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Commentary is provided for the article "The National Security Dilemma: Challenge to Management Scientists," by Marshall K. Wood, published in the April 1, 1961 issue of the periodical "Management Science." The author disagrees with Wood's assertion that the development of international law be contingent on the development of a United Nations military force. Also discussed are Wood's views concerning potential protocols in the case of a nuclear attack, including the implementation of a population shelter initiative.

The article presents several news briefs from the related to atomic energy with the involvement of the United Nations. The Control Committee completed the first discussion of the six working papers on the detailed functions of an international control agency. The Committee took up the statement in the coordinating paper which said the issue of international ownership of source material remains controversial.

The article focuses on the program prepared by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission for the Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Switzerland. Thus, looking toward presentation at Geneva, several thousand organizations associated in some way with atomic energy were invited to submit for review abstracts of papers for submission to the United Nations. Moreover, all papers submitted to and accepted by the United Nations, including the American papers will be published in full in the conference proceedings. According to the author, Geneva will mark the first time that all available technical information on the constructive uses of atomic energy has been assembled in one place and where specialists from eighty countries have been able to convene.

The article presents parts of the second report of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) to the U. N. Security Council. The report presents a review of the proceedings of the UNAEC on the discussion on the points of disagreement expressed by the Soviet Union and the formulation of proposals for an effective system of international control of atomic energy. An overview of the functions and powers of the international agency and amended proposals to Part II of the six "Working Papers."

The article presents a discussion about developmental and operational functions of the international agency. It offers several pages from the six working papers prepared by the Control Committee of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. It gives the detailed elaboration of a control plan. However, the Russian representatives assumed the role of interested observers rather than partners in the work. The papers are the product of collective thinking in which the Russians have participated unwillingly and without attempting to influence specific conclusions.

The article discusses the abstracts of several papers on economics published in the November 1965 issue of the "Journal of Farm Economics." Some of the papers are: "The United Nations, Agriculture, and the World Economic Revolution," by Gunnar Myrdal; "Response to Economic Incentive by Abakaliki Rice Farmers in Eastern Nigeria," by Delane E. Welsch; "Fertilizer Supply and Grain Production in Communist China," by Jung-Chao Liu; "A Further Case for Unregulated Truck Transportation," by W. Miklius and D.B. DeLoach; "Development of Inventory Models to Determine Feed Reserves for Beef-Cattle Production Under Unstable Climatic Conditions," by M. Afzal, J.H. McCoy, and F. Orazem; "Adjusting Dynamic Models to Improve Their Predictive Ability," by Richard J. Crom and Wibur R. Maki; "A Method of Comparing Contract Proposals for Broiler Chicken Production," by Ewell Paul Roy; and "Demand for U.S. Soybeans in the European Common Market: A Case for Optimism," by Reynold P. Dahl. The second article of the journal deals with the introduction and subsequent expansion of a new crop, rice, into the Abakaliki are of eastern Nigeria, where yams had for centuries been the chief crop, and with the economic response of the small farmers in the area.

The article reports issues and topics related to the United Nations Conference on Atomic Energy held on August 8 to 20, 1955, in Geneva, Switzerland. According to the event's organizers, the final count of papers accepted for the conference was 1,061, with 460 scheduled to be presented orally at one of the 60 sessions. The range of subjects is shown by the titles of the six volumes which will contain the published papers including "Safety Aspects of Nuclear Reactors," "Power Reactors," "Research Reactors," "Nuclear Fuels," "Atomic Raw Materials," and "Applications of Nuclear Radiation in Food and Agriculture."

The article offers information on various news on atomic energy. On September 11, 1947, the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission adopted its second report to the Security Council. The suggestion to dissuade the development of atomic power was presented before the Senate Atomic Energy Commission by some nuclear scientists. The Acheson-Lilienthal report proposed that the development of fissionable materials should be conducted under international sponsorship.

This is a report on how often the British express opinions in terms of the United Nations. It is drawn from a content analysis of the whole of Britain's daily national press during the period from the end of 1945 to the beginning of 1950. The method used was a form of content analysis, theme analysis. Press opinions about the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics amounted to more than 40,000 spread across the four years, that elaborate pretest of the data made possible a "code" of 72 themes, the only politically meaningful assertions made about the two countries by British newspapers or by Britons in their newspapers in any recurrence whatever. In 1954, when, in preparation for the world organization's tenth anniversary and possible revision of the Charter, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is attempting to report on what the peoples of more than 20 countries say and feel about the United Nations, it may be useful to record the inescapable conclusion that to one of the world's most literate peoples, the British, United Nations almost never did and most probably almost never does matter.

