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The article considers the concept of role clarity as posited by organizational theorists. The author studies the relationship between role clarity and job satisfaction, job strain, and the propensity to leave. The reaction of male and female respondents to the independent variables listed are examined. The methodology employed in the study and its findings are discussed, including a correlation analysis of male and female respondents. Concluding statements concerning hypotheses set forth in the paper are summarized.

This paper was stimulated by the controversy that has developed over the Moynihan Report and the question of the extent to which the Negro family represents an institutionalization of culturally "deviant" norms. In order to probe this question further, an attempt was made to determine some of the concomitants of discrepancies between the subjectively perceived actual and ideal family role behavior of a sample of Negro males. The results indicate that such discrepancies in family role performance are related to relatively low evaluations of one's own achievements and probability of success in goal striving, as well as relatively higher discrepancies between achievement and aspiration. These findings point to the fact that discrepancies in family role performance of the Negro male are part of a more encompassing perception of failure in the larger arena of goal-striving behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family is considered as a locus of interpersonal interaction, within which intelligence and sex-role identity may be related to family size and birth intervals. According to the findings of John Nisbet, family size and intelligence are negatively related, and birth intervals and intelligence, positively related. Differing slightly from Miller and Swanson, the authors predict that masculinity will be maximal in intermediate sibling sets and that opportunities for over-mothering, leading to unconscious femininity, are likely in families where there are large age gaps. Theft findings do not support Brim's hypothesis, relating family size to sibling order. The authors discuss complex parent-child and sib-sib relations which may, with birth intend, account for sex-role identity and intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt to formulate a series of generalizations concerning suicidal behavior based on all completed and attempted suicides recorded in Seattle, Washington during the five-year period, 1948 to 1952. It was shown that attempted suicides constitute an important part of the suicide complex and that the pattern for attempted suicides is in many respects different from the pattern for completed suicides. These basic points and characteristics may be expressed in the form of the following generalizations: the use of age-sex standardized rates by census tract has indicated that spatial distributions of completed and attempted suicides in Seattle are highly correlated and correspond to a pattern which is typified by high rates in the central business district and contiguous areas and relatively low rates in outlying residential sections. Although males predominate among completed suicides and females are more numerous in attempting suicide, total suicidal behavior is equally characteristic of both sexes. For males, rates of total suicidal behavior tend to increase with age, while female rates of total suicidal behavior are highest in the early years of adulthood. Important differences were found in suicidal behavior by race. Chinese and Japanese have low rates of both completed and attempted suicides. Negroes and Indians have a low incidence of completed suicide and suicide.

Recent developments in the study of vital statistics have made the factors involved in rates of death a little more apparent. Certain hypotheses have been given additional support by the new evidence available, while other generally accepted as are coming under the shadow of doubt. The purpose of this paper is to present some findings on this "matter of life and death" for Virginia. A death rate is a ratio of a number of deaths, occurring in a specified period, to a given population subject to the risk of such death. In practice, there are difficulties in obtaining accurate data and in defining their use. The distortion of the population figures by the hope of securing old age assistance is best shown in the urban nonwhite groups of age 65 to 69. Both males and females have lower death rates at 65 to 69 than at 60 to 64. The rural nonwhites were also sufficiently influenced so that their age specific death rate charts are inflected at these ages. The qualified conclusion is that when females appear to have higher death rates than males it is due to childbearing under conditions which produce high maternal mortality. Wider use of the sulfonamides may eliminate enough of the risk of maternity to reduce all female rates below those of males in the near future.

The essence of freedom consists in the absence of restraint and an election or any other concrete instance of choosing is generally deemed to have been free if each voter had an unrestricted choice between several alternatives, of which not casting a vote may have been one. This approach is objective because it is based on "post factum" data reflecting actual behaviour in a given situation and it is statistical in so far as the analysis embraces the decisions taken by the full membership of the selected group. But diversity alone does not necessarily indicate the absence of restraint, because variety can be enforced just as effectively as uniformity. If, for example, the actual statistical spread of the choices can be traced back to the definite orders of an authority, the actual freedom displaced is nil. There are also instances where, though the factor itself is unavoidable, its consequences are not. Take sex, for instance, as a determinant of choice of profession. Whereas it is hardly a practical proposition to alter the sex of a girl who wants to pursue a profession at present reserved to males, it would not be impossible to throw all professions open to both sexes.

