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The basic criteria for development of a suitable per cent moisture gauge for paper are discussed and the paper industry requirements analysed. The theory of operation for the infra-red gauge is explained and the various components of the system described at length. Installation methods for fixed point and traversing mechanisms are set forth. The significance of the calibration technique being used is discussed. A wide range of current installations is described and the extension of applications on the paper machine suggested.

This article describes certain uses of Binomial Probability Paper. This graph paper was designed to facilitate the employment of R. A. Fisher's inverse sine transformation for proportions. The transformation itself is designed to adjust binomially distributed data so that the variance will not depend on the true value of the proportion p, but only on the sample size n. In addition, binomial data so transformed more closely approximate normality than the raw data. The usefulness of plotting binomial data in rectangular coordinates, using a square-root scale for the number observed in each category, was first pointed out by Fisher and Mather [10]. The graph paper under discussion 1 is specially ruled to make this mode of plotting both simple and rapid. A graduated quadrant makes the angular transformation (p = cos2 φ or p = sin2 φ) easily available at the same time. Most tests of counted data can be made quickly, easily and with what is usually adequate accuracy with this paper. Some 22 examples ar...

A high speed paper tape reader with a maximum speed of 1000 characters per second is described. Relevant principles of construction as well as operating characteristics are given in some detail.

1. A new method is described for f∈≥rpr∫∈g'cysteicaceptsderivedomthedisϕ––debrsofprote∈s.Cyst∈epeptsareseparatedbypapere≤ctrophoresisand⊗zedonpaperbyperformicacapour.E≤ctrophoresisatright∠s→thefirstdirection∏ucesparal≤lgroupsofcysteicaceptsly∈goffadiagonal.Thisf∈≥rpr∫∈g′cysteicaceptsderivedomthedisϕdebrsofprote∈s.Cyst∈epeptsareseparatedbypapere≤ctrophoresisand⊗zedonpaperbyperformicacapour.E≤ctrophoresisatright∠s→thefirstdirection∏ucesparal≤lgroupsofcysteicaceptsly∈goffadiagonal.Thisfingerprint' reveals the way in which the cysteic acid peptides were originally joined in the protein. 2. The method allows a very easy selective purification of cysteic acid peptides. 3. By applying this method to bovine chymotrypsinogen A, we found that the half-cystine residues were linked 1–122, 42–58, 136–201, 168–182 and 191–220.

Serum protein fractions have been studied intensively in the normal newborn infant. 1-9 However, there is only sparse information on the cerebrospinal fluid protein fractions in this age group. 10-18 The concentration of the low protein content in small amounts of cerebrospinal fluid has presented a major problem. Earlier studies primarily used precipitation methods which could not separate the individual fractions. The use of dialysis methods for concentrating proteins, combined with paper electrophoresis, now affords adequate means for separation of the various components of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Paper electrophoretic studies of cerebrospinal fluid have been performed for the most part only in adults and older children, 19-22 with few reports in normal newborn infants. 17,18 The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and relationship of proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of normal newborn infants utilizing chemical and paper electrophoretic methods. Method Thirty-five normal newborn infants

1. The heartwood of A. auriculiformis contains a typical mixture of analogues consisting of three isomeric flavan-3,4-diols, a dihydroflavonol, flavanone, flavonol and chalcone based on the 4′,7,8-trihydroxyl pattern. These were resolved by preparative paper chromatography and preparative paper ionophoresis. 2. Crystalline (−)-teracacidin [(2R,3R,4R)-4′,7,8-trihydroxy-2,3-cis-flavan-3,4-cis-diol] was obtained in high (10%) yield, and a new crystalline derivative of (−)-isoteracacidin [(−)-2,3-cis-3,4-trans isomer] was isolated. The crystalline methyl ether of a new (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis isomer was isolated. 3. The absolute configurations of (−)-isoteracacidin (2R,3R,4S) and of the (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis isomer (2R,3S,4S) were tentatively assigned on the basis of nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, paper ionophoresis and paper-chromatographic comparison with the epimerization products of (−)-teracacidin. 4. Possible reasons for the absence of polymeric leuco-anthocyanidin tannins are discussed. 5. (±)-4′,7,8-Trihydroxydihydroflavonol and (±)-4′,7,8-trihydroxyflavanone were isolated for the first time. 6. The bark polyphenols consist mainly of polymeric leuco-delphinidins and leuco-cyanidins which redden exceptionally rapidly to light. The mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed.