The article presents updates on teaching and various research about conflict resolution which are under the Program of Graduate Training and Research in International Relations at Northwestern University. Richard C. Snyder has completed two papers on the development of theories about international relations, which include "Some Recent Trends in Theory and Research Focused on International Relations" and "An Inquiry into the Nature of Deterrence and Deterrence Theory." Studies by Chadwick F. Alger focus on conflict management in the United Nations and the functioning of the Organization of American States. Alger's studies are entitled "Non-Resolution Consequences of the United Nations and Their Effect on International Conflict" and "Diplomacy at the United Nations."

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper describes an Irrigation Feasibility Study carried out for a Developing Country. The area considered comprised some 1,000,000 acres of land in Burma and the study was undertaken for the Burmese Government under the auspices of the United Nations. The solution technique used was Mixed Integer Programming, there being approximately 750 continuous variables, 50 integer variables and 250 constraints. The study is of particular interest in that the problem was solved both by conventional methods and by Operational Research methods independently. Therefore, a complete comparison of the relative merits of both approaches exists and is discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents response of the author on comments made by scholar S. Herbert Frankel on the paper "Report on Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries." These comments were published in the August 1952 issue of the periodical "Quarterly Journal of Economics." The questions, which Frankel has raised, touch upon some of the basic problems confronting economic development of the underdeveloped areas. The difference between his approach and that of the United Nations report is so fundamental as to warrant a re-examination of same of the points at issue. The first issue to which attention should be drawn is the income aggregate as a criticism of development. Frankel said that incomes couldn't be compared in the abstract; they have meaning only in relation to the social context in which they are embedded. It is fallacious, therefore, to assume that aggregate or average incomes are a measure of development, and he added that to say that the object of development is to achieve higher per capita incomes is in itself also meaningless.

This article focuses on the economic development of a nation. Not only does economic development command more discussion in its own name than any other economic subject before the United Nations and other international organizations; it is impossible to debate or pass a resolution on other subjects, for example, full employment, without also again giving consideration to economic development. Despite all the excesses of oratory and polemics which have been uttered in the name of economic development, it would be a great mistake, lightly to dismiss the reality and the intensity of the "drive" for economic development. It is prestige and economic nationalism, political nationalism, and standards of living all mixed together. It is intimately linked with the stirrings toward greater political self-government or independence among the peoples of many of the underdeveloped areas of the world. In this period of ferment, the aspirations toward economic development take on significance for political and security reasons.

The article offers information on the graduate training program at the Department of Political Science of the Northwestern University for the study of international relations. Co-directors for the program are Richard Snyder and Harold Guetzkow. The program received a five-year grant from the Carnegie Corporation. There are several research projects under the program, including studies in foreign policy-making, conflict management in the United Nations and attitudes in international affairs. The papers delivered at the interdisciplinary conference of scholars and officials of the Northwestern Program held between April 8 and 10, 1959 are listed.

A conference paper on international scientific communications is presented. It includes a feasibility study on a World Science Information System completed by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The report include topics such as standard codes for bibliographic elements, basic library for developing countries and pricing policies of scientific information services.

In his presidential address to the American Sociological Society Professor Robert C. Angell discussed the contributions which sociology might make toward the cause of world peace and organization and, among other things, stressed the need for evaluation research with regard to the policies and programs influencing attitudes toward the United Nations. Teachers, moreover, have been perennially curious about the effect of their classroom teaching upon their students' attitudes. This paper has a bearing upon both of these problems. Effects of the presentation of course materials on attitudes were studied in a university course on the United Nations. The United Nations class served as the experimental group, a class in the sociology of the family as the control group. Both groups completed an Internationalism and a United Nations scale at the beginning and again at the end of the quarter in which the courses were offered. Unexpectedly, the pre-test showed attitude score differences, in favor of the experimental group, on both scales.

The long-heralded U.N.C.T.A.D. II took place in New Delhi's splendid conference hall, Vigyan Bhavan, equipped with every modern facility— simultaneous interpretation in five languages and a daily Journal in three, a vast secretarial staff, and an elaborate documentation service running off the millions of words written and spoken during the conference. The 133 member countries were represented, many at ministerial level, as well as all the specialised agencies and regional commissions of the United Nations, and many other international bodies. The U.N. Secretary-General himself came to inaugurate the conference with his blessing, although—significantly, perhaps—Vietnam negotiations delayed his arrival for a few days. Technical experts from all over the world were in attendance; and New Delhi felt for a time like the world capital that some say it is destined to become. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Information about several papers discussed during a world disarmament conference by the United Nations Disarmament Commission is presented. One of the two resolution passed during the session recommends that the United Nations General Assembly should provide urgent consideration to convening a world disarmament conference in which all countries would be invited.

