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2. Concluding Remarks
- Author
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Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., Billings, Donald E., Broecker, Wallace S., Bryson, Reid A., Cox, Allan, Damon, Paul E., Donn, William L., Eriksson, Erik, Ewing, Maurice, Fletcher, J. O., Hamilton, Warren, Jerzykiewicz, M., Kutzbach, John E., Lorenz, Edward N., Mintz, Yale, Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., Saltzman, Barry, Serkowski, K., Shen, William C., Suess, Hans E., Tanner, William F., Weyl, Peter K., and Worthington, L. V.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The Influence of the Arctic Pack Ice on Climate
- Author
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Fletcher, J. O., Billings, Donald E., Broecker, Wallace S., Bryson, Reid A., Cox, Allan, Damon, Paul E., Donn, William L., Eriksson, Erik, Ewing, Maurice, Fletcher, J. O., Hamilton, Warren, Jerzykiewicz, M., Kutzbach, John E., Lorenz, Edward N., Mintz, Yale, Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., Saltzman, Barry, Serkowski, K., Shen, William C., Suess, Hans E., Tanner, William F., Weyl, Peter K., and Worthington, L. V.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Bakerian Lecture: On the Grand Currents of Atmospheric Circulation. [Abstract]
- Author
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Thomson, James
- Published
- 1892
5. Remarks on, 'Regional Differences in the World Atmospheric Circulation,' a Paper by John R. Borchert
- Author
-
David I. Blumenstock
- Subjects
Geography ,Atmospheric circulation ,Climatology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Atmospheric sciences ,Regional differences ,Earth-Surface Processes - Published
- 1953
6. Correction to paper by Myint Thein and P. K. Kuroda, ‘Global circulation of radiocerium isotopes from the May 14, 1965, nuclear explosion’
- Author
-
P.K. Kuroda and Myint Thein
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear explosion ,Atmospheric Science ,Ecology ,Isotope ,Atmospheric circulation ,Paleontology ,Soil Science ,Forestry ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,Nuclear physics ,Geophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 1967
7. THE CHICAGO MEETING
- Author
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Miller, Eric R.
- Published
- 1933
8. COMMENT IN REPLY.
- Author
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Oliver, John E.
- Subjects
AIR masses ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,ATMOSPHERE ,METEOROLOGY ,CLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
Presents a reply to the comment of the article written by John E. Oliver entitled "A Genetic Approach to Climatic Classification," previously published in "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Selection of poor examples in the quest for stations that do not fit the scheme suggested in the paper; Questionability on the usage of short-term and old data in any climatological analysis; Role played by air masses in maritime origin in the determination of the summer climate of some continental stations.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE WORLD ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
- Author
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Borchert, John R.
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,CLIMATOLOGY ,GEOGRAPHY - Abstract
Examines the regional differences in the world atmospheric circulation. Description of the geographic pattern of climate; Separation of boundary zones; Generation of climatic gradient in the moving air by factors which tend to produce a steep weather.
- Published
- 1953
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Trade Wind Circulation of the World
- Author
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Crowe, P. R.
- Published
- 1949
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Waves and Tides in the Atmosphere
- Author
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Taylor, G. I.
- Published
- 1929
12. The Dynamics of Cyclones and Anticyclones Regarded as Atmospheric Vortices
- Author
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Brunt, D.
- Published
- 1924
13. The Vertical Temperature Gradients on the West Coast of Scotland and at Oxshott, Surrey
- Author
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Dines, W. H.
- Published
- 1906
14. The Vertical Temperature Distribution in the Atmosphere over England, and Some Remarks on the General and Local Circulation
- Author
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Dines, W. H.
- Published
- 1912
15. CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION.
- Author
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Miller, David H.
- Subjects
- *
AIR masses , *ATMOSPHERIC circulation , *ATMOSPHERE , *CLIMATOLOGY , *METEOROLOGY - Abstract
Comments on the article written by John E. Oliver entitled "A Genetic Approach to Climatic Classification," previously published in "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Utilization of air mass in meteorology; Importance of air mass as a device for summarizing several kinds of information about atmospheric environment; Alleged inability of Oliver's paper to establish the value of air masses.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. MORE ON CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION.
- Author
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Patton, Clyde P.
- Subjects
AIR masses ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,ATMOSPHERE ,CLIMATOLOGY ,METEOROLOGY - Abstract
Comments on the article written by John E. Oliver entitled "A Genetic Approach to Climatic Classification," previously published in "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Remarkable features on the genetic approach of Oliver to climatic classification; Determinants of air mass provenance; Illustration on the weakness of the classification; Expectation on a scheme that classifies air masses by temperature without regard to the season of the year.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. CLIMATIC CHANGE SINCE 1950.
- Author
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Kalnicky, Richard A.
