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In response to article by William Coulson in this issue the author is in general agreement with the points made by Coulson but expresses the wish that Coulson had also discussed what differentiates encounter groups from other techniques and professional training needed to prepare them adequately. (CJ)

Papers are presented that resulted from a doctoral seminar in the Department of Educational Psychology, Measurement and Research at the University of Georgia. Integration-desegregation, ethics, behavior modification, and accountability are the general areas treated. The papers are: (1) "Segregation--Alias: 'Special Education'" by Margaret C. Weshner; (2) "APA Ethics, a Help or Hindrance?" by Peter C. Gram; (3) "The Ethical Issues of Privacy, Confidentiality and Privileged Communication" by Diane T. Nunnelly; (4) "Techniques to Improve Classroom Control and Instruction" by Kyle R. Carter; (5) "Behavior Modification: An Issue for the Teacher?; by LaRetta M. Garland; (6) "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" by George W. Rogers; (7) "Freedom as a Result of Control?" by R. Hal Shigley; (8) "A Brief Overview of Research on Teacher Effectiveness and the Relevancy of Educational Psychology" by Chad D. Ellett; (9) "Institutional Design: An Administrative Approach" by Judd A. Katz; (10) "The School Psychologist - His Role in Effecting Educational Outcomes" by John J. Vance; and (11) "Accountability in Education! Why?" by J. Leon Dalton. (For related documents, see TM 002 549-559.) (KM)

Two papers concerned with the ethics of testing and one paper that is a proposal for alternatives to psychological testing, presented at Session II of the Invitational Conference on Measurement in Education, are provided. The papers and their authors are: "Ethical Issues and Questions about Testing Confronting Test Publishers" by Thomas J. Fitzgibbon, "Ethical Issues in the Use of Humans for Research" by W. L. Bashaw, and "Alternatives to Psychological Testing" by Donald N. Bersoff. (For related documents, see TM 002 522-539, 541, 543-549.) (DB)

Under the laws of the United States, privileged communications are strictly limited to a few well-defined categories, such as communications between attorney and client, clergyman and penitent, and physician and patient. Certain official documents are recognized as privileged, and a privilege is accorded law enforcement officers to decline to reveal confidential sources of information. This paper discusses the status of legislation on privileged communication according to (1) Mississippi statutory law, (2) statutory law in five other States, (3) major cases that have been in Mississippi courts, (4) the status of the case law on the subject elsewhere, (5) model legislation that has been proposed or recommendations for legislative action proposed by various agencies, and provides (6) recommendations developed on the basis of the material presented in the paper. (Author/MLF)

This paper deals with two specific issues: the explanation of moral conduct and the structure of moral character. The purpose of the paper is to describe a new psychological perspective on moral conduct, and to discuss some empirical findings which follow from this perspective. Morality is regarded here as a natural phenomenon which considers understanding of moral behavior to be dependent on knowledge of man's biological and psychological nature. The implied assumption is that an evaluative tendency is an integral part of social conduct and, moreover, that moral conduct is social conduct. Definitions are provided for morality, moral behavior, and moral character. Five important aspects of character development that are pertinent to the explanation of moral behavior are: moral knowledge, socialization, empathy, the ethics of conscience vs. the ethics of responsibility, and autonomy. Each of these dimensions is defined in terms of a specific assessment device, and the relationships among the scales are examined. (Author/SJM)

This monograph presents three papers which examine policy questions and the conflict inherent in safeguarding individual rights to privacy and the management of pupil records. The first paper discusses the Russell Sage Document that outlines guidelines for the collection, maintenance, and dissemination of pupil records. To reduce the legal vulnerability of the school in the matter of student records, the document recommends informed consent from parents and pupils, verification of accuracy, limited access, selective discard, and appropriate use of information about students. The second paper deals with problems associated with school records and shared responsibility for student records between public secondary and public post-secondary schools. The third paper addresses itself to "in loco parentis", and student records in shared responsibility situations between secondary schools and institutions of higher education. The monograph concludes with the presentation of specific guidelines for use in shared student records alliances. (Author/LAA)

Political and social implications of biological research, with particular reference to consequences for education, are discussed in this collection of papers presented at the 1969 convention of the National Association of Biology Teachers. Commentary papers by a panel of three, including at least one high school biology teacher and one expert in the same field as the major speaker are included for each symposium paper. Edited versions of the general discussion following each topic are also included. The topics discussed by the panels were "Social Implications of Medicine,""Ethics and Behaviorism,""Genetics and Genetic Manipulations," and "Can Teachers Tell the Truth About Population." A copy of the banquet address "Evolution: The Reluctant Revolution," which was not discussed by panelists or audience, is also included. (AL)