Information about the meeting session of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission which was held on February 18, 1949 in the Soviet Union. The meeting aims to prepare a working paper setting out the recommendations for the international control of atomic energy. The Commission also aimed to prepare a comparative table based upon the reports and proceedings by its members.

The article presents the statement given by Frederick H. Osborn, United States Deputy Representative on the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, which appeared in the special Atomic Supplement of the Washington Post on August 3, 1947. He noted the deadlock which the United States and the Russians are involved with regarding the issue on atomic energy control. The Russians expressed their disagreement over some of the proposals contained in the Atomic Energy Commission's report. This fact is manifested by their refusal to sign the report made by the Commission on December 30, 1946.

The article describes a method for distinguishing opium of Mexican origin from other types of opium. Several different methods for the determination of the geographical origin of seized opium have been recently developed. Most of them were worked out within the United Nations joint program of opium research. In this paper, the possibilities of a rapid identification of Mexican opium, on the basis of peculiar absorption characteristics of its diluted extracts, are described. The proposed method for distinguishing Mexican opium from Asian and European types of the drug offers many advantages and is suitable for use in police investigations. With it one can identify Mexican opium with a great probability, and it requires not more than 15 minutes. The procedure is simple, easily reproducible, and requires only minute samples. On account of extremely strong absorptivity of ultraviolet radiation shown by opium extracts, even smallest traces of opium can be successfully examined, by using aliquots of buffer solution.

The article reports on the revised three-stage disarmament plan presented by Great Britain and France during the meeting of the United Nations Disarmament Subcommittee on March 19, 1956 in London, England. Such plan is based on the preliminary creation of a United Nations control inspectorate. Its first stage would include a freeze on military manpower, expenditure, and levels of armaments while its second stage would call for reduction of all conventional forces to half the agreed-upon levels and limitation on all nuclear tests. Furthermore, its third stage would see conventional forces to half the agreed levels and a moral ban on the manufacture, testing, and use of nuclear weapons.

The article reports on issues and topics concerning international efforts towards the peaceful use of atomic energy. The seven-nation planning committee for the international scientific conference on peacetime atom developments convened at the UN headquarters in New York, on January 17, 1955, with Swedish diplomat Dag Hammarskjold presiding. A few days before the New York meeting, an announcement from Moscow offered the international conference a report on Soviet experience with power reactors gained from its 5,000-kilowatt reactor.

The article reports on the issue about the use of the United States of bacteriological methods of warfare in Korea which is discussed at the quadrennial meeting of the International Red Cross Conference in Toronto, Canada. The issue was first raised by a Russian representative before the Disarmament Commission of the United Nations. The US representative at the UN commission urged the establishment of a foolproof system of arms reduction that would include the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction. It cites that the safeguards would differ with those of atomic energy and other types of nonatomic weapons.

The article reports developments related to atomic energy in the United Nations. The six Sponsoring Powers, charged by the General Assembly with the task of seeing if a basis for agreement exists, decided on December 20, 1950 after the Fourth Assembly adjourned that the practice of closed meetings should be maintained. Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo, Chief Philippine Delegate to the United Nations and President of the Fourth UN Assembly, took unilateral action to cut out some of the secrecy. In a letter dated December 16, 1949, to the then Chairman of the Six-power Group, General A. G. L. McNaughton of Canada, Romulo again suggested four possible paths for exploration. The delegates of the Six Sponsoring Powers accepted his letter behind the closed door without public comment.

The article presents a speech by Robert S. McNamara, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, delivered at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. He examines the relationship of economic development with preservation of environment.

The article focuses on the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden. The Secretary-General of the Conference was Maurice F. Strong. The theme constantly present in the conference was the reconciliation of environmental quality with economic development. Many delegates believe that economic development should not be promoted at the expense of environmental quality.

The article focuses on the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. In the treaty, after reaffirming the basic rights of the U.S. in Antarctica, the note proposed that the 12 countries having a direct interest in that area conclude a treaty which would have the peaceful purposes. First, freedom of scientific investigation throughout Antarctica by citizens, organizations and governments of all countries and a continuation of the international scientific cooperation which is being carried out so successfully during the current International Geophysical Year. Second, international agreement to ensure that Antarctica be used for peaceful purposes only. Lastly, any other peaceful purposes not inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations.