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,GLOBAL temperature changes ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,WESTERLIES ,CLIMATOLOGY ,GEOGRAPHY - Abstract
The mean temperature for the Northern Hemisphere had a warming trend from 1890 to 1950 and a cooling trend since 1950. The eastern and central United States had colder temperatures in 1961–1970 than in 1931–1960. The temperature changes were associated with an adjustment of hemispheric circulation from more frequent zonal flow between 1900 to 1950 to more frequent meridional flow since 1950. Regional variations in magnitude and direction of the change were largely related to position in relation to the upper air westerly wave pattern. Time series of individual circulation indices tend to resemble the step function model of climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Monthly mean vertical motions over the Pacific Ocean
- Author
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Dotson, Gary Kent
- Subjects
- Atmospheric circulation -- Pacific Ocean, Atmosphere, Upper, Clouds -- Pacific Ocean, Atmospheric circulation, Clouds, Pacific Ocean
- Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to compare vertical velocity with satellite observed cloud distribution in the tropics, especially with (1) the intertropical maximum cloud band in the Northern Hemisphere paralleling the equator and about 5 degrees north of it throughout the year, (2) the occurrence of the eastern South Pacific intertropical maximum cloud band about 5 degrees away from the equator only in spring, and (3) the curved band of clouds in the western South Pacific.
- Published
- 1970
19. THE PATTERN OF SPECIES DENSITY OF OLD STONE WALLS IN WESTERN IRELAND.
- Author
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Holland, P.G.
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL research ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,BIODIVERSITY research ,ECOLOGY ,BIODIVERSITY ,ECOLOGICAL research ,BIOPROSPECTING - Abstract
The article presents a study which describes a search for patterns of species density in an area of strong climatic gradients at Connemara, in the Western Ireland. It reports that the stone-walls on south-facing slopes in Connemara have smaller values for species density than do those on north-facing slopes. It mentions that the pattern of species density appears to reflect the aspect of the regional slope, and the degree of exposure to maritime air masses. It notes that the within any aspect class, the species density of old stone walls increases with the distance inland from the south-west coasts of Connemara.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. THE PREVAILING WINDS OF THE UNITED STATES.
- Author
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De C. Ward, Robert
- Subjects
WINDS ,WEATHER ,WESTERLIES ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,CLIMATOLOGY ,METEOROLOGY - Abstract
The article focuses on the prevailing winds of the U.S. The continental area of the U.S. lies almost entirely within what is generally known as a belt of prevailing westerly wind. These are members of the general atmospheric circulation. They would, however, blow from a general westerly direction much more distinctly if there were no North American continent with its seasonal changes of temperature and of pressure. The local influences of the changing seasonal pressures over the continent and over the adjacent oceans are, to a large extent, paramount to the general control over air movement exercised by the differences of pressure between the equator and the higher latitudes.
- Published
- 1916
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. A GENETIC APPROACH TO CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION.
- Author
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Oliver, John E.
- Subjects
AIR masses ,CLIMATOLOGY ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,GRAPHIC methods ,VENN diagrams - Abstract
An air mass frequency model is constructed to facilitate the formulation of a genetic classification of climate. The model uses Venn diagrams to distinguish three basic climatic regimes, each determined by the relative dominance of air masses: the dominant regimes, where a single air mass dominates all year; the seasonal regimes, determined by seasonally dominant air masses; and the compound regimes, with no dominant air mass. Different climates within each regime are distinguished by actual air mass types. Monthly air mass dominance is determined from actual station surface data for application of the model to world climates. This is completed by analysis of monthly data plotted on modified climographs and by the construction of a monthly air mass identification chart. The proposed system is illustrated by Australian data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. THE ENERGY BALANCE CLIMATOLOGY OF A CITY-MAN SYSTEM.
- Author
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Terjung, Werner H.
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,HEATING ,LIGHT sources ,RADIATION ,GEOGRAPHY ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation - Abstract
The urban energy balance climatology of the city and man in the Los Angeles basin was examined during a cloudy day ("Catalina eddy") in September. 1968 from about sunrise to sunset, by measuring or estimating solar radiation, net radiation ground heat flux, actual surface temperature, terrain radiant temperature, radiant sky temperature, and dry and wet-bulb temperature for the physical urban interface. An analogous theoretical model attempted to define the input of energy to the human interface via the solar heat load, and the disposal of human net radiation was shown via the channels of latent, sensible, and body heat flux. In spite of an apparent uniform cloud cover, the energy parameters had considerable area! variation in intensity and trend During the daylight hours seventy percent of the solar radiation was absorbed .An additional thirty-two percent was removed by longwave radiation. Of the net radiation received on the dry surface (forty-seven Percent of solar radiation), about eighty percent was disposed via sensible heat flux, and the remainder entered the pavement as storage Air temperatures taken at shelter height were out of phase with the ongoing energy regime and were deemed of dubious value in urban climatic studies. Urban man received only thirty-seven percent and seventy percent of the values available at the horizontal pavement for solar radiation and net radiation, respectively. A series of empirical and theoretical models show high correlations with the observations. It appeared that solar radiation and net radiation (physical and human) could have been estimated via the solar constant and appropriate transmissivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. GLACIAL CONTROL OF WIND AND OF SOIL EROSION IN ICELAND.
- Author
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Ashwell, Ian Y.
- Subjects
GLACIAL climates ,GLACIAL landforms ,SOIL erosion ,WEATHER ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation - Abstract
Investigations near some of the icecaps of central Iceland show that pressure and winds are markedly affected by the presence of the icecaps under various synoptic conditions. The main effect is of wave formation and descent of dry air, coming predominantly from Polar or Arctic air masses, and the descent of this air is associated with a belt of severe soil erosion in south and central Iceland. A similar effect can also be detected in northern Iceland.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. COMPARATIVE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE TROPICAL WESTERN MARGINS OF THE NORTHERN OCEANS.
