as a social process is examined by means of a broad-based sociological focus in which societal variation is a major factor. Additional information is included in 5 diagrams. (PS)

Some of the assumptions, conditions, and parameters which deal with power structures and rural development are briefly specified in this paper. The definitions (conceptual and operational) for power, social power, authority, influence, power structure, development, and rural are discussed. The ideological orientation under which development activities are assumed, expected, required, or desired to be carried out is discussed as a 5-part typology. These typoligies include the Empirical-Rational, the Normative-Re-educative, the Influence-Manipulative model, the Power Coercive model, and the Conflict model. The scope, type, amount, and responsibility for development and the decision-making units which must be involved in development decisions are also specified. (NQ)

A theoretical framework for integrating concepts of communication and institutional change based on experience with the Puebla Project in Mexico is given. The Puebla Project is a program to introduce high yield corn technology on a broad scale to 50,000 dry land corn farmers in Puebla, Mexico. The first part of the paper points out how institutional analyses can have limited value when restrictive concepts are used. Events observed in Puebla can be better explained by defining "institution" as a set of rules or norms which govern the behavior of individuals in different roles or positions. Broad scale analyses are facilitated because rules can be classified into groups as can roles. Then communication becomes an intellectual process analogous to problem solving (displaying ideas so the idea can be transformed, not the person). The second part of the paper describes the Puebla Project in the context of Mexican development and explains the main institutional issues which were taken into account in organizing the field program. The project stresses institutional and operational factors, such as (1) continuous research and evaluation to change operating rules of both technical staff and campesinos; (2) fostering of campesino organization as a means to ensure that rule changes will be relevant, (3) direct involvement of campesinos in communicating new rules and procedures, (4) continuous on-the-job training of new personnel to expand the number of personnel who understand institutional concepts, and (5) gradual change in the rules governing the distribution of agricultural credit and supply organizations. (NQ)

The New Rural Society project concerns itself with the deterioration of America through urban overcrowding and rural depletion. Coupled with experimentation and pilot testing, the study is designed to demonstrate that imaginative application of telecommunication will enable business and government departments to function effectively though their operations remain in big cities. Specifically, the paper discusses how communications technology can considerably improve conditions in employment opportunities; educational services; health care; and social, cultural, and recreational pursuits--the major reasons for migration from rural areas. It is stated that by the year 2,000, and at the current rate, 2/3 of the people in the United States will live in 12 major urban centers. More than 1/2 of them will be concentrated in 3 megalopolies comprising only a few percent of the country's total land area. The studies reveal that pollution and the incidence of crime per unit population increases with the size of cities. A request for the Rocky Mountain States and their Governors to join the New Rural Society project in establishing a planning and action program is included in the conclusion of this paper. (HBC)

The papers presented in this collection are said to represent the major thrusts of research and other scholarly activities of rural sociologists in the South in 1972. Arranged in the order of their presentation at the Rural Sociology Section of the Southern Agricultural Workers meetings, these papers discuss such topics as youth, social change in rural areas, sociology of the environment, social and economic indicators of rural development, race and culture, and population. "Occupational Choice and Perceived Goal-Blockage Among Black High School Seniors: A Rural-Urban Comparison" is 1 of 6 topics in Part I. "New Dimensions in Human Resource Development" is 1 of 7 topics in Part II. "Pollution and Solid Waste Disposal in the Rural South" is 1 of 5 topics discussed in Part III."Social and Economic Indicators of Rural Development From the Sociological Viewpoint" is 1 of 2 titles in Part IV. "A Longitudinal Study of Black's Perceptions of Race Relations: A Study of Village Blacks in a Southern Area" is 1 of 4 headings in Part V. "Factorial Ecology and Demographic Research" is 1 of 4 topics in Part VI. Introductory and summary comments at the beginning of each major section are provided by the editor. (HBC)

