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A conference paper about the transportation of goods and of raw materials in Latin America is presented. The author believes that countries such as Brazil need to build railroads in order to transport materials to seaports for trade purposes. Also discussed is the role of fast traveling ships and loading and storage facilities in the transport of goods.

A conference paper about the role of coffee in Latin American trade is presented. The author notes the importance of the mutually beneficial relationship between the United States and Latin American countries who sell coffee to the U.S. Also discussed is the effect of overproduction of coffee on selling prices.

This paper has two principal aims: (1) to analyze and measure how the demographic variables-mortality, fertility, and immigration- affect the cost of education; (2) to evaluate what possibilities developing countries, such as those of Latin America, have for a rapid educational improvement. The paper relates demographic and educational variables of three different populations: Sweden, 1840-1965; the United States, 1850-1960; and Latin America, 1930-2000. Three educational variables are also cone sidered: (a) school attendance rates by sex and age; (b) distribution of students of same age by grade; and (c) cost of student by grade. Demographic changes in countries such as Sweden and the United States were favorable for the development of education. For the future, unless an increase of fertility occurs, mortality and fertility changes will not have a significant effect on the cost of education in these countries. In current less developed countries the demographic changes during the past were less favorable to educational development. A future reduction of fertility will significantly help them to achieve a higher educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents several books related to sociology. "Hacia una sociologia del surco: Resultados del Sexto Congreso Nacional de Sociologia de Morelia," by Roberto Agramonte. In this small volume the distinguished professor of sociology and director of the Department of Cultural Interchange at the University of Havana summarizes succinctly the program of Mexico's Sixth National Sociological Congress and appraises with keen insight most of the major papers presented at it. "El hombre y Ia tierra en Boyacd: Bases socio-históricas para una ref orma agraria," by Orlando Fals Borda. This volume contains an intensive study of the institutionalized relations between man and the land in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia. The study was done with the aid of a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the English version was presented as a Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Florida. "Migraciones internas en Costa Rica," by Wilburg Jimenez Castro. Based largely upon materials gathered in the 1950 census of population, this volume contains the results of one of the most thorough going studies of rural-urban and interregional migration ever done in Latin America.

The authors discuss articles that focus on the discipline of the balance of payments as it may operate in Western Europe, Latin America and the United States. The authors explain that the balance-of-payments discipline does not arise from the actions and interactions of the economic processes themselves but rather from the ability of public policy to exercise greater or lesser self-restraint, depending on the trends of the balance of payments and the causes of the imbalance. It is suggested that the true meaning of the balance-of-payments discipline relates largely to the question of how far a country could or should deflate or inflate in order to maintain external balance at given exchange rates.

Major land tenure adjustments are necessary in the years ahead in many newly developing countries of the world. The existing feudalistic system throughout much of Latin America cannot endure. There and elsewhere the peasants are seeking a change in land tenure arrangements and this explosive desire must be recognized. The demand of millions of landless rural people is that agricultural land—whether in private or public ownership—be made available to them in much greater quantities. This calls for some type of land reform. In this paper we are concerned with the significance of land ownership in land reform, and particularly land ownership that makes for family farms. The treatment of such a broad subject must necessarily be general in nature in a short paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a research regarding foreign trade of Latin America during the World War I. Foreign exchange fluctuations have occurred in response to commercial and financial exchanges in Latin American countries during the war. Many countries started credit exchange conventions with a purpose of exchange stabilization without resorting to gold shipments. Argentina made such an arrangement with the U.S. Most of the Latin American nations including Brazil showed a low level of exchange rate during the war than the levels of pre-war years.

Presents a paper which examines the role that one external actor, the United States, has played in the process of integration among the LAFTA countries. Role played by US President Lyndon Johnson.