- Author
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Jen-hu Chang
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,TRADE winds ,MARINE meteorology ,METEOROLOGY - Abstract
Examines the differences in circulation patterns of climatology between the two eastern littorals in the northern hemisphere. Interception of the ground by the subtropical ridge in East Asia; Role of the trade-wind inversion as a lid to oppose strong convection; Description of the rhythm of the winter monsoon in East Asia.
- Published
- 1962
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. ZONAL INDICES AS RELATED TO THE WINTER CLIMATE IN EAST ASIA.
- Author
-
Jen-Hu Chang
- Subjects
CLIMATIC zones ,MAGNETOSPHERIC currents ,CLIMATIC classification ,ATMOSPHERIC turbulence ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,EARTH currents ,GEOPHYSICS ,CLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
Focuses on topics related to zonal indices as related to the winter climate in East Asia. Three basic zonal currents in the general circulation of the atmosphere; Computation for local zonal indices; Frequency of indices; Relationship between zonal indices and centers of action.
- Published
- 1959
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. WORLD PATTERNS OF MONTHLY SOIL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION.
- Author
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Jen-hu Chang, Alexander
- Subjects
SOIL temperature ,SOIL physics ,TEMPERATURE ,CLIMATOLOGY ,AIR masses ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation - Abstract
Explores data on the global patterns of monthly soil temperature distribution. Influence of the ground on the microclimate and topoclimate of a place; Involvement of air masses in general circulation; Effect of frost and extreme temperatures on engineering designs.
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DRY WESTERN LITTORALS.
- Author
-
Lydolph, Paul E.
- Subjects
LITTORAL drift ,SEDIMENTATION & deposition ,ARID soils ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation ,METEOROLOGICAL precipitation ,PHYSICAL geography - Abstract
Presents a comparative study of dry western littorals. Speculation about the causes for the extreme aridity; Theoretical knowledge of the atmospheric processes at work; Correlation between spatial variations of sea temperature and precipitation averages.
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The Earth's Rotation and Atmospheric Circulation --II. The Continuum
- Author
-
Kurt Lambeck and Anny Cazenave
- Subjects
Geophysics ,Continuum (measurement) ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Atmospheric circulation ,Wind circulation ,Climatology ,Day length ,Canal Zone ,Atmospheric sciences ,Short duration ,Geology ,Earth's rotation - Abstract
(Received 1974 January 24)* Summary In an earlier paper (Lambeck & Cazenave, Part I) we investigated the seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation and their relation to the global wind circulation. In this paper we consider mainly the high frequency part of the length-of-day spectrum. A month-by-month evaluation of the zonal wind excitation function shows that these rotational variations are all of zonal wind origin for frequencies up to at least 6 cycles per year. The zonal winds also contribute to frequencies greater than 6 cpy in the Earth’s rotation and will degrade the results for the Love numbers k2 estimated from the tidal terms near 13 and 26 cpy. Rapid changes of as much as during 5 days have been observed in the length of day on several occasions and these are also caused by meteorological disturbances. Any study of other possible excitation functions will require that these meteorological contributions are first evaluated. There does not appear to be any single wind pattern that is responsible for the observed high frequency variations in the length of day and it does not seem possible to use these observations as an indication of the nature of the zonal wind pattern other than as a global zonal wind index. There is some evidence that the zonal winds will contribute to those long-period variations in the Earth‘s rotation that are usually attributed to core-mantle coupling, In a previous paper (Lambeck & Cazenave 1973; referred to hereafter as Paper I) we discussed the relation between the annual, semi-annual and biennial variations in the Earth’s rate of rotation and the atmospheric circulation. We concluded that these observed periodic fluctuations in the rotation are largely due to the zonal winds and, on the basis of the astronomical evidence, we were able to draw some conclusions concerning the extent and variability of the downward propagation and the period of the global quasi-biennial circulation. We concluded, for example, that for the years 1965-1969 the period of this oscillation was closer to 3 years than to two but that by 1970 the period was again close to 2 years. The recent time-height zonal wind section at the Canal Zone and Kawajalein given by Wallace (1973) confirms such changes in the period. In this paper we are primarily concerned with the non-seasonal changes in the Earth’s rotation and their relation to variations in the zonal wind circulation. Short duration irregular variations in the length of day (lod) have been observed since
- Published
- 1974
29. XVII. Bakerian lecture.─On the grand currents of atmospheric circulation
- Author
-
James Thomson
- Subjects
Astronomer ,History ,Trustworthiness ,Notice ,Atmospheric circulation ,Law ,Subject (philosophy) ,Speculation ,Trade wind - Abstract
In the early times of the Boyal Society (a little more than 200 years ago) a spirit of inquiry and of speculation as to the causes of the Trade Winds arose among its members. The papers which we may presume to have first brought the subject into special notice in the Society, and which were published in the * Transactions,’ offered views which, in the light of subsequent knowledge and theory, show themselves as being untenable, and in part even grotesque. But those papers were soon followed by, and probably had an effect in leading to, a much more important paper by the eminent astronomer Edmund Halley; and this was followed 49 years later by one, more important still, by George Hadley, in which we may with confidence judge that a substantially true theory of a large part of the system of Atmospheric Circulation in its grandest and most dominant conditions was for the first time offered to the world through the pages of the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’ Further speculations on the subject and advances in our knowledge of it have been made in later times and have been brought into notice in various ways. I believe that I have myself arrived at some improved considerations which are to a large extent trustworthy and go far towards completing the true theory of the grand currents of atmospheric circulation, and I entertain the ambition to have my views placed on record by this Society—the Society in which the subject had its most important beginnings.
