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THIS BOOK COMPRISES THE MAJOR PAPERS DELIVERED AT A CONFERENCE ON MARCH 20-22, 1967, SPONSORED BY THE POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, AN ADVISORY UNIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION IN ONTARIO. THE CONFERENCE WAS ATTENDED BY REPRESENTATIVE PERSONS FROM DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT, UNIVERSITIES, AND MAJOR SCHOOL SYSTEMS ACROSS CANADA. THE CONFERENCE HAD TWO OBJECTIVES--(1) TO GATHER PLANNERS AND STUDENTS OF PLANNING TO DISCUSS THE STATE OF THE ART, ITS TECHNICAL PROBLEMS, AND ITS FUTURE, AND (2) TO EXPLAIN TO CANADIAN EDUCATORS WHAT IS MEANT BY "PLANNING." FOUR OF THE PAPERS DEALT WITH NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND EMPHASIZED ONE PARTICULAR ASPECT OF PLANNING EXPERIENCE--THE ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS, THE COMPLICATIONS OF A FEDERAL SYSTEM, OR THE DATA PROBLEMS. FOUR PAPERS WERE TECHNICAL, DEALING WITH ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PLANNING AND WITH SOCIAL GOALS. SCHEMES FOR TRAINING PLANNERS WERE THE SUBJECT OF TWO PAPERS. (HW)

IN THIS REPORT OF AN AUSTRALIAN TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON CASE STUDIES AND RESEARCH APPLICABLE TO PROFESSIONAL EXTENSION WORK, INCLUDING FARMER CONTACTS AND SUCH SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES AS LIAISON WORK AND COURSE WORK IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. THE FIRST SECTION DESCRIBES SERVICES IN EACH STATE AND IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY, NEW GUINEA, AND NEW ZEALAND. THE NEXT THREE SECTIONS COVER COMPARTIVE EXTENSION IN AUSTRALIA, EUROPE, AND THE UNITED STATES, SPECIAL PROBLEMS RELATING TO AUSTRALIAN PASTORAL AND OTHER INDUSTRIES, AND THE WORK AND PROBLEMS OF DISTRICT ADVISORS. THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMERCIAL FIRMS AND PRIVATE ADVISORY SERVICES (INCLUDING FARM MANAGEMENT CLUBS) IN FARM MANAGEMENT EXTENSION ARE DOCUMENTED IN THE FIFTH SECTION. OTHER SECTIONS DEAL WITH PROGRAM PLANNING, GROUP METHODS AND DEMONSTRATIONS, TELEVISION AND OTHER MASS MEDIA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTENSION AND REGULATORY SERVICES AND RESEARCH EXTENSION LIAISON, RESEARCH IN COMMUNICATIONS, ADULT LEARNING, DECISION MAKING, AND PROGRAM EVALUATION, ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING (HIGHER EDUCATION, INSERVICE TRAINING, INTERNATIONAL AID), AND POSTCONFERENCE REPORTS BY OVERSEAS VISITORS AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES. ALSO INCLUDED ARE FOUR FIGURES, 35 TABLES, AND NUMEROUS REFERENCES. (LY)

THE ROLE OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT IS ILLUSTRATED IN REPORTS OF VARIED RETRAINING PROGRAMS (PART OF THE ACTIVE MANPOWER POLICY) IN GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND SWEDEN. THE PROGRAMS INCLUDE SUCH ACTIVITIES AS--(1) FINANCIAL ENCOURAGEMENT OF INDUSTRY TO PARTICIPATE IN TRAINING THE OLDER ADULT, (2) RETRAINING TO MEET SPECIFIC SHORTAGES IN THE WORK FORCE, (3) TRAINING FOR FUTURE INDUSTRIAL NEEDS, AND (4) PROVISION OF TRAINING ALLOWANCES. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DONE IN ENGLAND HAS PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT IT IS SOUND PUBLIC POLICY TO INVEST IN TRAINING OF OLDER PERSONS, AND SPECIALLY-DESIGNED TRAINING FOR THEM IS VERY EFFECTIVE. THE RESULTS OF TWO STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ACTIVITY METHOD OF LEARNING IS SUPERIOR TO MEMORIZATION, AND WHEN INFERENCE, OR DEDUCTION, IS INTRODUCED INTO PROGRAMED AND ACTIVITY LEARNING, SUCCESS IS GREATER THAN BY EITHER METHOD, AS WELL AS BY MEMORIZATION. A HIGH DROPOUT RATE AT COMMENCEMENT OF TRAINING AND AFTER TRANSFER TO THE WORK SITUATION, AND LOW EMPLOYMENT IN LARGER, MORE ADVANCED FIRMS WERE ALSO REVEALED BY SURVEYS. INFORMATION RESULTING FROM THESE STUDIES IS BEING APPLIED IN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS IN FIVE COUNTRIES. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANPOWER TRAINING AND THE OLDER WORKER, WASHINGTON, JANUARY 17-19, 1966. (PT)

THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT IS TO ASSIST UNDERGRADUATE LIBRARIES IN STRENGTHENING THEIR RESOURCES ON AREAS OUTSIDE THE PERIMETER OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION USUALLY GIVEN LITTLE ATTENTION BY AMERICAN COLLEGES, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON EAST AND SOUTH ASIA AND AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA. UNDER THE PROJECT'S FIRST PHASE, A PANEL OF LIBRARY ADVISERS WAS ESTABLISHED, AND PRELIMINARY VERSIONS OF A GUIDE TO REFERENCE MATERIALS ON NON-WESTERN EUROPEAN AREAS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON EAST ASIA, SOUTH ASIA, AND AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA HAVE BEEN COMPILED BY COLLATING EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND ADDING RECENTLY PUBLISHED ITEMS. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES WERE PREPARED BY COMPUTERS, USING WITH SUCCESS THE DATATEXT SYSTEM FOR SOURCE DATA ENTRY. THE FINAL VERSIONS WILL BE ISSUED AFTER REVISION AND GRADING BASED ON ADVICE FROM SCHOLARS AND LIBRARIANS. INCLUDED AS AN APPENDIX IS THE REPORT OF A CONFERENCE ON THE PLACE OF NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE MATERIALS IN UNDERGRADUATE LIBRARIES (CHICAGO, NOVEMBER 17, 1967). TOPICS DISCUSSED BY FACULTY AND LIBRARIAN PARTICIPANTS INCLUDE THE IMPACT ON UNDERGRADUATE LIBRARIES FROM IMPROVED LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION AND INCREASING FACULTY NEEDS FOR RESEARCH MATERIALS IN NON-ENGLISH LANGUAGES. CONFERENCE RECOMMENDATIONS ON APPROPRIATE ACQUISITIONS IN THESE AREAS CONCLUDE THE REPORT. ALSO APPENDED IS A PAPER READ AT THE CONFERENCE--"SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE USE OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE MATERIALS ON THE COLLEGE LEVEL AND DESIRABLE FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THIS AREA," BY DOUGLAS READING. (JB)

The paper demonstrates the use of algorithmic thinking through an operational analysis of the "rural exodus" in Western Europe, focusing on several Swiss Alpine villages. (Author/KM)

Audiovision refers to electronic video tape recording cassettes (EVR). This paper discusses in broad terms the potential effect of EVR cassettes on television and culture in Western Europe with particular application to the current situation in Germany and Belgium. The author comments on the EVR market in Germany with reference to television research audience studies in an effort to show where the viewing market lies. In addition, he discusses the legal problems involved in adapting television broadcasts to cassettes. The author feels that cassettes will be even more important in the field of education than in entertainment. (MC)

A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY IS PRESENTED COVERING PUBLISHED REPORTS AND PAPERS FROM 1945 TO 1961 ON THE DEVELOPMENT, APPLICATION, AND EVALUATION OF NEW EDUCATIONAL MEDIA IN EUROPE. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY IS BROADLY BASED AND INCLUDES ACADEMIC RESEARCH, EXPLORATORY WORK, EXPERIMENTS WITH NEW METHODS, AND SURVEYS. ENTRIES ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER 10 SECTIONS--(1) FILMS, (2) STILL-PROJECTED MEDIA, (3) NONPROJECTED MEDIA, (4) MUSEUMS, (5) PERCEPTION, (6) RADIO, (7) DISC AND TAPE RECORDINGS, (8) TELEVISION, (9) TEACHING MACHINES, AND (10) GENERAL AUDIOVISUAL AIDS AND MASS MEDIA. EACH ENTRY CONTAINS THE REPORT TITLE, AUTHOR, SOURCE, AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. ABSTRACTS ARE LIMITED TO RESEARCH REPORTS DIRECTLY RELATED TO LEARNING. (JH)