A conception of schooling and its associated conception of educational policy, designed to join rural schools with their communities in a powerful force for rural development, are described in this paper. Information is presented in the form of answers to pertinent questions and covers the following areas: the revitalization of rural communities; the skills and competencies necessary to provide local people with the ability to utilize, coordinate, and direct the resources necessary to revitalize rural areas; the rural school as a revitalization force; and the changes in schools. The Rural Education Program's basic rationale and component activities are described in terms of environmental improvement for rural children, youths, and adults; community involvement; employment of trained consultants in rural schools; new curriculum development strategy; and educational policy reformation at the state and national levels. (PS)

An Index of Development Potential based primarily on the success communities have had in passing bond issues is suggested in this paper. Ten Texas communities were studied using an index composed of 3 measures: the ratio of bond issue success, total bond expenditure per capita, and labor force potential. A composite score was derived from these measures for each community. Tentative conclusions were that the suggested Index of Developmental Potential was internally consistent and that the variables appeared to be indicative of the developmental potential of communities. Suggestions for future research were that other researchers be encouraged to suggest other relevant dimensions which might indicate a community's potential for development and that research should be directed towards relating structural characteristics of communities to the Index of Developmental Potential. (PS)

The National Workshop on Rural Development was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the American Association of Junior Colleges, and the American Vocational Association. The objectives were to help post-secondary schools find their role in rural development; to provide a forum for significant rural development issues; to develop a firmer liaison between USDA, the community colleges, and vocational educators; to further awaken government agencies and personnel to the potentials of education in rural development; and to identify priorities and courses of action. The following papers, which were presented at the workshop, were intended to play a key role in meeting the five objectives listed above: (1) "Why Rural Development"; (2) "Rural Development Is a Process"; (3) "Coalition for Rural America"; (4) "Population Trends, Patterns, Projections and Implementations"; (5) "Transportation and Communications for Social and Economic Development in Rural America"; (6) "Rural Housing and Public Service"; (7) "Education and Manpower Training"; (8) "Health, Recreation and Cultural Opportunities in Rural America"; and (9) "Planning for Area Development--Roles of Federal, State and Local Government." (FF)

An attempt to formulate a more global but functional framework for analyzing local organizations as mechanisms for citizen participation in development is presented in this paper. Both the review of the literature and the prescriptive guides to action are presented under the following headings: membership and leadership, management of alienation and grouplessness, access to training and education, channels for communication of innovations and change, mechanisms to mobilize resources, access to markets, access to power and influence, and other linkages and levels of organization. Major recommendations are that agricultural leaders should have some social science training, that participation analysis should be used in assessing the role of the local organization in the continuous integration of community members into a modernizing society, that studies of farmers' organizations as information and development promoting systems should also analyze the skill and learning aspects, that attention should be paid to the roles of economic and social information in developing effective communications channels, that attention should be given to the role of agrarian reform in the mobilization of human energies, that there must be adequate market access and more access to power and influence, and that additional levels of organization should be created. (PS)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the nature, scope, and implications of the rural development in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The first section of the paper deals with the forces that have caused changes in agrarian reform policies as they affected rural development in these countries. Specifically discussed are the Agrarian Reform Law of 1958 in Iraq and Syria; the 1967 June War in Jordan and Lebanon; the 1952 revolution and Agrarian Reform Law in Egypt; the Cuban system of collective farming in Algeria; and the Five-Year Plan in Morocco and Tunisia. The evaluation section of the paper emphasizes the importance of accurate and extensive data on rural life, sufficient financial resources, skilled personnel, and coordinated efforts in the planning for development as being essential elements for sound agrarian reform. The summary indicates that the agrarian reform programs in the Arab countries have been successful in decreasing inequalities of wealth and narrowing traditional differences between the landlord and the peasant. However, with the migration of peasants to urban centers, the need exists for more economic development, social uplift, political stability, and effective governmental organization. (HBC)