- Published
- 1892
30. On the analysis and interpretation of winds observed at heights of 85 to 135 kilometers: A rebuttal
- Author
-
Colin O. Hines
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Ecology ,Atmospheric circulation ,Rebuttal ,Paleontology ,Soil Science ,Atmospheric gravity waves ,Forestry ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,Atmospheric sciences ,Atmosphere ,Geophysics ,Prevailing winds ,Space and Planetary Science ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Climatology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Geology ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
A recent analysis of winds in the upper atmosphere, as revealed by sodiumvapor trails, led its authors to the conclusion that all the observed winds could be explained on the basis of prevailing and tidal components. Irregularly varying winds were attributed to ‘phase anomalies’ in the tidal oscillations, and the thesis that they were due instead to internal atmospheric gravity waves was excluded. In the present paper the steps that led to these conclusions are examined critically. It is shown that little, if any, weight can be placed in the arguments that were presented, and that there are substantial reasons for rejecting them. The relevance of prevailing and tidal components may be readily accepted, and indeed is supported in a companion paper, but the thesis that these components account for all the winds is simply not in accordance with the available evidence.
- Published
- 1966
31. Bakerian lecture.—On the grand currents of atmospheric circulation
- Author
-
James Thomson
- Subjects
Astronomer ,Trustworthiness ,History ,Meteorology ,Notice ,Atmospheric circulation ,Subject (philosophy) ,Speculation ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Trade wind ,Classics - Abstract
In the early times of the Boyal Society (a little more than 200 years ago) a spirit of inquiry and of speculation as to the causes of the Trade Winds arose among its members. The papers which we may presume to have first brought the subject into special notice in the Society, and which were published in the * Transactions,’ offered views which, in the light of subsequent knowledge and theory, show themselves as being untenable, and in part even grotesque. But those papers were soon followed by, and probably had an effect in leading to, a much more important paper by the eminent astronomer Edmund Halley; and this was followed 49 years later by one, more important still, by George Hadley, in which we may with confidence judge that a substantially true theory of a large part of the system of Atmospheric Circulation in its grandest and most dominant conditions was for the first time offered to the world through the pages of the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’ Further speculations on the subject and advances in our knowledge of it have been made in later times and have been brought into notice in various ways. I believe that I have myself arrived at some improved considerations which are to a large extent trustworthy and go far towards completing the true theory of the grand currents of atmospheric circulation, and I entertain the ambition to have my views placed on record by this Society—the Society in which the subject had its most important beginnings.
- Published
- 1892
32. Physical Climatology of Amchitka Island, Alaska.
- Author
-
Armstrong, Robert H.
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,WEATHER ,FOG ,STORMS ,CLIMATIC classification ,ATMOSPHERIC circulation - Abstract
The article reports on the physical climatology of Amchitka Island, Alaska. It states that the extreme variability of surface-wind directions at Amchitka is a result of a high incidence of migratory pressure systems. It also mentions that fog is dominant during the summer months because the water warms more slowly than the air that flows over it. It also forwards that frequent migratory storms and the marine influence of the Pacific Ocean to the south and the Bering Sea to the north are the main factors influencing the weather and climate of this island.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Range of Variation of the British Climate
- Author
-
Gordon Manley
- Subjects
Variation (linguistics) ,Geography ,Atmospheric circulation ,Range (biology) ,Climatology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Magnitude (mathematics) ,Last Glacial Maximum ,Glacial period ,Mean radiant temperature ,Snow ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
To many of us the virtues of our day-to-day changeable weather are manifest. Seventy years of standardized meteorological records give us a good idea of the limits within which any day's events are likely to fall. In the southern English lowlands a fall of two feet of snow, a shade temperature of 970, or a month with 70 per cent. of the possible sunshine, represent extremes unlikely to be surpassed. Superimposed upon our day-to-day weather how? ever we now recognize that small but definite fluctuations of climate exist and that since about 1925 an appreciable amelioration has set in round the North Atlantic. Professor Ahlmann has recently reviewed the many associated events.1 It remains for us to consider the possible amplitude of the variation of our climate in Britain, as distinct from the weather. I shall first comment on the magnitude of the present fluctuation in Britain, in terms of overall mean temperature. I shall follow with some evidence for past fluctuations provided by the instrumental records since 1700, relating them to the earlier climatic recessions demanded by the pollenanalysts in historic and prehistoric time. In the second part of the paper I shall address myself more to those technical experts who are acquainted with the geological and botanical background, and I shall give estimates for the temperature of the various phases since the last Glacial maximum in order to compare the range of variation over which our climate appears at intervals to have changed. In my view it is high time such estimates of the mean tem? perature of summer and winter were made, and an opportunity of doing this for Late Glacial times is now provided by using Professor Ahlmann's relationships between the height of the snow-line, the amount of accumulated pre? cipitation and the mean temperature of the ablation season. Comparisons between present-day fluctuations and past changes may throw light on the possible causes of climatic variation; some will be led to consider whether the present amelioration in north-west Europe will con? tinue, and for how long. Throughout this paper I shall largely confine atten? tion to the mean temperature of January and July as a sufficient initial indication of winter and summer characteristics. Periods of disturbed weather when the oceanic influence is greater are characterized by a diminished January-July range; in quieter and more "continental" phases the range increases. Meteorological aspects of this "varying vigour of the atmospheric circulation" are discussed by Angstrom * and Willett.3 1 H. W:son Ahlmann, "The present climatic fluctuation," Geogr.J. 112 (1948) 165-95. 3 A. Angstrom, "The change in the temperature climate in present time," Geogr. Ann. 21 (1939) 119. 3 H. C. Willett, "Long-period fluctuations of the general circulation of the atmo? sphere," Journ. Met., 6, 1949, pp. 34-50; "Solar-variability as a factor in the fluctua? tions of climate," Geogr. Ann. 31 (1949) 295. See also Q. J. R. Met. S., Centenary Proceedings, 1950.