Standard biochemical methods for the determination of simple sugars in biological fluids depend on the chemical reduction of alkaline copper solutions by the sugar present. They give no indication of the qualitative differences between reducing sugars, nor do they indicate the presence of a nonreducing sugar, such as sucrose, nor that the reducing substance is a sugar. The frequent occurrence of reducing sbstances in the urine and the need to identify nondextrose sugars in the blood have prompted the use of paper chromatography as a means of qualitatively identifying the sugars present in the body fluids. 1 The commonly used methods of fermentation and biochemical color reactions lack the specificity of chromatography. This presentation will describe the methods and their application in the identification of simple sugars in the blood, urine, and breast milk. Kowkabany 2 and Isherwood 3 have described the many techniques, solvent systems, and spray reagents useful

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I regret to announce that there is a serious error in my paper in these Transactions, volume 84, pp. 430-443. The error was discovered by Louis Kokoris who found that on line 8 of page 434 the expression given as 4[g(bz)](az) should have been 4[g(az)](bz). As a consequence the computation of P(z, g, az, b) yields nothing, the proof of formula (30) is not valid, and the important Lemma 9 is not proved. Thus the paper does not give a proof of its major result stated as Theorem 1. Nevertheless, the theorems of the paper are all correct and we shall provide a revision of the proof here. This revised proof has been checked by Louis Kokoris to whom the author wishes to express his great thanks. We observe first that the equation

The fundamental principles and methods of the sensitometry of photographic papers established by Jones, Nutting, and Mees in 1914 are reviewed. The necessity for the use of intensity scale exposure rather than the older time scale methods is shown.An account of the evolution of the design of an optical wedge sensitometer to fulfill the required sensitometric specifications leads to the description of a new instrument used in this study of the sensitometric characteristics of photographic papers. Details of the complete sensitometric process are given. The resultant characteristic curves from the different types and grades of papers are described and interpreted. The typical characteristic curve of modern papers is discussed and a revised method of determining numerical values, which describe the curve for practical purposes, is given. The new interpretation of the shape of the shoulder region of the curve is significant with respect to the quality of tone reproduction. The new group of characteristic values—speed, maximum gradient, exposure scale, maximum density, and contrast—is defined and discussed. Numerical values obtained by the new sensitometric method are given in tabular form for most of the current types and grades of photographic papers.

The results obtained in Section B may be summarized as follows: 1. (a) The brightness contrast in the object chosen as a “typical landscape” (Fig. 5) was found to be 39, the highest light having a brightness of 2500 millilamberts and the lowest 64 millilamberts. 2. (b) A panchromatic material was used in making the required negatives in order to minimize the distortion of the visual tone relations due to color effects. By developing a series of sensitometric strips the time of development required to give any desired gamma was determined. The curves obtained show that the exposure latitude of this material is 35, whjch is approximately sufficient for the rendition of the entire object on the straight line portion of the characteristic curve. 3. (c) A group of nine negatives was made, each having identical exposures, the development time being varied to give gamma values ranging from .38 to 1.32. The densitometric characteristics (D max., D min., and γ) of these negatives were determined by density measurements made directly thereon and by density measurements made on sensitometric strips developed with each negative. 4. (d) Using the negatives thus obtained groups of prints were made from the appropriate negatives on thirty-seven different developing-out papers selected to cover the entire range of contrast available in materials of this type. From the prints made on each developing-out paper judgement was made by seventy-five observers on the negative producing the optimal photographic quality. The data thus obtained have been examined critically, and from it certain conclusions have been drawn relating to the characteristics of the observers, the repeatability of judgments of print quality, and the average photographic quality considered as optimal by observers differing radically in their training for the judgment of print quality. li ](e) A summary of the statistical data thus obtained is given, from which is obtained the gamma of the optimal negative for each of the developing-out papers used. The probable error to be remarkably small and indicates that these values may be relied upon as truly indicative of the negative quality which will give the best possible print of the particular test-object used in this work on each of the positive materials. 5. (f) From density measurements made directly on the positives, values of maximum and minimum density for the optimal positive are derived, the difference between these giving the density scale for the optimal positives. These values relative to the optimal positives, together with the densitometric measurement relative to the optimal negatives, constitute the data from which, in connection with the sensitometric data to be obtained in the following section, values of contrast for the positive materials are computed.