Several recent studies have described in some detail the factors limiting development in major countries.[3] Each shows the external sector to have been a critical element in explaining past difficulties and in determining future prospects. In addition, each points to a number of internal limitations and gives some analysis of the interaction between the two sets of factors. The present paper will utilize some of the insights from these studies to develop an aggregative model that brings out the relations between the internal and external factors in economic development. The model will be used for three purposes: (1) to interpret recent development performance, (2) to indicate in quantitative terms some of the requirements of accelerated growth, and (3) to provide a framework for the discussion of alternatives facing the United States and the Latin American countries. One section of the paper is devoted to each of these topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which explored the news flow through the Associated Press (AP) from Latin America to the U.S. The study conducted interviews with the writers and editor of the news in Latin America, observed four AP Latin American bureaus, and performed a content analysis of the copy which the Latin American bureaus transmitted. Results showed that over one third of a million words were able to be transmitted to the New York office from Latin American bureaus from June 28, 1971 to July 19, 1971. The study also revealed that the flow of news are not changing from Mondays to Saturdays.

The paper demonstrates that reliable and valid indexes of housing quality can be developed from data collected by standard field procedures through the use of standard scaling techniques. The specific data used to illustrate the applicability of the technique were obtained in Puerto Rico and therefore are most applicable to the developing countries and specifically to Latin America. They, thus might not be directly usable for measuring housing quality outside these areas, though, out scales could readily be used to measure quality in neighbourhoods at the lower end of the scale in the U.S. The indexes tested are most readily usable and understandable when applied to single-family dwellings. An exception is the Interior Index because the interior items apply uniformly to individual dwellings even in a high-rise buildings. The technique is a reliable and valid means of developing an index of housing quality which is independent of other considerations such as characteristics of tile residents or of the neighborhood.

The text limits itself to the teaching at college level for public professional practice of accounting in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, although general practice is also considered in other forms. It should be pointed out that the observations made in this article are based on limited experience about conditions in Latin America and are perhaps influenced by characteristic situations of the educational and professional environment in Puerto Rico. It is a matter of wonder, that without arriving at any conclusion, if the system and personal experiences should be examples or exceptions for the sister countries. One cannot leave aside the relation that the teaching and practice of the profession has with the political destiny of the various countries and their association with particular areas of economic influence. The purpose of this paper has been to find out what patterns of teaching used in the U.S. and also in Puerto Rico, which is a country of Spanish origin, can be adopted and utilized in other Latin American countries.

The article focuses on differences in economic development between the United States and Latin America. The ownership of a landed estate in colonial Latin America was a source of wealth and was a mark of social distinction. From the ranks of the landed families came many of the leading civilian officials, the high army officers, and prominent church authorities. It was the landed aristocracy that comprised the top layer of the social structure in colonial Latin America. In Latin America, a strong impulse was given to the commercialization of economic life. In the United States, the system of small landholdings which took hold during the colonial period was continued and extended after independence through the disposal of public domain by the federal government. The wide distribution of land ownership in the United States epitomizes the dominant middle-class character of American social organization. The broad middle-class market in this country was a potent force in the development of mass production methods in manufacturing. Social system of the United States attracted immigrants, adding their manpower and skills to the productive capacity of the country. No country in Latin America has had such a fine combination of physical resources and conditions to work with as the United States.

This article presents information on the report of the Committee on Resolutions of the American Sociological Society (ASS), as of February 1, 1942. The Committee on Resolutions submits several resolutions for consideration by the ASS. The committee asked that it should be resolved by the ASS that, in the period of national emergency, social research and the teaching of sociological facts about the U.S. and U.S. communities should continue freely and with increased vigor, so that the U.S. may better understand its problems and be better prepared for world reconstruction at the termination of the present period of conflict. In view of the extraordinary opportunity for cooperation between teaching and research in sociology in Latin American countries; in view of the cordial relationships being developed; and in view of expressed wishes of representatives of the Americas; it should resolved that the ASS encourage both general and specific efforts toward cooperation, as, for example, exchange scholars and a clearing house for information on sociological research and publication.