This article presents a study, which discusses definite income differences between Mexican Americans and Anglos. Among males 14 years of age and older in 1959, for example, Mexican American income as a percent of Anglo income varied from a high of 73 percent in California to a low of 49 percent in Texas. By 1969 some progress had been made, but Mexican American income still varied between 81 percent if Anglo income in Arizona and California to 65 percent in Texas. Necessarily, part of the difference between Mexican American and Anglo income is due to educational and occupational differences, since on he whole Mexican Americans show much lower levels of educational attainment and are more concentrated in the manual occupations, particularly those requiring few skills. To what extent then are income differences between Mexican American and Anglos males due to educational and occupational differences, and to what extent are they due to minority status? The central purpose of this paper is to examine the cost of being a Mexican American male worker after taking into consideration the differentials in occupation and education.

A paper on authoritarianism and men's reactions to sexuality and kindness in women is presented. Respondents are 64 college males divided into high and low authoritarians. They were made to see a silent movie with two scenes, one sexual and the other, a beautiful woman. The high authoritarian group viewed the star as more sexual than kindly. Further, they split sexuality and emotions in heterosexual behavior to a substantially greater degree than was assessed by low authoritarians. As contrasted with the low authoritarian group, the high authoritarians were likely to form unfavorable impressions of the star in which kindness and sexuality were not combined in one person.

The study proposed to investigate the relationship between need hierarchies on the FIPPS and preference for particular occupational groups on the SVIB. The subjects were 198 college freshman and sophomore males. A number of significant relation- ships was found between specific predominant needs and particular interest patterns. The findings suggest possible direct application of EPPS in vocational counseling and personnel selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the nature of male figure drawings produced by 100 institutionalized mentally retarded non-homosexual males, and to compare the male figure drawings by 37 mentally retarded homosexual males with those produced by an equivalent group of non-homosexuals. A secondary purpose was to ascertain which sex was drawn first by the various subjects. All of the male figure drawings were analyzed in terms of frequency according to certain predetermined characteristics. It informs that most drew their own sex first. High heels and eyelashes appeared significantly more in their drawings than in those by non-homosexuals.

The article presents information about the First Universal Races Congress. A congress may be defined as a deliberative assembly, summoned for a single occasion, without executive power. Congresses of authorized plenipotentiaries are obviously quite distinct from those which meet merely to communicate discoveries, tabulate results, and formulate principles. Since locomotion became safe, cheap, and easy, assemblies of this sort have been held by a great variety of bodies, industrial, professional, scientific, political, and religious. The idea has been taken up almost with enthusiasm in the East. Though the racial division is one of great difficulty when any practicable application is desirable, it is not difficult to distinguish the great cross-divisions of mankind, which may be thus enumerated in order of indelibility. The first is that of the sexes. The second is that of colours of which rough classification is easy, scientific classification difficult. The third is that of nations, which is largely, though not entirely geographical.