- Published
- 1951
34. The distribution of atmospheric ozone in equilibrium with solar radiation and the rate of maintenance of the distribution
- Author
-
Oliver R. Wulf and Lola S. Deming
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Ozone ,Distribution (number theory) ,Atmospheric circulation ,Soil Science ,Aquatic Science ,Radiation ,Oceanography ,Atmospheric sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,Steady state ,Ecology ,Paleontology ,Forestry ,Geophysics ,Circulation (fluid dynamics) ,chemistry ,Space and Planetary Science ,Environmental science ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Atmospheric ozone - Abstract
In two earlier articles the authors have shown that if atmospheric ozone is considered as existing in a photochemical steady state depending on solar radiation, calculations involving certain assumptions regarding the absorption-coefficients yield a distribution of the ozone with height which is sufficiently similar to the distribution that is deduced from experimental observations to suggest that the photochemical picture is adequate to account for atmospheric ozone. At the end of the first paper the disturbance of the steady state by atmospheric circulation was briefly discussed, and it was pointed out that the known variations in the existing vertical ozone path over any point on the Earth's surface might be explained as due to such disturbance. In order to estimate the quantitative importance of circulation in the photochemical picture, it is necessary to have some idea of the rates at which the steady state is maintained at the various heights. It is one of the purposes of the present paper to estimate the approximate values of these rates.
- Published
- 1937
35. The Geographer and the Atmosphere
- Author
-
Crowe, P. R.
- Published
- 1965
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Observations of Small-Scale Turbulence in the Atmosphere of Venus by Mariner 5
- Author
-
Richard Woo, William B. Kendall, and Akira Ishimaru
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Scale (ratio) ,Spacecraft ,Atmospheric circulation ,Turbulence ,business.industry ,Astronomy ,Spectral line ,Astrobiology ,Atmosphere of Venus ,Atmosphere ,Physics::Space Physics ,Radio occultation ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,business ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Geology - Abstract
Information regarding small-scale turbulence in the Venus atmosphere is important and desirable because it contributes to understanding of the atmosphere's circulation. It is demonstrated that the radio occultation data of a flyby spacecraft such as Mariner 5 can provide valuable information on turbulence in the Venus atmosphere. Unlike previous studies of the Mariner 5 data, this paper is based on the frequency spectrum rather than the variance of the log-amplitude fluctuations. The excellent agreement between the processed and previously derived theoretical spectra furnishes strong evidence that the Mariner 5 fluctuations are primarily turbulence-induced. It is seen that, above 35 km, turbulence is strongest in the vicinity of 45 and 60 km, and that the outer scale of turbulence is of the order of 100 m. Comparison with the results obtained from the Venera missions is also discussed.
- Published
- 1974
37. The longitudinal movement of stratospheric ozone waves as determined by satellite
- Author
-
James E. Lovill and Elmar R. Reiter
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Atmospheric circulation ,Baroclinity ,Northern Hemisphere ,Atmospheric sciences ,Latitude ,Troposphere ,Polar vortex ,Climatology ,Ozone layer ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Stratosphere ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
With total ozone sensors on earth-orbitung satellites the ozone distribution over the entire earth may be measured daily. The conclusions from some of the Nimbus III measurements are discussed in this paper. A comparison of time-longitude variations of stratospheric radiance values at 60°S with values of the total ozone indicated that low (high) radiance values correspond very closely with the low (high) total ozone amounts. The speed at which these ozone ‘waves’ progress eastward is greatest in the winter hemisphere. The speed of eastward progression decreases as one approaches the lower latitudes in the winter hemisphere. In the equatorial region the progression of the ozone ‘waves’ appears to be slowly westward. In the Northern Hemisphere the waves progress slowly eastward during summer. The intensity of the ozone ‘waves’ was also observed to change with latitude. These temporal and spatial fluctuations are related mainly to the motion of dynamic tropospheric systems. The extremely tight ozone gradients, which may be seen in the winter hemisphere data, have been shown to be associated with strong baroclinic zones in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, which are moving eastward. Assuming uniform zonal velocity we found Rossby wavelengths that varied from 2500 to 3700 km.