Confidentiality, long a concern, has become, with the increase in counseling and therefore personal data of even greater concern to counselors. Most of the time, counselors accept this responsibility without guide lines for release of information, either by the local district or by the state in which they work. Counselors are seeking assurances that they will not be sued because of the nature of their profession in handling records, information about students, and the release of this information. Action has been taken by some states, Michigan and Iowa on the release of this information. Privileged communication may not be what counselors need, since this protects the counselee not the counselor, and furthermore, information could not then be used to benefit the counselee. Each state should construct guide lines to give assistance in understanding and protection of the confidential information given to the schools and used by school personnel including counselors. The second article compiles some of the Kansas laws, legal opinions, and position papers that give insight into the problems and the position of the Kansas counselor as it relates to the problem of confidentiality. (SJ)

Public utterances that defend illegal actions on moral grounds which supersede legal grounds display distinct rhetorical features. Rhetorical criticism of Thoreau's "Plea for Captain John Brown" (1859) and the Antony Towne and William Stringfellow letter in defense of the Berrigan brothers (1972) reveals five similar rhetorical strategies. These strategies tend to define the "genre" of discourse called "moral justification for legal transgressions." One line of argument is a defense of illegal actions by the invocation of higher moral law. Other approaches include the acknowledgement of the inevitability of and disregard for the punishment which ensues from the illegalities; an assailing of the government agency which precipated the events leading to the illegal acts and punishment; the identification of the accused with morally superior beings, using religious imagery as supportive argument; and the proclamation that the illegal acts measurably aid a good cause. These rhetorical approaches for the justification of illegal actions are in concurrence with earlier observations by rhetorical critics, especially Edwin Black. (CH)

This paper develops a basic conceptual framework of values and the valuing process. Section 1, Values and Value Claims, discusses the four different types of value claims (personal, market, real, and implicit) and their relationships. The second section considers the process of rational evaluation as a method of arriving at and supporting value claims. As this discussion points out, the process of rational evaluation is basically one of comparing alternative means to our ends, and this means/end model must be seen as operating not with initially fixed means and ends, but with the task of developing, clarifying, and combining means and ends. A number of different skills are involved in this process, and it is worthwhile encouraging students to identify these skills during these discussions. The third and final section, Foundations of Morality and Democracy, discusses the place and function of ultimate values in discussions of values in general, and democratic values in particular. The author concludes with a remark about the difference between education and indoctrination: In moral education, we should be saying nothing that is unchallengeable, and we should be concentrating on providing students with the cognitive and affective skills they need in order to do the challenging of our past assumptions, and to develop new value conclusions for new situations. (Author/JLB)

This presentation discusses information that resulted from a conference on school record keeping. Several of the principles recommended by the conference report are: (1) no information should be collected about students without the informed consent of parents and, in some cases, the student; (2) only the highly stable information collected should appear on the permanent record card; (3) schools should establish procedures to verify the accuracy of all data maintained in their student records; (4) parents should have full access to and the right to challenge the accuracy of data on their children; and (5) no agency or persons other than the parent or school personnel who deal directly with the student concerned should have access to student data without parental or pupil permission, except in the case of a subpoena. This paper discusses some of the reasons why these principles were thought necessary, with one general reason being that counselors wanted and needed both a codification of the knowledge base of their profession and an aid to ethical practice. (TA)

Terms basic to any understanding of East German culture and politics are defined in this paper. The items selected are grouped in five categories: (1) the state, (2) political and philosophical terms, (3) economics, (4) education, and (5) the family, ethics, and the arts. The author emphasizes semantic differences despite similarities to words in the lexicon of West Germany. (RL)

This study investigated the effects of training on reciprocity judgments in 43 white, middle class children, ages 38 to 68 months. Hypotheses were (1) children trained to make mature responses to interpersonal conflicts would make more mature judgments in illustrated story conflict situations than those receiving no training, (2) children exposed to discussion and role playing during training would make more mature reciprocity judgments on a story posttest than those exposed to operant discrimination training, and (3) there would be no sex differences on reciprocity judgments. Treatment A children acted out, discussed, and suggested solutions to a conflict situation, and then re-enacted the situation using the trainer's mature response to resolve the conflict. Treatment B consisted of operant discrimination training without discussion. Treatment C children listened to a story and answered questions. Children verbally solved 10 illustrated conflict situations on a posttest. Hypotheses (1) and (3) were supported; however, operant discrimination training was more effective than role playing and discussion training. (DO)