In this paper the mean intelligence quotients of 11-year-old children living in rural areas have been compared with those of children in urban areas. Comparisons were made, first between different types of area within the same county and secondly between rural areas as a whole and different types of urban areas. All comparisons showed that the rural school children obtained lower scores than urban children, and that the spread in intelligence among them was also smaller. Girls recorded higher scores than boys; their 'superiority' increased with the fall in the concentration of population. However, although the superiority of urban children is statistically significant, the difference is so small as to have little practical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief description is given of a population sample of the County Borough of Dudley in which households were sampled with probabilities proportional to the number of adults in the household. 2. The variance of estimates for specific age-sex groups is considered and an empirical regression obtained relating the coefficient of variation to the size of the group. 3. Estimates are given of the variance that would result from a number of alternative schemes of sampling and estimation. 4. The possibility of increased, precision by district stratification is examined and shown to be negligible. 5. The variance to be expected in the age-sex tabulations from the I % sample of the 1951 Population Census is estimated from the results of the previous analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses seasonal psychology and the differences in human behavior during each season. The psychoseasonal trend is described for its marking Americans' perceptions of seasonal change. Word association tests are noted. Winter reportedly has the shortest seasonal association, while spring has the longest. People who are exclusively oriented towards one season are described. Deseasonalizing influences are explained. The article describes differing cultural, economic, psychological and social behavior depending on the season or time of year.

This research paper investigated the factors and consequences of including gender in official educational system with an Islamic sociological approach. In the model assumed in this paper Islamic sociology, without claiming to have the unique feature of the experimental methods and statistical techniques distinguished from current sociological approaches mainly in terms of ontological and epistemological foundations as well as theoretical aspects including explanatory, interpretive, and normative aspects. Through the main discussions of this paper comparison of Islamic approaches with competing ones was provided. The major topics of discussion, presented in this paper, were opportunity for scientific progress; educational content and the structure of educational institutes; review of sociological views in particular feminist approaches and finally Islamic views. This study showed that Islamic approach with attributing equal value to acquiring knowledge by both men and women and assuming some natural differences between them along with their many common features has not disregarded the impact of natural differences of men and women in its causal explanation of gender differences in education in one hand, and has prescribed some of these differences due to their positive social functions in the other hand.

This article focuses on a research paper "Elasticity of Human Skin Related to Age," by L.H. Jansen and P.B. Rottier. Simple stretching experiments with strips of skin taken from the abdominal walls in cadavers, show that elasticity of skin is independent of age or sex, when the loads applied do not exceed those realizable at normal clinical examination.

The article discusses the techniques used in vocational counseling of women. A vocational counseling technique called the Non-Sexist Vocational Card Sort (NSVCS) is used in counseling both women and men. Although it is impossible to derive any instrument or technique that is non-sexist using a language that is sexist, the NSVCS provides a process oriented tool that gives a greater range of vocational chokes to both sexes. In essence, the NSVCS is less sexier than traditional approaches to vocational counseling because the same vocational alternatives are offered to both men and women, the gender of the occupational titles has been neutralized and the process orientation of the technique allows the counselor and the client to confront and explore sex-role biases as such biases emerge in the counseling session. The NSVCS offers one means of intervention into the process of women forming new self-perceptions. It is imperative that counselors become aware of the individual and societal changes as well as alter their own biases and counseling approaches before they can adequately approach vocational counseling with women.

Among samples of adult whites and American Indians in Seattle conservatism as measured by the Wilson-Patterson scale was inversely related to educational attainment, directly related to age, somewhat more evident among females than males, and not related to income. Factor analysis revealed four readily interpretable dimensions of conservatism among the whites (family and motherhood, religious factor, racial factor, and radical counterculture factor), but only two clearly interpretable factors among the Indians (religious factor, radical counterculture factor). The anticipated greater conservatism of the Indians did not appear; their cumulative conservatism scores were comparable to those of whites. The correlation between conservatism and support for Indian assimilation was positive, and stronger for whites than for Indians. There was a racial difference in the relation between conservatism and racial intolerance; among whites the conservatives were most likely to give intolerant responses about Indians, but among Indians there was no relationship between conservatism and antiwhite sentiments. Results suggest that whites with intolerant feelings about Indians do want Indians to "join the mainstream" of American society, but reject the possibility of close association with Indians for their own children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment examined some conditions of the generality of the finding that a severe initiation leads to liking for a group. Sex, interest in joining a group. and severity of initiation were included in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. It was found that females liked the group members most following a severe initiation,but this was not true for males, Males had the least interest in continuing with a group following a severe initiation, while the females' interest was almost unaffected by their initiations. Subjects who were most interested in joining in the beginning perceived the initiation as most severe. The perception of the meaningfulness of the initiation was influenced by all three independent variables in a triple interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion of responsibility' hypothesis as an explanation of helping behaviour (or lack of same) is qualified by suggesting that the hypothesis applies only in non-interacting situations. It is hypothesized that interacting groups who are aware of a help-demanding situation actually focus the responsibility and, therefore, take action as a group more rapidly than will a non-interacting group. Evidence is gathered in a contrived help-demanding situation employing a 2× (sex× condition) in which three conditions - alone, non-interacting (pseudo) groups, and interacting groups - are used. The evidence substantiates the major hypothesis. Speculation is also presented concerning the relationship of the 'alone' condition to the interacting and non-interacting groups and concerning sex effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses family planning in Thai culture. The effect of male-child preference on family planning, or the desire for more children is examined. The authors found that most families in Thailand show no preference for child gender, however ethnic Chinese in urban areas demonstrate a strong preference for sons. Thai family structure and reproductive behavior are examined in the broad context of sociological and demographic features of Thailand. Marriage and reproductive data are presented.

