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The porous-block system of stabilization processing Autopositive paper was introduced some eight years ago, and was superseded by small motor-driven machines using a two-bath immersion system. With the aim of increasing the processing rate and simplifying the processing machines so that very lightweight papers could be handled, experimental monobaths were evolved. These gave promising results, but the monobath was eventually abandoned in favour of a two-solution system with surface-application processing. With such a system a processing rate of lO ft/min has been achieved, using a high pH developer, and a stabilizer based on thiocyanate. The tendency for thiocyanate to attack the silver image on keeping the processed print has been overcome by the use of chemical inhibitors in conjunction with a surface-application processing technique. The design of the processing machine makes use of the natural curl of the wetted paper to prevent wrap around the rollers, very light-weight papers being handled w...

Between October, 1956, and February, 1957, six male office workers, employed in the billing department of a large corporation, were seen, suffering from a rather severe dermatitis which was proven to be caused by Thermo-Fax paper, used in a Thermo-Fax Copying Machine. There was nothing remarkable about the dermatitis. There were eczematous vesicular and crusting patches on the dorsa of the hands and forearms in all patients, dermatitis of a contact type on the face and neck in the case of two of the patients, and a generalized "toxic" type of dermatitis in one of the patients. Patch tests were done with the usual office contactants, such as carbon paper, cleansers, and typewriter ribbon, and were also done with dry Thermo-Fax Copying Paper. All 48-hour tests were negative save that done with Thermo-Fax Copying Paper, and to this a vesiculation of the test site developed in from 6

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The texts of several hundred papers from a pharmaceutical research collection which have been keypunched, are listed in this bibliography. The index terms in the bibliography are those given the documents at Merck. This statement is to indicate the availability to others, at cost, of this machined text. The punching has been done as an aid to mechanized indexing research. The documents punched are mostly a random selection from the ten thousand documents subject indexed in 1955 for the Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories retrieval system (West Point, Penna.). Foreign language papers have not been punched. Reviews (so indexed at Merck) have usually not been punched, because they offer a special problem for mechanized indexing and because they tend to be quite long. If copies of some or all of the punched cards are desired, temporary release of the punched card file for copying may be arranged.

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The application of microencapsulation technology to pressure sensitive copying systems in modern manifold business forms has grown dramatically in the past few years. It appears that the higher cost and higher waste during forms manufacture with such systems have become less significant factors in curtailing their use than they were formerly. The improved quality and cleanliness of the copy obtained with microcapsule systems as compared with the older hot melt wax (carbon paper) systems is only a partial explanation for their wider use. Short supply of raw materials, preservation of the ecology and waste disposal are now serious considerations limiting the use of the older pressure transfer copying systems. The technical and economic feasibility of recycling carbonless copying papers after use has been demonstrated and this is an additional attractive feature of such systems.

N every possible avenue of research, bibliography plays an important part. It is not only the cornerstone, the beginning of all research, but in its final form becomes an integral part of the paper or report, giving the work authority and showing evidence of purposeful thinking and reading. The compilation of a bibliography is often a bugbear, an irksome and tedious task for many a nurse, graduate or student, when faced with the inevitable term paper or report. It can be and is a joyous pursuit once the simple rules of the game are learned. The methods suggested in this paper are elementary and basic, pointing the way to further study which will yield rich dividends in efficiency in the use of reading materials and, in time, in a more intimate knowledge of the library and its resources, and a closer friendship with books. The first recorded meaning of bibliography-the writing, transcribing, or copying of books-appeared in Blount's Dictionary in 1656. This meaning persisted down to the middle of the eighteenth century, when we find bibliography meaning the writing about books, especially rare and interesting books. From this definition has evolved our present-day meaning -any list of books or other information by or about a certain author or about a particular subject. Before starting to hunt for material on the subject assigned, it is a good plan to closely define that subject. To define means to mark or determine the limits or ends. All kinds of alluring by-paths will present themselves, but, while they make pleasant wandering and yield a store of interesting information, they do not expedite the completion of the paper in the allotted time. This definition and delimita

