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Following reports from Australia and overseas countries of the benefits gained from the use of optical equipment in the erection of paper and other precisely erected machines (Reference Bibliography) it was decided by Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd. in September, 1959, to make use of the modern equipment available.

In a recent issue of this Journal, Rassbach et al. [1966] argue that the variation of geomagnetic activity with lunar phase, attributed by some investigators [Bell and Defouw, 1964 (paper 1); 1966a; Stolov and Cameron, 1964; Stolov, 1965] to an interaction between the moon and the magnetosphere, is actually due to the sun. They further state that these various authors were led astray because, in calculating statistical significance, they did not take account of the 27-day recurrence tendency or solar period in the indices of geomagnetic activity. Most of the statistical significances derived from 5-day running means of Kp in the Bell and Defouw papers are indeed too high, because our equation for the standard error did not include terms for the solar period. However, we do not find that consideration of the 27-day solar period by Rassbach et al. demolishes all persuasive evidence for the existence of a lunar modulation of geomagnetic activity, nor do we find that it establishes the apparent effect as resulting from the solar period.

The characteristics af the water temperature under the canopy of framepaper used for temperature arising were studied. The frame papers with various heat transmissivity were stretched on the shallow ponds of 5 and 10cm depths, and temperatures of water and sub-soil were measured.On the amplitude of diurnal temperature change of water, the following relation was obtained, RΔT=1+0.021s⋅Twhere, RΔT is the ratio of the amplitude under frame paper with various heat transmissivity T to the calculated amplitude of temperature change caused by air temperature by means of heat transfer, s amplitude of the incident radiation.The constant (0.021) may generally vary with intensity of heat transport to the above air layer and the thermal properties of water and soil layer, but the variance of the constant will be slightly, because the transport of heat through the frame paper will not change so largely with air conditions and the thermal properties are constant. So above relation will be applicable to the temperature condition in the ordinary hot beds.The heat transfer at interface of bottom in both the water covered by the frame paper and “free” water was compared. As the frame paper extremely obstructs the heat loss from water to the lower air layer and the disturbance of water layer by air motion, Gr's number becomes very small compared with that of “free”. Consequently, from the following relation, it is expected that heat transfer coefficient interface of the bottom in the covered is very small.α=a(Pr⋅Gr)1/3, 1/4where α: heat transfer coefficient, a: constant, Pr: prandtl's number, Gr: Grashof' s number.When we compute the value of Micrometeorological Charaterristic Index (R=ΣL/ΣB; H. Lettau) at the interface of the bottom of 10cm deep, R becomes -1.5 in the covered pond and 0.53 in the “free”.

Mr Lines opened his address by introducing the Aerodist and explaining briefly some later modifications not mentioned in his paper. He said that the Division of National Mapping had recently acquired another Master Station and one more remote station making a total of three Masters and six Remotes. A brief mention was made of a remote station now being modified for dual frequency operation.

Critique of paper by Carter and Kennedy regarding origin of diamonds in Canyon Diablo and Novo Urei meteorite

In a recent paper, Beck and Kuroda [1966] deduced from the variations in the Sr89/Sr90 activity ratio in precipitation at Fayetteville, Arkansas, from October 1964 to April 1965 that the first Chinese nuclear explosion, which occurred on October 16, 1964, injected 14.5 kc of Sr90 into the stratosphere and 4 kc into the troposphere. This observation is surprising, for, if 18.5 kc of Sr90 were produced by the first Chinese nuclear explosion, the total fission yield of the device tested should have been about 170 kilotons [Harley et al., 1965]. This test has been described as having involved a ‘low-yield fission device’ [U.S. Public Health Service, 1964], which would indicate an estimated total yield of ‘less than 20 kilotons.’ If the total yield of the device was less than 20 kilotons almost all the radioactive debris produced by it should have been injected into the troposphere, but, if it actually was close to 170 kilotons, much of the radioactive debris should have been injected into the lower stratosphere [Stebbins, 1960], as reported by Beck and Kuroda.

In a recent paper, Breitling et al. [1967] presented an analysis of ionospheric ƒ0F2 data from 54 ionosonde observations throughout the world. From their analysis they claim to have observed F2-region ionospheric disturbances with a large number of characteristic velocities that originated from the five high-altitude, nuclear detonations conducted at Johnston Island in 1962 [Glasstone, 1964]. This Letter has been prepared to show that hourly ƒ0F2 data are, in gener, unsuitable for the study of traveling F2-region ionospheric disturbances originating from nuclear detonations. It appears that much of the data presented by Breitling et al. are due to natural fluctuations of the ƒ0F2 values from the monthly medians rather than the progress of traveling disturbances from high-altitude detonations.

Systematic measurements of isotopic tracers in the atmosphere, particularly tritium, deuterium, and oxygen 18 in water vapor, are for practical reasons largely restricted to samples obtained at ground level. On the other hand, their use as atmospheric tracers requires as complete a knowledge as possible of their sources and sinks as well as of their distribution and transport patterns (in space and time) in the atmosphere. In their paper, Schell et al. [1970] attempt to develop a model that permits combination of isotope measurements in ground-level samples with meteorological parameters of the three-dimensional atmosphere in order to calculate the desired tracer distribution and transport values. In this particular case, the authors determine the tracer injection into the moist tropospheric layer (surface to 500 mb) from above.