Several estimates of total net underenumeration and of net census errors by sex, race (white, Negro-and-other-races, Negro), and age (five-year groups) in the 1960 and 1970 Censuses, for the total population of the United States, derived by the methods of demographic analysis, are presented. The different data, procedures, and assumptions employed in developing the various estimates are described briefly, and the findings are then discussed in terms of a "preferred" set of estimates. The preferred set of estimates of corrected population for 1970 combines estimates for persons under age 35 based directly on birth, death, and migration statistics, estimates for females aged 35 to 64 based on the Coale-Zelnik estimates (white) for 1950 or the Coale-Rives estimates (Negro) for 1960, estimates for males aged 35 to 64 based on the use of expected sex ratios, and estimates for the population 65 and over based on "Medicare" enrollments and expected sex ratios. These estimates indicate an overall net underenumeration of 5.3 million persons or 2.5 percent in 1970, as compared with 5.1 million or 2.7 percent in 1960, and a net underenumeration of 1.9 percent for whites and of 7.7 percent for Negroes in 1970, as compared with 2.0 percent and 8.0 percent, respectively, in 1960. As in 1960, undercoverage in 1970 was greatest for Negro males (9.9 percent); net error rates exceeded 12 percent in each age group 20 to 49 and reached 17 to 19 percent at ages 25 to 44. All sex-race groups showed marked in- creases between 1960 and 1970 for children under ten and marked declines at ages ten to 24. Equally reliable estimates of population coverage cannot be prepared for states and smaller geographic units or for the population of Spanish ancestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking times of 36 children were recorded during subject-controlled presentation of slides. Habituation was demonstrated over repeated presentation of 6 slides from a single conceptual category (e.g., animals). In an immediate generalization test the 6 habituated slides were intermixed with 6 unfamiliar but similar slides from the same category and 6 slides from a novel category (e.g., fruits). Mean looking times were shortest for familiar slides, longer for categorically similar slides, and longest for categorically novel slides. Females showed generalized habituation from the familiar slides to the categorically similar slides, but looked significantly longer at those from the novel category. Males looked significantly longer at new slides from either the similar or the novel category than at the familiar slides, but on unfamiliar slides did not significantly discriminate between the similar and novel categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that preschool children prefer to divide equally rather than follow an equity norm when distributing rewards. Results from 2 studies contradicted this, view by demonstrating that preschoolers often do give higher reward to the better of 2 performers. The tendency to give more to the better performer appeared stronger in boys than in girls. However, there was little difference between boys and girls when the children believed a female adult would evaluate the appropriateness of their distribution of the reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal data on a national sample of 2,077 students first surveyed as high school sophomores in 1955 and later followed up in 1970 are used to assess sex main and interaction effects in an elaborated school process model. The results indicate that (a) despite positive sex effects for women in terms of academic performance and self-concepts arid despite simultaneous controls on status background variables, ability, curriculum, the influence of significant others (parents, teachers, and peers), and college plans, a relatively strong and unmediated depressant sex effect remained for the educational attainment of women in the late fifties; (b) status background influences were a double liability for women in that such influences were found to be considerably more determinant of high school process and outcome variables for females, while academic ability was more important for males; and (c) at the college level, whereas the influence of family origins was modest for both sexes, ability remained considerably mon important for the continuing educational progress of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from 34,118 American high sc/zoo! students were used to deter,nine patterns of responses (factor structures, reliabilities, means, and standard deviations) to an indicator of level of occupational aspiration (LOA). Comparable analyses were performed on the total group and sixteen mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsamples cross-classified by sex, lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES,), and grade in high school (9-12). LOA appears to be a single-factor concept in the total sample and in each subsample. Contrary to previous thinking, no evidence was found of nontrivial response pattern variations in realism or idealism by grade. The only nontrivial sex differences in response patterns concerned the reliabilities, which were slightly lower for females than for males. SES differences were found on!;' for means. Idealistic LOAs (so-called "aspirations",) are as meaningful and as variable as realistic LOAs (so-called "expectations'). Both contribute to the same underlying psychological dimension, LOA. LOA response patterns are essentially the same for boys as for girls and for youth in all high sc/zoo! grades. By analogy, the analysis also elucidates certain parallel concepts: level of educational aspiration and significant others' levels of occupational and educational expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the accuracy of self-evaluation on test performance of junior high school students. The results suggest that high achieving students are more accurate at self-evaluation and that they improve at a faster rate than low achieving students. Practice tends to improve the accuracy of prediction and under the conditions a' posteriori assessment may be more accurate than a' priori assessment. The two sexes do not appear to be different in their ability to assess their own performance. Accurate self-evaluation appears to be a reasonable process to incorporate into the school curriculum.