- Published
- 1974
38. A note on the frictional boundary condition at the earth's surface in relation to a model of the general atmospheric circulation
- Author
-
M. B. Oakes
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Surface wind speed ,Atmospheric Science ,Atmospheric circulation ,Zonal and meridional ,Reynolds stress ,Mechanics ,Atmospheric sciences ,Physics::Space Physics ,No-slip condition ,Boundary value problem ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Earth (classical element) ,Geology - Abstract
In a paper by Davies and Oakes (1962) concerning the problem of formulating a model of the general atmospheric circulation, the boundary condition used at the surface of the earth involved the assumption that the surface meridional, zonal, and vertical velocities are zero. In this note the effect on the model is evaluated by using as boundary condition at the earth's surface the more realistic assumption that the Reynolds stress is proportional to the first power of the surface wind speed.
- Published
- 1963
39. Dynamic Climatology of Atmospheric Circulation over East Asia centered in Japa n
- Author
-
Tadashi Asakura
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Geophysics ,Atmospheric circulation ,Climatology ,East Asia ,Atmospheric sciences ,Geology - Published
- 1968
40. VII.—The Dynamics of Cyclones and Anticyclones. Part III
- Author
-
John Aitken
- Subjects
Part iii ,Meteorology ,Atmospheric circulation ,Anticyclone ,General Engineering ,Humidity ,Water vapor ,Geology - Abstract
In 1900 I communicated to this Society a paper on the above subject. Since that date a great deal of information has been obtained by means of free balloons carrying instruments which recorded the temperature, humidity, and pressure of the air up to great elevations. Much of this new knowledge seems to contradict our previous ideas, and does not seem to fit into the old convectional theory that cyclones are formed by the rising of the hot, moist air from the surface of the earth; their energy being due to their temperature and to the heat liberated by the condensation of the water vapour in them. We are told by those who have studied the bearing of the new knowledge on our atmospheric circulation that the old theory is “utterly untenable.” Their reasons for this conclusion are, first, that the recent investigations show that the air is colder in cyclones than in anticyclones; second, that the isothermal layer is lower than the mean over cyclones, while it is higher than the mean over anticyclones. At first sight these discoveries seem to shatter the convectional theory, but before we come to any conclusion I should like to present certain facts which it appears to me will require to be considered before we scrap our old ideas.
- Published
- 1916
41. GRAVITATIONAL TIDAL FORCES AND ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES
- Author
-
T. R. VlSVANATHAN
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Atmospheric circulation ,Synodic day ,Mode (statistics) ,Atmospheric sciences ,Physics::Geophysics ,Atmosphere ,Gravitation ,Climatology ,Thermal ,Tidal force ,Environmental science ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Precipitation ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a relationship between variations in gravitational tidal forces and rainfall. A possible mode of interaction of the tidal forces on atmospheric processes is suggested to explain how the tidal forces which are small may induce detectable effects on atmospheric circulation, considering both synoptic-scale and short-period processes in the atmosphere. The variability of gravitational tidal forces is compared with variations in precipitation as revealed by statistical studies. The interrelation between thermal and tidal forces is brought out to account for the anomalous distribution of maximum precipitation in the United States during the synodic month when classified according to seasons, geographical areas, and periods of high versus low solar activity. The model suggested in this paper is based on an intuitional approach to the problem. Its usefulness or validity can be ascertained only by further investigations of rainfall variations; in addition there is the need to ...
- Published
- 1966
42. An Experiment on the Sensitivity of a Global Circulation Model
- Author
-
R. Robert Rapp and M. Warshaw
- Subjects
Temperature gradient ,Atmospheric circulation ,Climatology ,General Circulation Model ,Environmental science ,Predictive capability ,Point (geometry) ,Numerical models ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Atmospheric sciences ,The arctic - Abstract
The growth of small errors in numerical models of the atmospheric circulation destroys the detailed predictive capability of those models within a few days. Despite the failure of the models to produce accurate local predictions, it was hypothesized that a change in the equator-to-pole temperature gradient would produce discernible effects in average conditions. This paper presents the results of an experiment to test this hypothesis. The Mintz-Arakawa model was started with a standard set of initial conditions and was run 60 days. The experiment was then replicated twice, with two independent sets of random temperature variations superposed on the temperatures at the σ = 0.25 and σ = 0.75 levels. At this point, the ice of the Arctic Ocean was replaced with water at the freezing temperature. Again the model was run, starting once with the standard initial conditions (other than the ice removal) and once each with the two sets of temperature “errors” added. For the four replications with temperatu...