Major considerations for efficient resource use in organizing and providing rural service systems include analysis of the supply and demand conditions for services in a dynamic rural economy, projection of economic factors influencing supply and demand conditions for rural services, and physical planning for rural services to meet efficiently the projected demand with restricted and efficient resource use. "Economic concepts of demand constitute an essential element in planning and organizing rural public service systems. The demand for services can be related to consumer costs and population characteristics of a specific area. The influence of price as a device for allocating resources needs to receive more attention than has been the case in the past. Autonomous changes in the broader social and political arenas of the state and nation affect the precision with which the demand for services in a region may be projected. It is essential that an accurate analysis be made of an area's potential for growth or decline for purposes of planning for future as well as current service needs." Included along with the text of the paper are 1 table (listing 7 public services, their output measure, and possible output quality measures) and a 9-item reference list. (MJB)

One approach to the use of socioeconomic indicators for analyzing rural development alternative strategies is presented in this paper. The underlying assumptions of such an analysis are discussed. Necessary analytic information include (1) data on rural opinions about each facet of the socioeconomic environment and selected socioeconomic characteristics of people possessing those opinions, and (2) data for the construction of socioeconomic indicators from such sources as the censuses of population, housing, agriculture, and manufacturing; statistical series from various state and Federal agencies; local newspapers; and local government agencies. Suggested procedures for the use of discriminant analysis are detailed. (PS)

A framework for constructing a set of statistical economic and social indicators for rural development is discussed in this paper. Operational definitions are presented for economic development, economic growth, rural, and rural development. The framework for identifying economic and social indicators can be adapted to quantify most existing theories and depends on delineation based on aggregates of counties according to the homogeneity of economic and social problems. The delineation methods are described. Twelve specific variables are aggregated into a single index of economic development by principal component analysis. Nine delineations are compared for specific variables to test for differences in computed properties of each variable and for differences in estimated relationships among variables. Five difficulties that might limit the set of indicators are that they must be problem-oriented, be rooted in development theory, be capable of providing considerable detail, be reported for carefully chosen observational units, and be based on current and reliable data. (PS)

The failure of development to improve the quality of life in most third world countries and in the less advantaged sectors of advanced capitalistic countries can be partially attributed, it is felt, to methodological errors made by those studying development. Some recent sociological approaches to the study of development are reviewed in this paper, and suggestions for clarification of the issues and approaches are made. Three major areas are discussed: (1) the definition of development; (2) the major approaches to the study of development--equilibrium models (behaviorists, psychodynamicists and diffusionists) and conflict models (structuralists--non-Marxist and Marxist); and (3) problems in analyzing relevant variables--confusion of structuralism with determinism, conceptualization, and the representativeness and validity of data. The economic situation of Colombia is described, and the five approaches are compared as to the treatment of 30 research questions relevant to the solution of Colombia's development problems. References are provided. (KM)

A view of rural development that is basically sociological in perspective and that hinges on educational policy is presented in this paper. Rural development is defined as social development of the rural sector and its constituent social units in reference to some desired end state. The role of the educational system, especially the Land Grant college system, in the social process of rural development is described. Major conclusions are that the priority needs for rural development are that the Land Grant colleges must escape the traditional tendency for single discipline, single focus projects and programs; develop a clear set of objectives for development that are based on the perceived life goals and needs of rural people; and develop a better understanding of how educational policy can be utilized as a development tool, and then use the knowledge to serve all rural people. A related document is ED 066 243. (PS)

Evaluating current rural development research, the paper covers 6 major areas: (1) the nature and purpose of research; (2) circumstances related to rural development that require careful attention; (3) observations on rural development "disorganization" as an "outsider" might view the situation; (4) an opinion about the focus rural development research should take; (5) constructive suggestions as to why needs in rural development research are not being met; and (6) a suggested approach for rural development research. One of the major gaps in rural development research seems to be the lack of problem definition. The current numerous agencies, research documents, and researchers involved in the rural development effort are too complex to allow for an organized approach. If the rural development effort is to produce the desired results, the economist's approach, which appeals for a study of the resources of the rural community to analyze the alternatives open for economic development and to make recommendations on public policy at the local, state, and national levels, must assume much greater importance, and rural development researchers must be more clearly attuned to needs. Agricultural economists should direct their attention to research designed to provide information which will speed up rural economic development, providing jobs and income. (KM)