Men work harder for an attractive female experimenter than for an unattractive one. They also allow an attractive female to exert more social influence over them than an unattractive female. And females make more cooperative responses in a prisoner's dilemma game when playing with an attractive compared with an unattractive male partner. Physical attractiveness, in other words, clearly plays an important role in social interaction. As far as self regard is concerned, a number of studies report a positive relationship between sell-esteem or other forms of positive regard and acceptance of others presumably because individuals who are secure in their self a evaluation need not feel threatened by competition from others. One major way in which individuals may accept or reject a stimulus person, of course, is by judging this person as attractive or unattractive.

A series of studies was conducted to investigate possible differences in the exploratory manipulation and play behavior of human infants 7½-11½ months of age as a function of the attributes of the stimulus, the familiarity of the subject with the stimuli, the age and sex of the infants, and individual differences. The data from a variety of situations and samples coalesced on the following conclusions: (1) exploratory manipulation time was an increasing function of the contingent responsiveness of the stimulus objects (e.g., their sound potential and plasticity); (2) there were only inconsistent effects associated with the configural complexity of the objects and thus its status as an effective attribute remains ambiguous; (3) there were essentially no changes in the distribution of exploratory manipulation between 8½ and 11½ months across different levels of stimulus responsiveness; (4) there were no effects for experimentally introduced long-term familiarity with the stimulus objects, nor were there correlations between maternal ratings of toy familiarity and the length of time the infant played with a toy; (5) short-term familiarization with a given stimulus attribute temporarily eliminated that entire attribute as a variable in governing the duration of time the infant subsequently spent manipulating objects varying in that attribute; (6) infants displayed more concentrated exploration and cognitively richer play with increasing age; (7) the complexity and richness of infant play behavior cannot be easily subsumed by a few factorial dimensions; (8) the density of free-play behavior (the amount of manipulation versus noninteraction) showed selective stability during the younger but not the older ages studied; and (9) approximately half the subjects could be classified into groups which differed from one another in their style of play behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on communication patterns, sex and length of verbalization in speech of children. Study conducted to differentiate male and female verbalization; Importance of communication pattern and sex in verbalization; Tests on research hypothesis to determine the differences between communication patterns in terms of amount of speech produced.