Introduction. In a recent paper [2] R. H. Bruck has introduced the concept of right neoring and discussed some properties of these systems. In particular, he has considered analogues of certain properties of the ring of integers. This paper is essentially a commentary on Bruck's paper and we generalize some of his results as follows. The construction of the universal right neoring in [2] is applied to the free monogenic $3-loop in any subvariety $3 of the variety of loops and a complete analogue of Theorem 4.1 of [2] is obtained for any one of these subvarieties. Then, using a result similar to those obtained in [5], it is shown that this construction yields uncountably many right neorings with an identity which generates the additive loop of the right neoring. Conversely, every right neoring with an identity which generates its additive loop can be obtained from a free monogenic $3-loop by the above construction. Each of these right neorings has some properties resembling those of the ring of integers. One possible answer is given to the question raised by Bruck concerning the existence of universal right neorings with free additive loop of arbitrary rank. A brief proof is given, using the results of [4; 5], of the cancellation properties of the monogenic universal right neoring. Finally, we discuss briefly the relationship between right neorings and the logarithmetics of Etherington.

The structural properties of paper as low-cost building material are investigated in a pilot study which gives the results of a limited number of tension, creep, and flexure tests. Certain problems encountered in all-paper construction are discussed, the significance of creep is considered, and a mode of failure peculiar to all-paper construction is observed. The structural integrity and flexibility of form available with paper are illustrated by the fabrication and testing of a cylindrical shell.

It is shown that the rings under the title admit an order-theoretical characterization as in the commutative case studied by Abian. Introduction. Let R be an associative ring equipped with the binary relation (^) defined by xay if and only if xy = x2 in R. In this paper, it is shown that ( ^ ) is an order relation on R if and only if, R has no nilpotent elements i9*0). Conditions on the binary relation (g) in order that R split into a direct product of division rings are then studied in the light of Abian's result (l, Theorem l). Using similar argumentation and using certain subdirect representation of rings with no nilpotent elements, one obtains a complete similarity with the commutative case (yet, no extra complication in the computa- tions). Conventions. R is an associative ring which is, unless otherwise stated, with no nilpotent elements (other than 0). As a result of (2), R can be embedded into a direct product of skewdomains, R—* YLiei £i (that is to say, rings R, having no one-sided divisors of zero). The former embedding is fixed throughout the paper. It is therefore legiti- mate to identify any element x in R with the family consisting of all its projections (xj.e/. Finally, all definitions in (l) are extended (verbatim) to the present case (of a noncommutative ring R) and are freely used throughout.

The study was done that by which of Bekk method and Chapman method, the testing methods for smoothness of paper, we could estimate more exactly the printing sharpness of news print paper. Results obtained were as follows. (1) Comparing the sample B which indicated low smoothness in Bekk method but high smoothness in Chapman method with the sample D which indicated high smoothness in Bekk method but low smoothness in Chapman method, it was recognized that the sample B was more exellent in the printing sharpness than the sample D. (2) The sample B had higher compressibility and lower density than the sample D, therefore it was supposed that the difference in the smoothness data between both methods was due to the difference in used pressure. (In Bekk method low pressure is used and in Chapman method high pressure is used.) However, even if we used as high pressure as Chapman method in Bekk method, we could not gain equivalent data to those in Chapman method. Consequantly, it seemed that the difference between data in both methods was not caused by the difference in force to press the specimen, but caused by the difference in the measuring principle of the used methods. (3) Through above mentioned, as to the testing method for smoothness in order to estimate the printing sharpness of news print paper, Chapman method was more suitable than Bekk method, at least on the printing conditions in authors' experiments.