- Published
- 1973
43. A weekly periodicity in eastern U.S. precipitation and its relation to hemispheric circulation
- Author
-
Jerome Namias
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Atmospheric circulation ,General Medicine ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Oceanography ,Latitude ,Climatology ,Cyclogenesis ,Ridge (meteorology) ,Cyclone ,Precipitation ,Trough (meteorology) ,Geology - Abstract
Recurrence of precipitation during weekends—and of precipitation-free weekdays—was especially prominent over the southeastern quarter of the United States during much of the 1964-65 winter. This paper, with the help of maps averaged by day of the week, points out the relation of the weekly precipitation periodicity to interactive cyclone-scale and long wave systems over North America and the Pacific. Despite the averaging, the continuity in these maps is surprisingly clear. For example, an upper trough over west-central portions of the country in mid-week progresses to a position off the Atlantic Seaboard at the beginning of the week. This progression is associated with periodic (largely diabatic) development of the Gulf of Alaska Cyclone, which, in turn, can be traced to the periodic establishment of a ridge in the Bering Sea and occurrence of cyclogenesis in middle and lower latitudes of the North Pacific. An increase in hemispheric wave number, provided periodically by development of the Gulf of Alaska trough, leads to eastward motion of downstream features over the U.S., but when the Gulf trough fills abrupt retrogression sets in until its redeepening reestablishes the eastward motion. One of the primary circulation forcing elements, cyclogenesis in the Pacific, appears to be related to abnormal sea-surface temperature fields established during the preceding fall and maintained by the overlying atmospheric circulation during winter. While this interaction may offer a clue to the sequence of downstream events, it does not imply a weekly periodicity. Not even the transmission of the periodicity downstream is suggested by present numerical forecasts, but this failure can be attributed to typical errors in these forecasts. Further empirical studies, detecting weather periodicities and relating them to the time-averaged circulations or regimes in which they occur, might help in understanding and eventually predicting the occurrence of the periodicities. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00294.x
- Published
- 1966
44. Dynamical control of atmospheric pressure: II—the size of pressure systems
- Author
-
C. H. B. Priestley
- Subjects
Physics ,Atmospheric Science ,Orders of magnitude (specific energy) ,Scale (ratio) ,Atmospheric pressure ,Atmospheric circulation ,Limit (mathematics) ,Mechanics ,Dynamical control ,Atmospheric sciences ,Pressure gradient ,Latitude - Abstract
A result from a previous paper (Priestley 1947) indicates the existence of a broad upper limit to the size of pressure systems, and a lower limit to the distance separating the centres of two significant closed pressure systems. The pressure field has thus an inherent scale of pattern which varies with latitude, imposed by the essential geometry and dynamics of atmospheric flow. Orders of magnitude deduced theoretically agree well with experience. The implications contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of the mean global circulation.
- Published
- 1948
45. Climatic changes and variations in the atmospheric and ocean circulations
- Author
-
Hubert H. Lamb
- Subjects
Arctic ,Pleistocene ,Atmospheric circulation ,Climatology ,Synoptic scale meteorology ,Ocean current ,Ice age ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Westerlies ,Quaternary ,Geology - Abstract
Until quite recent years meteorology was in no position to make an effective contribution to the understanding of paleoclimates. Lacking were both a theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere and the upper wind observations which have provided the essential foundation of such theoretical understanding of the circulation as we now possess. The most notable early contributions from meteorology wereSimpson's (1934) schematic construction of a presumed mean circulation at the time of the Quaternary ice age maximum andWillett's (1949) proposal of two alternative modes of the general circulation, summarized as expansions and contractions of the circumpolar vortex of upper westerly winds. Both theories lacked an observational basis, especially for their more sweeping generalizations (e.g. simultaneity of ice-ages and lowlatitude pluvials, limitation to only two main atmospheric circulation types etc.) as well as for their author's further proposals about variations of the solar radiation. Nevertheless, they marked a valuable step forward, because they stimulated workers in many fields to interpret their evidence of climatic changes as part of a world phenomenon in which the general wind circulation must be involved. A strictly empirical study of the broadest possible scope of the climatic changes observable within the last 100–1000 years was badly needed. Examination reveals that significant changes have taken place within this period. Study of them is instructive. Whatever changes (if any) of effective radiation available at the Earth's surface occur, the atmospheric and ocean circulations are the mechanism whereby the heat and moisture are distributed. As in synoptic meteorology, circulation maps have been found the most useful means of obtaining a unified view of the climatic changes of recent times. The first successful studies of this kind were byDefant (1924), who showed that the mean circulation over the North Atlantic had intensified materially from the 1880s to the present century, i.e. in part of the period of Arctic warming and increasing mildness of winters in Europe. The present paper shows how our knowledge of changes such asDefant found has been extended over more of the world and a longer period of time. This leads to some indications about the probable nature and possible origins of the phenomenon, which is revealed as rather simple and world-wide in scope. We learn some of the types of variation that actually occur. Examination of the charts indicates inter alia progressive changes of intensity and position of the mainstreams of the atmospheric circulation, and of the ocean currents and climatic zones that correspond to them, within the last 100–250 years. Consideration of the nature of the Little Ice Age epoch of 1550–1850, and comparisons with what is known of the great ice ages of the Pleistocene, appears to throw some new light on the ice age problem.