The article shares the author's insights on the prospects and problems encountered in the disarmament effort of implemented by the U.S. The author sights that the most frustrating aspect of the efforts to stop the arms race is the inability to create pressures which will weaken the pressures that keep it going. Anti-communism has been virulent in the U.S. that it would lead to self-destructive act, while many false images of the U.S. have guided Soviet policy The author further asserts that achieving limitations on conventional weapons, particularly the more costly and sophisticated variety is another problem that affects nations. He proposed that the U.N. should increase its membership which will include all the nations of the world particularly the Chinese People's Republic.

The article focuses on the cooperation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for maintaining peace and the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means. Both countries recognized the relationship between international peacekeeping and disarmament in the "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations," on September 20, 1961. The agreement includes an obligation of the nations to place, at the disposal of the United Nations, agreed manpower necessary for an international peace force to be equipped with agreed types of armaments.

The article discusses some highlights about the conference of the United Nations on disarmament issues. The eight independent members of Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament lead as sponsors and prime negotiators of resolutions. A quasi-disarmament measure on the declaration of legal principles governing the activities of states in outer space was approved unanimously by the assembly. Most discussions occurred on criteria for setting up atom-free zones while discussion was expected on measures to prevent surprise attacks.

The article discusses the economic effects of disarmament. The countries of Egypt, Sumer, China, India and Peru have continued reliance on weapons of warfare. Armaments in the arsenals of the major powers are able of eradicating most of mankind. The resolution was reflected in the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1959. The question of armament was regarded as the most important one facing a challenge in the humanity today. A world that is disarmed would preempt political accommodation among nations. The study of the economics of disarmament needs an assessment of the resources which are concentrated to military expenditures. However, the riddance of armaments from national arsenals would depend on the political understanding among the major powerful countries.

The article focuses on the accomplishments of the United Nations' Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (SCEAR). The SCEAR was established by the General Assembly in December 1955 to find if low doses of radiations, such as those given by fallout products, are noxious to man and capable of changing man's environment in any undesirable way, changing in any undesirable way man's environment. The real challenge was whether is it possible to reach scientific agreement on a limited point of knowledge vitally important to the community, and can this scientific agreement be the basis for a general political agreement.

The article focuses on the author's perspective on the suggestion that the economically underdeveloped nations should be giving more attention to solar energy development and not concentrating all their hopes on atomic energy. Because of the availability of other energy resources at lower cost, solar energy applications are only of marginal significance in the foreseeable future in the industrialized nations. The author suggests that solar energy development programs should be pushed through by United Nations' facilities and the U.S. government for the greatest benefit of the people who are striving for economic and social betterment.

The article discusses the issue about the disarmament of arms control in the United Nations. Among the problems of the future historians will be the question whether indeed there had ever been negotiations in any important sense in 1945-55. For several years, the customary sequence has been for one of the Western representatives to start the session by addressing a series of questions to the Soviet opposite. The Western delegates made it plain that they trust no Soviet promise that an international inspectorate cannot patrol.

The article offers information about the proceedings of the debate on a resolution sponsored by seven nations and introduced by the U.S. urging the quick establishment of an international atomic agency and calling for a technical conference under United Nations (U.N.) auspices in 1955. The debate was initiated by the Political Committee of the U.N. General Assembly during November 1955. This event is the first step in initiating a modified version of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower's atomic pool proposal of December 1953. The event ended on November 23, 1955 with the unanimous acceptance of the resolution after the defeat of two amendments to it proposed by the Soviet Union.

The article discusses the official background of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's address to the United Nations (UN) on December 8, 1954, the immediate reaction to his nation address and his conversation with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., U.S. representative to the UN, in relation to his atomic pool proposal. Welcoming a pooling of atomic knowledge for the general benefit of the people was the immediate reaction to the president's nation address. However, these reactions have indicated the fear of nucleonics to takeover the national state.

The article focuses on the author's suggestions which might contribute to the efforts of the United Nations (U.N.) towards disarmament in 1954. The author suggests that the U.N. must have a body-like, scientific and technical committee which will be composed of a scientific representative who would avoid political issues and render a unanimous report. Furthermore, the author said that a research staff set up by the U.N. Secretariat and charged with reporting on scientific and technical aspects of atomic controls would also be a good device. Finally, if the most is to be made of its opportunity, the U.N. should dispense with its statesmen for a while, and bring in the experts.