With this technique, reservoir size can be estimated from pressure data taken from either production or injection wells operating on a cyclic rate schedule. So long as the requirement is satisfied that the flow rate vary cyclically rather than increasing or decreasing montonically, reservoir limit testing is quite simple and an engineer can accomplish it without computer aid. Introduction The conventional reservoir limit test1-4can be used to estimate reservoir size if the test well operates at a constant flow rate during the test. Unfortunately, it is not always feasible to perform a test at a constant rate, at least for more than a few hours. This is particularly true when flow rate varies cyclically as in oil wells that are pumped cylically, water supply wells, and waste-disposal wells. This paper shows how to estimate reservoir size from pressure data in wells operating with a cyclic rate schedule. The method applies to both injection and production wells. The important requirement is the cyclic rate: rate must oscillate about a mean value within some relatively regular period. When this condition is satisfied, reservoir limit testing is fairly simple. This requirement can be relaxed, in which case there will be a corresponding reduction in the accuracy of the calculated result. This is an important consideration when the engineer has no control over the quality of data - for instance, when the engineer has several years of historical data from a well. If he knows only rate and pressure at several points in time, he cannot apply a very accurate, sophisticated analysis technique. The method of this paper allows him to estimate reservoir size from such data, although the accuracy may be less than desired. This method should not be used if a better approach is available. Its value lies in providing reasonable engineering estimates when conditions prevent testing and analysis under more ideal conditions. We shall present here a theoretically sound reservoir limit testing procedure for a cyclic two-flow-rate situation. Simulated pressure-time data for more complicated rate schedules experimentally extend the analysis technique to more realistic situations. The analysis techniques and suggestions for its use are presented, and an example using data from an existing industrial waste-disposal well, is included for illustration. Reservoir Limit Test Analysis The familiar reservoir limit test1–4 requires that a well be operated at constant rate until pseudosteady-state-flow conditions have existed for some time. Then, reservoir size can be calculated fromEquation 1 where: q=flow rate for the well, STB/D q>0 for production, q m*=slope of the linear portion of the pressure vs flowing-time plot, psi/hr The slope, m*, is the constant rate of pressure change during pseudosteady-state flow; m* is negative for production, positive for injection.

Normal probability paper is so designed that the cumulative distribution function of a normally distributed chance variable appears as a straight line. It is a common practice to plot the observations of a sample on this paper to obtain a graphical check for normality or to obtain a graphical estimate of the mean and variance of the population. Textbooks, however, are not very specific about methods for plotting, for, although the ordered observations are plotted along the abscissa, some uncertainties about the corresponding ordinates are left unresolved. The purpose of this paper is to indicate, with a special example, that any graphical technique should depend to a large extent on the purpose for which the graph is drawn. In particular, it presents tables covering sample sizes up to 10, for selecting the ordinates on normal probability paper so as to obtain “optimum” graphical estimates of the mean ζ and the standard deviation σ of a normal distribution. The somewhat more complicated problem of...

This paper describes a novel function generator and multiplier using digital-to-analog conversion techniques. The device has been designed and built to supplement the existing analog computer facilities at the University of British Columbia. The function generator and multiplier, basically a digital-to-analog converter, is controlled by one ore two punched paper tapes. The device is capable of generating two independent functions specified by the input tapes, their product, and the product of an external variable and one of the tape inputs. All outputs are in analog form with a maximum range of +/- 100 volts and 0.5 % accuracy. Principle of operation, error analysis, circuit diagrams, photographs and test results are included in the paper to illustrate the operation and application of the device.

It is shown that water adsorbed by paper cannot be completely removed by pumping while immersed in an impregnating compound which wets the paper. A theory which explains this effect is presented, according to which the equilibrium moisture content of paper pumped under these conditions does not correspond to the external pressure but to one 2λ R greater than this where λ is the surface tension of the impregnant and R the effective pore radius. The application of these findings and the theory to the preparation of experimental samples of impregnated paper of controlled moisture content; to the determination of moisture in impregnated paper; to the drying and impregnation of paper and to the investigation of the pore structure of solids is discussed.