This article investigates the possibility of variations in behavioral consistency as a function of diagnostic type and gender on two conformity tasks. Male and female paranoid schizophrenics, manic-depressives, and normals were used as subjects for the study. Behavioral inconsistency frequently constitutes one of the most basic criteria by which to evaluate the presence of mental disorder because it affects perceptions of stability and predictability of behavior. Male groups were composed largely of laborers, although there were a few college graduates in all-male groups.

This article discusses feminists attitude in the present age. A feminist is a person who advocates such social and legal changes as will result in political) social, and economic equality between the sexes. This definition does not specify the sex of the person who advocates change, and, even more importantly, it does not suggest that the present power relations be reversed. (This latter connotation is apparently universally held by males, who seem not to be able to conceive-pun intended- of a work in which women and men are treated equally.) Women who are feminists do not contend that equality mean men and women have identical characters) but rather that they have identical worth in the scales of political, social, and economic judgment. Feminists in the present wave, with self-conscious awareness, have added an additional requirement to the meaning of the word. They hold that the movement for social and political and economic equality between the sexes is the most important of all the movements to improve the human condition.

Do females who successfully complete rehabilitation services do as well vocationally as males? To answer this question, and others pertinent to this problem, comparisons were made in the vocational adjustments of 138 females and 571 males three to ten years after the successful completion of rehabilitation services. The following differences were significant at the 5 per cent level of confidence: (a) more of the males were fully employed; (b) more of the females were in part-time employment, (c) more of the fully employed males, when compared with the fully employed females, were earning more than $75 per week. Conclusions: (1) many of the females preferred part-time employment because of household responsibilities and less financial need. (2) With some exceptions the males employed on skilled and semi-skilled jobs were paid higher wages than the women who were employed in clerical and sales. (3) A major factor in the failure of 22 females to remain employed after job placement was their poor vocational potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assumption was made that the motivational elements which function in the academic situation function similarly in occupational aspiration. A 64-item quasi paired comparison forced choice instrument was developed, the Preferred Job Characteristics Scale (PJCS), based on a bipolar extension of McClelland's need-achievement motivational theory. The instrument was one of four sub-tests of an objective motivational test battery (the M-Scales). Item discrimination of the occupationally referent scale alternatives was determined by Chi square analyses of responses of statistically defined under- and over-achieving (high and low motivated) 11th graders. Twenty and 33 items remained after cross-validation for males and females respectively, with 10 in common. Hoyt's ANOV reliabilities were in the 0.80's. Factor analyses yielded two sex-common occupational factors, unique accomplishment vs. avoidance of education, and long term vs. short term job involvement. Additionally one interpretable male factor (high vs. low job involvement) and one female factor (high vs. low job interest) were found. The correlation of the instrument with GPA was low positive (0.27 for females, 0.32 for males). The PJCS did not significantly add in the multiple regression equation with aptitude in predicting GPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article sheds light on predicting choice of a career in scientific research. There are numerous possible approaches to the study of scientists, and, this being a popular occupational group these days, many ways have been tried. Creativity, especially in the realm of science, has been the concern of many investigators. The Scientific Careers Study conducted at Harvard was designed to overcome previous drawbacks to the longitudinal approach, hopefully without loss of major assets. A five-year overlapping longitudinal design was employed in order to investigate the critical 16 years of the developmental process of becoming a scientist. Outlines the number and grade level of the subjects selected at various stages of this process. Previous reports have described the design and rationale of the study, so those details need not be gone into at this time. This report will consider a particular decision which the two older groups, the college males majoring in science, have had to make during the past four years.