Revised version of a paper presented in Tubingen, West Germany, October 1972. (DD)

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the recent contributions of the detergent industry to the national effort for cleaner water. Probably the single most important achievement to date has been the industry’s voluntary conversion from the use of alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) to linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) and other biodegradable surfactants. This changeover was completed in mid-1965 at a cost that has been estimated to exceed $150,000,000. Since LAS was the surfactant of primary interest, the bulk of the pre- and postconversion research, in terms of water-pollution control, has been with that material. This paper concerns itself mainly with the over-all impact of the conversion to LAS on water quality. Data from pilot and full-scale sewage-treatment plants throughout the country are included, which clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the conversion in terms of significantly lower surfactant residue levels.

Current concepts on the aetiology of varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis, and haemorrhoids have been examined and, in the light of epidemiological evidence, found wanting. It is suggested that the fundamental cause of these disorders is faecal arrest which is the result of a low-residue diet.

The high proportion of unrefined carbohydrates (maize meal) in the diet of Africans could be responsible for their low insulin secretion. The consequent insulinopenia in the general African population may explain the comparative rarity of typical non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and also the virtual absence of coronary heart disease. Changes in growth hormone secretion and in serum lipids, known to be associated with diabetes in Europeans, are also found in African patients.

PAINTINGS of children being treated for medical problems are rarely found in classical art, but the few there are throw an interesting light on the history and nature of childhood illnesses in the past. Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1617-1682), one of the greatest of Spanish painters, was unusually interested in painting children bothered by some of the common pediatric diseases of his time. Over 30 years ago Ruhrah published a short paper which illustrated Murillo's interest in pediculosis capitis. 1 Another excellent example of Murillo's awareness of the common illnesses of his day may be seen in his painting called by most art historians El Tinoso (Figure), from the diseased head of the patient receiving treatment at the hand of the sainted duchess of Thuringia (c 1207-1231), better known as St. Elizabeth of Hungary. In this beautiful painting we see St. Elizabeth conducting an outpatient dermatologic clinic where, according to Schlesinger

For over 25 years sporadic reports have been appearing in the literature of cases of eosinophilic granuloma arising in various parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. Kaijser (1937) described the first cases. In a search of the literature, which although extensive is not claimed to be exhaustive, 47 papers were found, describing a total of 89 cases. They occurred through out the alimentary tract from pharynx to rectum, though the majority were in the stomach and small intestine, and they

The metabolism of 4-14-carbon lynestrenol was studied in Thai women, and the results were compared with a similar study of European women. The half-lives of radioactivity in plasma and urine, and the levels of urinary radioactivity found in free, sulphate, and acid-hydrolyzed fractions were similar to those reported in the European study. The levels of radioactivity observed in enzyme-hydrolyzed urinary extracts were significantly lower among Thai women (p=.01), though the difference was probably due to the use of a different enzyme prepararation. The chromatographic mobilities of free and enzyme-hydrolyzed urinary extracts were similar for both groups, though the levels for the sulphate fractions were so variable in the Thai group that they defied comparison. The results indicate that the metabolism of lynestrenol in European and Thai women is similar, and that the observed differences are unlikely to have biological significance.

In a national prevalence study of multiple sclerosis (M.S.) in the Republic of South Africa based on census day 1960 there were 118 individuals with M.S. who were born in Northern Europe (United Kingdom and other parts of North and Central Europe) and who had emigrated to the Republic by 1960. Their prevalence rate was 49 per 100,000 immigrants in comparison with a prevalence of 11 per 100,000 among native-born English-speaking white South Africans.To study the possible effect of age at immigration it was necessary to relate the M.S. immigrants to the appropriate denominator-the population at risk according to age at immigration. The population at risk by age at immigration has been estimated by two methods in an indirect fashion with the assistance of the Bureau of Census (1960) and by surveys of the population at risk 1968-9. Both studies suggest that the risk of developing M.S. was reduced to less than a third of the expected risk among those who immigrated under the age of 15 or 16.This study is further evidence that M.S. is an acquired exogenous disease, the precise nature of which is still not certain but, according to present knowledge, has as its leading contender the class of slow, latent, or temperate viruses.