Introduction. In this paper a proof is given of some results obtained by Sanov (see [2]). Some identities are used which are of interest in themselves. Let F= { u, v} be a free group generated by u, v. Let (X, y) = x-ly-lxy for x, yF. If S, T are subgroups of F, let (S, T) = {(s, ), s C S, t C T}. Let F(k) = {Xk, x CF}, F1 = F, Fl = (Fk11,F). Let (u, v, 1)=(u, v); (u, v, n) =((u,v, n-1), v). Then Sanov [2] proved that (1) (U, V, apa 1)PO-"a E F(pA)Fapa+j, ,B, a = 1, 2, where p is an arbitrary prime. In this paper a proof simpler than Sanov's is given for the case p=2 and p=3, with a =1, and /3 arbitrary. It also gives a result if instead of p being a prime, p is divisible by 2 or 3. Identities (4), (6), (9) and (10) below are of interest in themselves. THEOREM 1. Let F= {u, v } be a free group generated by u, v. Let k=2n. Then (2) (u, v) 112 E F(k)F3 k = 2, 4, 6, * and, in particular, if k=20, then (3) (u, V)21-1 G F(21)F3 A = 1, 2, . Comment. (3) is (1) for a = 1, p=2. PROOF. By induction on k d = (u, V)(VZ, u2) . . . (v-1', u')(ui, vi) . . . (uk-1 vk-1) (4) = (U-1V-1) k(VUV-1) 1V1 C F(k), k = 2, 3, * * Received by the editors December 5, 1956.

The paper is of a purely introductory nature and is an attempt to provide a brief introduction to performing design calculations on a computer for engineers with no experience of computer techniques. The paper comments, with a brief description, on a typical computer installation (i.e. I.C.T. 1909); this is followed by a short discussion of problem systems analysis and flow diagramming then a short introductory discussion of the FORTRAN language. In view of the introductory nature of the paper the problems discussed are kept as simple as is compatible with the subject. It will be realized that more sophisticated approaches could be made to the problems but in order to maintain the paper at an introductory level as a guide to those engineers with no experience of using a digital computer, such solutions are deemed to be beyond the scope of the paper.

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The reading of Ayres' interesting paper suggested to me the following remarks: 1. The order of a subset of a set S in a point p4 cannot surpass the order of S in p. Hence if S2 denotes the set of all points of S of order 2, then S2 has in each point of S the order 2, the order 1, or the order 0, where the terms "order 0" and "0-dimensional" are used synonymously. SI(M), S2(1), S" may denote the set of all points of S in which S2 has the order 0, 1, 2, respectively. The points of order 2 of S are also called the ordinary points of S, and the set S2 of all ordinarv points of S may be called the ordinary part of S. The set S" of all ordinary points of the ordinary part of S may be designated the ordinary kernel of S. WVe have

TheU i statistic, discussed by Creager and Valentine in a recent paper, is defined as a standard error of estimate for the regression of a composite, consisting ofn components, on then−1 components, exclusive of thejth component. It is shown that this standard error equals the standard error of estimate for the prediction of thejth component from the othern−1 components. This equality is used to suggest an efficient procedure to compute all primary uniquenessesU i .

This note presents some comments on Bonder's paper on the Lanchester attrition-rate coefficient, which indicate that a valid prediction of average attrition is obtained by using the harmonic mean of the variable attrition rates rather than the arithmetic mean. This change results in a constant Lanchester attrition-rate coefficient being defined as the reciprocal of the expected time to kill a target. An alternate and more general method for obtaining the constant coefficient is presented and some comparative results are displayed. An appendix indicates the conditions for which it is appropriate to use the harmonic and arithmetic means of rates in general.

In a paper by R. G. Krutchkoff, “Classical and Inverse Regression Methods of Calibration,” two methods of Calibration are compared by means of the Monte Carlo technique. He comes to the conclusion that the inverse approach to the Calibration problem has a uniformly smaller mean square error than the classical approach. Our theoretical treatment of the problem shows that the conclusion is true only for small samples. It is shown that when more than one observation is made on y the advantage of the inverse approach is reduced. A large sample formula for the ratio of the two mean square errors is derived which mainly conforms to the result by Krutchkoff.

This note is concerned with the computer implementation of Polya's paper [8] for determining the zeros of a special class of entire functions. Grau's modification to the Graeffe process [6] is utilised to bound the iterated coefficients.