- Published
- 1964
46. Dynamics of the F-region observed with Thomson-scatter—I Atmospheric circulation and neutral winds
- Author
-
G. Vasseur
- Subjects
Physics ,Atmospheric Science ,Ambipolar diffusion ,Atmospheric circulation ,Thomson scattering ,General Engineering ,Atmospheric sciences ,F region ,Atmosphere ,Geophysics ,Ionization ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Diffusion (business) ,Ionosphere ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Since June 1966, results from the French Thomson-scatter bistatic sounder (SaintSantin-Nancay) have yielded a considerable amount of data for the study of ionization transports in the F-region of the ionosphere. The first section of this paper brings out the importance and scale of transports in the ionosphere, and describes the new method of measurement used at Nancay. In the second section, experimental results of about 20 diurnal variations as described by hourly values of velocities are presented. Section 3 interprets these velocities as the sum of two effects: horizontal circulation of the neutral air, and ambipolar diffusion of ionization under gravity and under its own partial pressure. The two effects can be separated, giving an evaluation of neutral atmosphere velocities.
- Published
- 1969
47. Thermospheric observations combining chemical seeding and ground-based techniques—I. Winds, turbulence and the parameters of the neutral atmosphere
- Author
-
K.H. Lloyd, C.H. Low, R.G. Roper, David Rees, and B.J. McAvaney
- Subjects
Meteor (satellite) ,Atmosphere ,Atmospheric physics ,Sounding rocket ,Meteorology ,Space and Planetary Science ,Atmospheric circulation ,Conjunction (astronomy) ,Environmental science ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Seeding ,Thermosphere ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
Two Skylark sounding rockets carrying chemical seeding payloads were launched from Woomera, South Australia (31 S, 137 E) in October 1969. In conjunction with these firings, the University of Adelaide conducted ground-based experiments on the upper atmosphere using the radio meteor and spaced receiver drift methods. This paper presents the measurements of properties of the neutral atmosphere above 90 km which were obtained from these experiments.
- Published
- 1972
48. An apparent relationship between geomagnetic disturbances and changes in atmospheric circulation at 300 millibars
- Author
-
David D. Woodbridge, Theodore W. Pohrte, and Norman J. MacDonald
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Disturbance (geology) ,Ecology ,Atmospheric circulation ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Paleontology ,Soil Science ,Forestry ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,Pacific ocean ,Intensity (physics) ,Geophysics ,Earth's magnetic field ,Magnetic disturbance ,Space and Planetary Science ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Climatology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Contour length ,Trough (meteorology) ,Geology ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
This paper describes a study of the average contour length changes and trough developments at the 300-mb level following geomagnetic disturbances from October 1956 through March 1957. A ‘contour length index’ and a ‘trough index’ were developed to measure the degree of disturbance of the 300-mb circulation over western North America and the eastern Pacific Ocean and the intensity of troughs in this circulation. Three trough classifications were defined and the development of all troughs appearing in the Aleutian Island-Gulf of Alaska area were analyzed by class. The results suggest that troughs which appeared in the Aleutian Island-Gulf of Alaska area a few days after an abrupt increase in geomagnetic activity subsequently developed a stronger average cyclonic curvature than other troughs. The largest trough developments and the maximum contour lengths occurred, on the average, eight to nine days after the magnetic disturbance. Added studies will be needed to determine whether the suggested relationships are general ones.
- Published
- 1959
49. Atmospheric Circulation Processes and Insect Ecology
- Author
-
W. G. Wellington
- Subjects
Insect ecology ,Weather analysis ,Physiology ,Structural Biology ,Atmospheric circulation ,Insect Science ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
There are many papers on the effects of meteorological factors on insects, but only a few state these effects in terms of large-scale weather processes. Even fewer report the logical condusion of such studies: prediction of the biological phenomena with the aid of modern methods of weather analysis and forecasting.
- Published
- 1954
50. Simulation Experiments for Meteorological Observing Systems for GARP1
- Author
-
Akira Kasahara
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Data assimilation ,Meteorology ,Atmospheric circulation ,Systems simulation ,Computer science ,General Circulation Model ,Integrator ,Atmospheric research - Abstract
The future observing system of the global atmosphere which has been contemplated for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) is a combination of various observing subsystems including satellites, constant-level balloons, automatic ocean buoys, etc., as well as conventional upper-air and surface networks. All observing subsystems are neither perfect nor ideal. Numerical experiments (with global circulation models) are needed to evaluate the subsystems in terms of the accuracy, density, and frequency of observations. They are called Observing Systems Simulation Experiments (OSSE). The purpose of this report is to describe the present activities in OSSE. Most useful up-to-date information was obtained from the oral presentation of papers at the International Symposium on Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation, Princeton, N. J., 19–22 April 1971. Since a global circulation model is used as an integrator and analyzer of observed data in three-dimensional space and time taken from various observing subsystems, the question of error growth of the prediction model in relation to the accuracy of observation is discussed as the predictability experiment. Another important property of the model atmosphere is the ability to adjust the model's variables for forced prescription of incomplete observed data. This adjustment property is used to assimilate observed data in four dimensions. The method of direct substitution is used to determine the basic data requirements for observation of wind, temperature, and surface pressure. Various methods of four-dimensional data assimilation are reviewed for the purpose of optimum design for OSSE. Finally, questions concerning the reference level information are reviewed and results of some numerical experiments conducted at the National Center for Atmospheric Research are presented.
- Published
- 1972
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