The article focuses on the effect of instructions to fake masculinity on the femininity-masculinity (FM) scale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women (SVIBW). The FM scale of the Strong VIB purports to measure the dominant direction of interests of an individual as it conforms to or diverges from the typical picture of his or her sex group. Its presumed validity is therefore less face, than empirical, validity. It should on this account be less subject to the faking effect than scales lacking its empirical foundations. The SVIBW was given twice to 40 women religious in order to determine the effect of faking masculinity on the FM scale. The mean of the FM standard score was lowered very significantly. Of 25 occupational scale scores, 15 were changed significantly on the second taking of the test. Scores on 7 of the scales were increased and 8 were decreased. The Lawyer scale showed the greatest increase, the Elementary Teacher scale the greatest decrease under faking instructions. Other teacher scales were affected, but not so markedly. The Occupational Therapist and Nurse scales also showed a notable decrease under faking instructions.

Six groups of observers rated the behavior of three experimenters interacting with a total of 10 research subjects. Each group of judges (male and female Americans, male and female Japanese who spoke and understood English quite well, and male and female Japanese who spoke and understood English less well) evaluated Es' behavior on the basis of the auditory channel alone and also on the basis of the combination of the auditory and visual channel. Experimenters were found to engage in a variety of unprogrammed behaviors which were significantly related to (a) their Ss' subsequent responses, (b) E's differential vocal emphasis as he read his response alternatives to his Ss, and (c) both the particular expectancy induced in E and whether any expectancy at all had been induced in E. For the purpose of predicting differential vocal emphasis, female judges were better than male judges when rating from the auditory channel alone, but male judges were better than female judges when rating from the visual and auditory channel combined. For the purpose of predicting whether E had been given any expectancy for Ss' responses, American male judges were most effective when rating the visual and auditory channel combined, but when the auditory channel alone was employed, it was the Japanese males who were less familiar with English whose predictive performance was most effective. Each of these two groups of judges appeared to extract very much the same type of information, but each from its own preferred channel of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of interpersonal verbal attack on anger, aggression, and vascular arousal in a biracial situation were investigated. Half of 28 male and female Negro college students were subjected to insult from a White peer experimenter of the same sex; half were not. Attack led to greater self-reported anger, expressed direct and indirect verbal aggression, and elevated diastolic blood pressure than did no attack. Sex-of-victim differences were noted only for aggressive behavior, with attacked females demonstrating more indirect aggression than attacked males or control Ss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In coalition formation under conditions of uncertainty, the probability of coalition success is 0 < p < 1. A Coalition Expected Utility (CEU) model is proposed where coalitions with the highest expected utility are predicted to form. Two experiments were designed to test the CEU model given four of Caplow's triads in the males and in the females. The observed frequencies for both males and females supported the CEU model against Caplow's Minimum Resource Theory (X², p < .001). The partner preferences indicated that the strongest member was the most preferred partner and the weakest member was the least preferred partner (X², p < .001). Males showed a stronger tendency toward risky decisions than females. The CEU model showed a higher predictive validity than three additional deterministic theories of coalition formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of Negro and white conformity behavior were compared. A 2 by 2 by 2 factorial analysis of variance design was employed with Race, Sex, and Task Difficulty as independent variables. All three main effects were significant, with females yielding more than males, Negroes yielding more than whites, and greater yielding on difficult task items over easy task items. Extremely high yielding by Negro females produced the Race × Sex interaction and accounted for the two main effects. The Task Difficulty × Race interaction demonstrated a deviation by Negroes from the typical white student pattern of informational behavior in a task oriented setting. The Negro pattern was interpreted as a display of normative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-six college males and 56 college females were interviewed to determine their identity status and then played a Prisoner's Dilemma game with either a high or low authority opponent under feedback that changed either from cooperation to competition or competition to cooperation. Moratorium (in crisis) subjects were found to cooperate less with a high authority opponent than with a low authority opponent (interpreted as "rebellion") and also to match their responses to their opponents' more often than the other statuses (interpreted as "need for guidance in decision-making"). The previously established higher anxiety level in the moratorium status manifested itself in longer response latencies when feedback moved from cooperation to competition. Identity diffusions, who have resolved the identity crisis by remaining uncommitted, were unaffected by partner status or feedback manipulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was used to compare native with nonnative students at the University of Alaska. Mean scale scores of natives were more deviant than scores of nonnative Alaskans, which were in turn more deviant than scores of United States college groups tested elsewhere. Subgroups of natives were ranked from the most to the least deviant group based on mean scale scores and a profile analysis technique: males, Aleuts > Eskimos > Indians; females, Aleuts > Indians > Eskimos. It is suggested that the differences among groups may reflect the degree of acculturation into United States society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EPPS and MMPI findings with 130 college males and females were factor analyzed. This yielded 10 factors of varying degrees of clarity. A validity factor was derived and its status discussed at length. A descriptive analysis was made of the 10 factors that emerged. In addition, the composition of these factors was evaluated in terms of the test from which their significantly loaded components emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made to determine the reaction to the human aspects of atomic warfare. Quantitative as well as qualitative analysis is made of 339 randomly selected letters written in response to John Hersey's Hiroshima story. A wide range of rural and urban area is represented with few letters from the South and the Northwest regions. There is a large proportion of professional people in the sampling, and males and females are almost equally represented. Correspondents identified as professional, business, religious, fraternal, or labor could not be described as different from each other or the group as a whole, perhaps only because of the size of the sample. Approximately 9 per cent of the correspondents disapproved of the article. The reasons they gave were, that they felt deprived of their usual humorous magazine material, that too much had been written already about the atom bomb, that the story was undesirable propaganda, and that they felt a hostile attitude toward Russia. An overwhelming majority (approximately 90 per cent) approved of the story's publication with the following opinions most frequently expressed: There was recognition of the story as a contribution to public good, and appreciation of the author's style and ability, they expressed a need for broader awareness of the implications of atomic warfare, a realization of what the bombing of Hiroshima meant in terms of human beings, a feeling of responsibility for the dropping of the bomb, and a feeling of anxiety regarding the future use of atomic weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study, which discusses the regional differences in masculinity-femininity. This study takes its departure from the first suggestion, but instead of investigating groups of widely divergent tradition, etc., it selects more and more homogeneous populations from a heterogeneous one. Three groups of students served as subjects in this study: an unselected group of 556 Florida State College for Women students, a group of 492 University of Florida students, and a group of 485 high school students from Tallahassee. It will be seen that the college populations are segregated according to sex. The western populations from which data were derived were coeducational in nature. This factor could conceivably influence any difference which might appear between the western and southern populations. The high school populations are coeducational in both studies. The populations are not, therefore; homogeneous populations as far as regional origin, political tradition, or some phases of social customs are concerned.