Professional workers often have the problem of preparing illustrations for a lecture to a lay or technical audience. The decision regarding the number of lantern slides to be used rests frequently upon three factors: (a) the available funds, a consideration rarely negligible at academic institutions, particularly when slides are to be shown on a single occasion; (b) facilities for preparation of reproducible drawings; (c) the availability of prompt photographic service (capable of filling lastminute orders). The end result is often a great dearth of illustrations and a crowding of information on a few slides. This latter usually leads to illegibly small print of letters or numbers. The effeetive lecture appeals to the visual rather than the auditory comprehension of an audience. Particularly, the merely oral mention of numerical values or the description of conditions, arrangements, trends, etc., generally leave too much to the imagination of the listeners and tax their retentive capacity to such an extent that they find it difficult to follow subsequent statements or reasoning. Therefore, the generous employment of lantern slides is highly desirable. In most cases, it is not necessary to exhibit masterpieces of draftsmanship. Legibly printed words or numbers, schematic sketches of diagrams, and even cartoons serve in good stead. The author happened upon a direct method of making slides which eliminates the expensive photographic process and may be useful to others. Typing on cellophane, with an inverted sheet of carbon paper on the back side for increased density of the print, is probably a well-known expedient. The results of this method are, however, often disappointing because of unwanted carbon adhering to the cellophane or because of smudges from the typewriter ribbon. Also, cellophane does not offer a good drawing surface. A more versatile and convenient material for making slides is available in "Permafilm (dull),"' a cellulose acetate with a dull finish on one side-and an adhesive on the other. When this film is smoothly applied to a slide cover glass, it exhibits a high transparency and facilitates the writing, drawing, or copying of diagrams onto the slide. While India ink is the most efficient medium for writing and drawing, ordinary pen and ink, soft pencil, or carbon pencil will also give very satisfactory results. All of these media can easily be erased or wiped off with a

One objection to objective tests which is sometimes raised is that it is easy for pupils to copy the papers of other pupils and difficult for the teacher to determine whether copying has occurred. The purpose of this article is to show how dishonesty in objective tests can be detected and to present methods of dealing with cases of cheating which come up. For convenience the material is arranged under six main heads, each classification representing a definite difficulty. How to know which papers to suspect.-The first problem involved is how to identify the papers which need unusually careful scrutiny. Five suggestions may be offered for the solution of this difficulty. i. Observe any irregularities that take place during the examination. If the teacher sees a person copying another person's paper or sees two persons acting in a suspicious manner, he can simply make a note of the fact and examine the papers at a later time. This plan will frequently save the teacher embarrassment and make it unnecessary to create a scene at the time because the teacher may be assured that the evidence in the papers will later shed sufficient light on the case. 2. Compare the papers of pupils who sat near each other. A plan involving some labor and yet possessing feasibility is to arrange the papers in the order of the seating of the pupils and to spend a halfhour in examining the papers to see whether there is evidence of collusion in the answers of pupils who sat in the same part of the room. Ordinarily this procedure would not be necessary, but it might be entirely justifiable in the case of a class in which cheating had been a serious and frequent problem. 3. Compare the papers of pupils who have nearly the same score. After having studied the papers when arranged according to the seating in the room, the teacher can rearrange the papers according 776

This paper describes a printing telegraph cipher system devetoped during the World War for the use of the Signal Corps, U. S. Army. This system is so designed that the messages are in secret form from the time they leave the sender until they are deciphered automatically at the office of the addressee. If copied while en route, the messages cannot be deciphered by an enemy, even though he has full knowledge of the methods and apparatus used. The operation of the equipment is described, as well as the method of using it for sending messages by wire, mail or radio. The paper also discusses the practical impossibility of preventing the copying of messages, as by wire tapping, and thte relative advantages of various codes and ciphers as regards speed, accutracy and the secrecy of their messages.

A general summary of types of dyes and pigments used in inks (other than printing inks), pencils, typewriter ribbons, and carbon papers. An account of the properties necessary for the different applications is given, together with some particulars of the methodof manufacture and use of typewriter ribbons and carbon papers, both for normal typing purposes and for spirit duplicating.

Prior to the advent of microfilm, copyright was of little concern to American librarians. They viewed it, according to Verner Clapp, as a “vague but commendable doctrine, intended for the encouragement of authors and the discouragement of plagiarism. Its connection with copying performed on library premises was remote.” (1, p. 11) Indeed, copying on library premises has been common practice since the beginning of library history. As Clapp points out, libraries (as opposed to archives) exist for the very purpose of copying, since the use of books (as contrasted with their mere storage) involves making some kind of copy, either mental or mechanical. (1, p. 1) Although copyright laws have existed for centuries, the question of copyright was never considered relevant to the kind of pencil-and-paper copying traditionally performed in libraries. This situation began to change with the development of inexpensive photographic copying methods in the 1920's and 1930's. Since that time, technological advances have made it possible for libraries to use mass-production methods of copying, with the result that copyright and library photocopying now present serious ethical, if not yet legal, problems for librarians. This paper will attempt to explore the subject of copyright as it relates to photocopying in libraries.