The first part of this paper is a theoretical discussion which presents an argument for considering the concept of reciprocity to be a moral orientation. A general hypothesis is proposed which states that the salience of an individual's concept of reciprocity in a particular situation is related to the cooperative and moral behavior of the individual in that situation. A certain type of cooperation game is proposed as a paradigm for investigating this hypothesis and for teaching the concept of reciprocity to children of late childhood ages. A major concern of the experimental studies will be to describe the development of cooperative and competitive abilities in late childhood, ages five to ten. A question of particular interest is whether or not children become more adept with age at resolving conflicts of interesting situations where cooperation is required for goal attainment. Another important object of these studies will be to examine the effects of various prior game experiences upon subsequent interaction. A total of three experiments relevant to these issues are reported and two experiments are proposed in order to provide evidence for other hypotheses and to the matters discussed above. (Author/KJ)

This paper contends that values significantly influence the counselor's choice of a psychotherapeutic theory, selection of clients, counseling techniques, treatment goals, and direction of improvement. It is suggested that counselors be trained to the level where their own values do not interfere with the requirements of the client. (Author/BW)

Colleges and universities are showing signs of being affected by an emerging ethical crisis (misrepresentation of the job market to graduates, term paper companies, misallocations in financial aid); the needed cure seems to be in better conceptual organization of higher education institutions. (Author/PG)

Author was concerned in the greater part of this paper with investigation the prior question of possibility, only at the end drawing some practical conclusions on whether we should or should not be teaching anything that might be called an ethics of belief. (Author)

This paper deals with several of the commonly stated ethical issues in behavior modification: (1) the dichotomy between symptoms and underlying causes; (2) symptom substitution; (3 certain behavior modification techniques such as electric shock, physical restraint, and deprivation; (4) the counselor-client relationship; and (5) principles of reinforcement. (RP)

School psychologists and other educators should be concerned about the issues of confidentiality, privacy and privileged communication in regard to school records such as psychological reports and intelligence test scores. Confidentiality relates to matters of professional ethics, privileged communication refers to legal rights, and privacy is a more general term for some of the individual's rights. Violation of the clinet's professional confidences outside the courtroom can result in: (1) disciplinary action and professional sanctions by the APA; (2) disciplinary action by the State licensing authority; (3) legal action if damage to the client results; and/or (4) legal action if breach of confidentiality is construed as defamatory. Problems can be created in maintaining confidentiality through loss or theft of records or the misuse of computerized psychological data on individuals. It has been suggested that schools consider categorizing confidential data and periodically destroying certain data. The client legally has the right to obtain test information and records, as have parents, which is considered by some as a possibility for misuse. The protection of privacy in tests for experimental research involves relevance to the purposes of the testing and informed consent. The criticism of invasion of privacy has been aimed at personality tests used in nonclinical settings. The most frequent misuse of tests of minority group members stems from misinterpretation of scores. Ethical responsibilities should be emphasized in graduate training. (For related documents, see TM 002 548-550, 552-559.) (KM)

The test publisher's responsibility is discussed. "Right and good conduct" of the publisher in relation to the desires of the test user is related to the actual age of the test--old versus new materials. Other issues confronting the test publisher are the conflict between the needs for personal privacy and the claims of the community in relation to information gathered by testing, when a test is complete enough to sell, when a test should be abandoned, user research conducted and findings disseminated by the publisher, and training programs conducted by the publisher for the test users. It is concluded that sophistication in test development far outstrips sophistication in test use. (For related documents, see TM 002 542, 544-547.) (DB)

Included are four papers presented at a 1969 meeting of the Engineering Manpower Commission concerning moral issues important to engineers and technologists. Helfgott discusses the social effects the development of a technological society has had, and advocates using engineering, natural science and social science knowledge and techniques to devise moral, non-coercive social management systems. Newcombe presents an engineering student's viewpoint of the moral obligations of engineers in modern society and, after considering the apparent amorality of many industrial engineering decisions, suggests that a rigid adherence to the existing National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics will ensure moral actions by industry. Malone reviews the development of technological societies, and identifies a current lack of knowledge in the social sciences that prevents man from predicting the consequences of many technological actions. He identifies moral and ethical questions that need answering. Waller discusses the contribution engineers can make to solving many problems of urban society. All authors indicate the relevance of ecological principles to engineering decisions. (AL)

Paper read at a Symposium on Education and Ethics at the University of Georgia, May 17-18, 1968.

Explores sex attitudes from biblican interpretations through current campus morality, stressing concept of sex as beautiful rather than sinful. Contains numerous references, both biblical and contemporary. From paper presented at School Health Workshop in Contemporary Health Problems, University of South Carolina, 1969. (CJ)