This study of the black family structure in seven Ohio Valley cities is an effort to fill the void in historical literature on the origins of the present-day urban black family, especially the phenomenon of the lower-class "black matriarchy." Based on the manuscript census, all male- and female-headed families are compared with such demographic data as the age, sex, and family structures; size and number of children; and socioeconomic data of real estate ownership and occupations. The basic conclusions are twofold: (1) the urban black family structure during the nineteenth century was basically a two-parent, male-headed family that showed little evidence of retaining structural characteristics of the slave family, and (2) despite the increasing trend towards residential segregation, the only sign of a lessening of the two-parent family is a rise in the proportion of female-headed extended families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in marked contrast to pre-1962 research was a reported premarital coital rate for college women (mostly sophomores) of 41 percent—a finding which appears representative of this University and was replicated in an independent follow-up study. For males, a 60 percent coital rate differed little from previous research. But in spite of their relatively liberal sexual behavior, considerable evidence was found among men and women alike for the existence of a strong double standard, a finding particularly true of males when the female involved was a potentially meaningful one in the male's life. Furthermore, while males felt their friends approved of premarital intercourse, females felt their having had intercourse would be disapproved of by friends, family and society alike. It appears that the female's liberal sexual behavior has occurred in a setting where she perceived little support for such behavior. Evidence was also found that the more physically attractive college woman, while differing little from less attractive women in sexual attitudes and values, had more noncoital and coital experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]