The problems of precision manufacture in Australia, arising chiefly from her geographic isolation, are first discussed. The paper then takes one particular problem from the field of optical manufacture and shows how it was solved for the conditions prevailing in the Dominion. The problem discussed is the production of graticules, or reticles, for range-finders, predictors, gun sights, telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, collimators, and many other such instruments. The first part of the paper deals briefly with methods used in reproducing the pattern, particularly the ruling and etching process. The second, and much the larger, part of the paper deals with the design of the high precision machines which were made for ruling the glass disks preparatory to etching the pattern into the glass. Two such machines were developed, one generating the pattern from the movements of the machine itself, the other, a pantograph, by copying the pattern from master plates. A series of self-checking tests is described by which the accuracy of the generating machine could rapidly be tested to an accuracy of much better than 0·0001 inch. A brief survey of the complete process, from glass blank to finished graticule, is made in the Appendix.

In this article I have collected a certain number of documents where of the subject matter has at least some special connexion with the Śa-cu district. A good portion of the matter contained in the previous article (“I: The Ḫa-za,” supra, pp. 51–85) may be regarded as no less apposite here, and the reader, comparing the two papers, may find on the whole little dissimilarity in the contents, except that in the former case we have adhered closely to the Ḫa-za people. In order to show some system in the papers, the references in which I am naturally not in a position to restrict, I have grouped them under four heads, representing the chief purpose of their selection, namely (A) Places, (B) Clans and Nomenclature, (0) Paper and Copying of MSS., (D) Monasteries and a Historic Foundation.

ACCORDING to the aesthetic of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, architectural beauty resides in the simple, spare, almost chaste execution of a logical system.' Noteworthy examples of his work in Europe include the Berlin Monument to Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Barcelona Pavilion and, in the United States, the Seagram Building, the campus at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and several Lake Shore apartment houses. These constructions not only employ such techniques as free-hanging walls, glass skins, and simple repeated modules, they also exemplify a philosophy (de Stijl) and a set of principles. Geometric elegance is, of course, not the only imaginable major canon of beauty. Some architects prefer luxuriant, even fantastic, detail like that in Antonio Gaudi's Templo de la Sagrada Familia.2 Such tendencies also predominate in many temples of South and Southeast Asia and, closer to home, in the Watts Towers and in the library murals at the University of Mexico. The glass skin, one might say, is challenged for excellence by a profusion of gargoyles. Gargoyle research can sometimes, through sheer daring and inventiveness, be breathtaking to behold-and perhaps that in itself is also an index of beauty. Consider, for example, a study by Maslow, who recruited fifteen Barnard students for a ten-session, two-and-a-half-week, two-houran-evening experiment.3 The students met each time in the same room and occupied the same seats. Large, bright pictures by Maslow hung on the walls, and a metronome kept ticking largissimo in the background. The sessions were devoted to looking at a series of paintings by fifteen well-known artists,4 trying to write down and spell correctly the names of Russian women read to them by the experimenter, copying out of a book those sentences that contained key words provided on a separate list, and marking true-false tests. Throughout the experiment the students wore smocks, used grey rubber bands, large paper clips, yellow blotters, unlined 3 X 5 cards, used copies of books, yellow paper, and pens. Cookies were available for refreshment. These conditions prevailed generally throughout the sessions until the last few, when periodically the students were offered something different, without warning, or asked to make a judgment of personal preference. The students were offered a chance to change seats, to have the pictures on the wall removed, to have the metronome stopped; they were shown a matched series of paintings by the same fifteen artists and asked which in each matched pair was more beautiful; they were read a similar series of Russian women's names and asked which in each matched pair sounded nicer; they were offered the choice of copying significant parts rather than whole sentences and of writing original sentences rather than copying; they were offered an easier test-marking system; in addition, they were offered a chance to remove their smocks and to use red rubber bands, small paper clips, orange blotters, lined 3 X 5 cards, new books, blue writing pads, pencils, and a new kind of cookie.5

ROENTGENOGRAMS may be reproduced by direct contact printing, direct duplication, chemical reversal, or photographic reduction. The last is the most satisfactory method for most purposes and particularly for publication. From the negative roentgenogram a reduced positive is made, and the negative final copy is produced by contact printing or projection of the intermediate positive. This method is commonly used in making paper prints, and also film transparencies. It has been used by the writer for both purposes, in preparing material for publication and exhibition by F. Maurice McPhedran, M.D. Reduction.—In this paper only the reduction method will be discussed. Roentgenograms may be reduced to positives ranging in size from 8 × 10 in. down to the 1 × 1.5 in. or 35 mm. film. This last produces copies at the lowest cost, but inferior results were obtained when the method was first introduced, and the technic is still being improved. In any reduction, whether paper or transparency, there will always be some ...