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Papermaking apparently originated in China about two centuries before the Christian Era. Arabs learned the art in the eighth century and diffused it along North Africa, whence it spread into Spain in the twelfth century, into Italy in the thirteenth, and into France either near the beginning or near the middle of the fourteenth century. Around 1700 the French economy was in the middle of a protracted period of stagnation, and the paper industry was especially depressed. Several intendants stated at that time that papermaking had greatly declined over the past two decades, and the newly established Council of Trade learned from the survey it ordered in 1701 that the number of active mills was everywhere much smaller than formerly. Most of the evidence the author has sketched in this article reveals a direct correlation between the industry's expansion and the relaxation of direct governmental controls in France. After recovering from a long period of depression at the end of the seventeenth century, papermaking perhaps doubled its output between 1720 and 1789, with most of the growth coming after 1750.

Wright's model for the effects of random fluctuations in gene frequency in a population of fixed size is generalized to randomly fluctuating population size, and treated from the viewpoint of G. Malécot, using a martingale convergence theorem. The gene frequency approaches a limit, whose value depends on the actual realization, or history, of the process; that is, convergence is with probability one (or: almost surely) in statistical language. The limit does not necessarily represent a state of fixation of either allele; in particular, the limiting probability distribution is not necessarily trivial. For the special case of deterministically varying population size, a necessary and sufficient condition for such non-triviality is given.

The article discusses researches conducted by economists Paul A. David, Warren J. Scoville and Earl J. Hamilton. Researcher Stanley Engerman in his discussion on David's article suggests that his article represents the most thorough study in the debate concerning American economic growth between 1800 and 1840. It is based both on new time series not previously utilized and upon the resourceful application of available data to clarify certain key points. Another researcher Ross M. Robertson while discussing Scoville's article finds his article on the whole persuasive. Robertson certainly has no quarrel with his quantitative inferences, nor for that matter with his description of French governmental regulation in the eighteenth century. He was not altogether convinced of the direct correlation between the paper industry's expansion and the relaxation of direct governmental controls that Scoville alleges. Perhaps Scoville's more extended publications on this subject will elucidate this relationship.

The article focuses on the state of the press in Switzerland. It notes the changes taking place in the field of mass communication, which is evident in the emergence of mass communication studies on Swiss press problems in a development that concurred with the trend towards self-examination noticeable in press circles. It mentions that the first popular-type paper "Blick" published in 1959 garnered violent reactions in the German-language editorial offices. It says that the success of "Blick" have resulted to several consequences: general-information papers have started personalizing their information, simplified editorial language, and a revival of business sense in press circles. It explores the effect of the changes to the French-language and German language press in the country.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at a meeting of the Continental European Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Strasbourg, France from September 12-13, 1964, including "Electronic Instrumentation Recording Vibrations from the Temporomandibular Joint," "Pulp and Collagen Preservation in Egyptian Mummies," and "The Development of Human Dental Pulp on the Chorioallantois of Embryo Eggs."

The article throws light on the psychology of attitudes and gives insight into one aspect of newspaper behavior. An analysis of the rumors regarding communist leader Joseph Stalin's real or pretended illness in thirty newspapers in Paris, France revealed that the papers tended to publish rumors that arced with their political attitudes. Anti-communist papers published rumors stressing Stalin's illness and a crisis in Russia; communist papers ignored the subject or carried rumors denying the illness and crisis. Studies such as this might be used as a test for listing and grouping papers according to their political attitudes. Studies have been made repeatedly showing that the news content of newspapers is influenced by their editorial political attitudes. Less attention has been paid to the question of susceptibility to editorial manipulation. The collection of all rumor echoes in daily newspapers was undertaken during a period of four months. All news items, which had a particular character of vagueness, lack of authority regarding their source or outright improbability, were included regardless of whether or not rumor as a source was specifically mentioned.

Highlights the Third European Weed Research Council Symposium on New Herbicides held in 1969 in Paris, France. Papers on herbicides submitted at the symposium.

The article discusses loan evaluation in France with commentary on the paper "Financial and Statistical Analysis for Commercial Loan Evaluation: A French Experience" by Edward I. Altman, Michel Margaine, Michel Schlossur, and Pierre Vernimmen. A troubled sector of France is examined in this paper to aid in the development of a model which determines the credit worthiness of commercial loan applicants. Traditional financial statement analysis and statistical analysis are combined during the research.

The article presents discussion by various sociologists during the fourth working session of the First World Congress for Rural Sociology held in Dijon, France. Sociologist Antonio M. Arce from Costa Rica briefly commented on Pakistani sociologist A.M. Khan's paper entitled "Impact of changes in agriculture on political life in Asia". These comments refer to three different aspects of the paper and are expected to stimulate discussions from the audience. The paper tries to analyse the dynamic relationship between agricultural development efforts and political ferment in Asia and how this interdependence relates to the residues of Western colonialism and the emergence of Russian and Chinese communism. Another sociologist R. Bičanič from Yugoslavia discussed about the interference of politics in sociology. He also discussed the point dealing with the revival of rural sociology in socialist countries, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The rural exodus linked with accelerated industrialization has become so intense that agriculture is threatened with a depleted labour force, and this leads to a policy of income parity with industrial workers for agricultural producers also which may have wider political implications.

During and after the first World War, France, like many other belligerents, failed to meet her current budgetary expenditure from the revenues arising from taxation. The result of the inflation created many problems for the business man. Depending upon the attitude one holds with reference to the quantity theory of money, inflation either created these problems through its effect in bringing about a very rapid increase in prices, or these problems, created by other economic processes, than by action on prices, finally resulted in a marked increase in prices. French accounting theoreticians had the advantage of the earlier German experience and some of the new accounting methods proposed were but adaptations of German inflation accounting theory and practice. The elaboration of these methods by both French and German accounting theorist constitutes a definite contribution to general accounting theory. An understanding of the principles involved may help in settling some of the controverted questions of principle which attract the attention of accountants.

Presents an overview of the International Study Meeting on Selective Weed Control in Sugar Beet Crops in Paris, France on March 9 to 10, 1967. Information on commercial and state-sponsored organizations that participated in the meeting; Factors which influence the efficiency of herbicides; Overview of discussion papers presented during the meeting.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.