On page 3771 of his recent paper in this Journal Matsushita [1962] discussed the disagreement of his analysis with ours [Wilson and Sugiura, 1961] regarding the polarization rules of the elliptically polarized hydromagnetic waves in the magnetic storm sudden commencements. The purpose of this communication is to correct the misunderstanding that may have resulted from Matsushita's criticism, which appears to be based on an analysis much less extensive and complete than ours. The discussions given below are based on the results of analysis of about six hundred and fifty vector diagrams of the SC horizontal perturbation ΔH. The material for this analysis was drawn from virtually all the rapid-run magnetograms available at the IGY World Data Center A; the analysis concerns 93 SC's that occurred during the period beginning with the IGY and ending September 1961. Though for a few of these SC's data from only a few magnetic observatories were available, records from seven stations, on the average, were scaled for each SC. In addition, data were collected from 18 to 30 magnetic observatories (out of the 38 observatories listed in Table 2) for ten selected SC's that are evenly distributed over the Greenwich day.

In a recent paper, Peale [1966] has suggested that part, or indeed all, of the zodiacal light could be due to dust particles in geocentric orbits rather than in heliocentric orbits as is generally believed. Such particles are subject to gravitational perturbations due to the earth's oblateness and the presence of the sun and moon, as well as to the effects of radiation pressure. Peale [1966] argues that radiation pressure will produce a diffuse concentration of dust particles near the ecliptic plane and that the asymmetry with respect to the ecliptic will be almost completely undisturbed by the gravitational perturbations beyond a geocentric distance of 7.7 earth radii, where the effects of oblateness and lunisolar forces are equal. On the other hand, the zodiacal light is known to be nearly symmetrical about the ecliptic; thus Blackwell and Ingham [1961] find that the plane of symmetry is inclined at 1°.5 to the ecliptic with its node at about 120° longitude, which very nearly coincides with the invariable plane of the solar system.

In introducing his paper, Mr Bayliss said that the views of this meeting would be of great interest to the “Decimal Committee”. The Committee had sought the opinions of many Government departments and had received some sixty or seventy replies. Most replies were favourable, some were non-committal and a few were hostile.

It is argued that Graedel and Lanzerotti's conclusion is unsupported by the evidence and that if their analysis is performed correctly the results support the association of Type III bursts and >40-keV electron events. A reply by Graedel and Lanzerotti is included. (WDM)

Criticism of Schindler and Ness' (1972) multiple neutral point hypothesis, noting that there are several alternative interpretations of the distribution of magnetic field values observed by Explorer 34. It is shown that it is possible to interpret the tail magnetic field observations of Schindler and Ness without requiring neutral point encounters. On the other hand, if it is assumed that the observed field variations were due to neutral point encounters, there may be a single oscillating neutral point, or there may be multiple neutral points in time or in space.

These authors make two main points: (i) That, as far as they could determine, 27 out of an IGY group of 35 storms without sudden commencements exhibited growth of a ring current well before the development of any significant polar substorms or the arrival of enhanced solar plasma flux. They support their case with four examples. (ii) That the ionized component of the solar wind does not carry enough energy to energize the ring current. This is an astounding conclusion and should not pass without scrutiny.

Summary. Recent theoretical calculations have given rise to the declared but unobserved presence of strong auroral emissions in the N2 A³Σu+-B³Πg and W³Δu-B³Πg systems. We suggest in the following discussion that the quantities involved are too uncertain for one to arrive at a well-defined conclusion on the basis of the theoretical calculations alone. Laboratory evidence at low pressures gives no direct indication of the presence of the systems, although this lack may be due to high radiationless deactivation rates of the W³Δu and A³Σu+ states. However, the presence of the transitions at the indicated rates should be easily detectable in the measured auroral population rates of the B³Πg state. According to averaged auroral measurements accumulated over the years, there is no evidence for significant contributions from the two systems in question.

Many of the chondritic meteorites are thermally recrystallized rocks ; almost every petrographer who has studied them agrees on this point [e.g., Tschermak, 1885; Merrill, 1921; Zavaritskii, 1950; Wood, 1962; Reid and Fredriksson, 1967]. Recently we have also become aware of certain differences in internal chemistry among the chondrites, best summarized by saying that some chondrites contain near-equilibrium (i.e., mineral compositions approach the equilibrium values for some particular temperature or temperature range) mineral assemblages whereas in other chondrites the minerals are grossly incompatible. Interestingly enough, the degree of chemical equilibration correlates well with the degree of apparent textural recrystallization. Thus, chondrites that appear unrecrystallized contain mixed together serpentine-like minerals and igneous glass, Fe in three states of oxidation, and olivine of widely variable composition (Fay∼0–Fay∼50); recrystallized chondrites contain no serpentine or glass, Fe in only two states of oxidation, and olivine that is uniform in composition to within the uncertainty of measurement.