This article discusses the relation of American financial intercourse with nations dependent on foreign capital for their economic development. Foreign investments, without shame or hypocrisy, were debt has been reorganized under the guidance of a committee of international bankers in which American bankers took a leading part. The method of dollar diplomacy was to be direct and decisive. Constructive diplomacy, on the other hand, discards force and substitutes for the exercise of coercive measures to protect ill-advised adventures, supervision over the terms and conditions of investments before they are made. It is no less pragmatic. For the first time in its long history of reorganizations, the Mexican debt has been reorganized under the guidance of a committee of international bankers in which American bankers took a leading part. This growth of the financial relations between Latin-American republics and the United States is, perhaps, the most potential result of the post-war financial status of these countries. If this can be accom- plished, it is quite conceivable that commercial gains with Latin America will amply compensate any concession made by this country from choice or necessity in the adjustment of the interallied debt.

Social identities, conceptualized as self-designations and measured by the TST, were examined for samples of high school adolescents in three societies: the United States, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. Four identities were explored in terms of salience, frequency, and valence: gender, religion, family, and peer. For both males and females in Latin and Anglo cultures gender emerged as the most prominent identity. Religious IDs were more frequent for Catholic adolescents. The strongest cultural difference was found with respect to negative religious IDs: these were significantly more frequent for Anglo adolescents. Positive gender and family IDs were more frequent for Latin adolescents, while peer IDs were slightly more common self-designations for Anglos. These tendencies were generally in the expected direction. Social and cultural differences between these Anglo and Latin societies were considered as explanations for variations in adolescent identity structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines U.S. commerce with Latin America at the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine. Share of Hispanic America in the foreign trade of the U.S. in 1823; Difficulties of warfare, piracy and glutted markets; Trade with Brazil; Trade with northern South America; Trade with the independent West Indies; Trade with the west coast of South America.

Examines U.S. policy toward agricultural development in Latin America. Comparison of the redistribution and incremental change approaches; Policies which reflect a productionist approach; Impact of the incremental approach.

The article discusses experience of the United States private enterprises in Latin America. During the 1920s, in many ways, the greatest expansion occurred in the United States private foreign investments. During this period, foreign properties were acquired at prices which bore little resemblance to sound values or demonstrated earning power and the appeal of far lands and strange places led many to invest in foreign enterprises who had neither the experience nor the adaptability required. Nevertheless, most of the direct foreign investments of businessmen of the U.S. were made for sound, productive purposes, were administered by men of technical competence and executive ability, and were of real benefit to the people of the recipient countries. The entire Latin-American area abounds with practical examples of the increased productivity, the enhanced earning power, the higher living standards, and the improvements in health, sanitation, and education that have occurred where a fair opportunity has been provided for the entry of the U.S. private capital, with its experienced management and advanced techniques. Throughout Latin America, there is a growing awareness of the need for foreign capital and foreign technical experience.

The article examines the concept of decentralization and the centralization-decentralization dilemma based on previous studies. There are different approaches to understanding the concept of decentralization. A doctrinal approach to decentralization shows how the concept is regarded as a means to the achievement of a number of end values. Another approach contrasts the Latin American and North American educational system models by differentiating between structural and administrative centralization-decentralization. The last approach is called political dimension. It helps to indicate the extent of potential decentralization of general responsibility for education.

The article presents a cross-cultural study of stereotypes of American and Latin American students. It compares the authentic views of one cultural group with the authentic views of the other using a Chi square routine. It also differentiates the projected stereotypes response of the first group with the authentic views of the second group. The findings show that the American stereotype predictions of how the Latinos would respond to the statements were much more accurate than the Latino predictions of how the Americans would respond. There is also a gap between the Latino-held stereotype and the American reality. It indicates that two cultural groups can share common views on a problematic situation.

This article focuses on the impact of the U.S. marketers in the transformation of Latin-American economic life. In every aspect of his business, the marketer must weigh political factors to which he would not give a second thought in the United States--in his investments, pricing policy, plant location, employee relations and the character of his competition with local companies. The enormous expansion of Latin America's capacity to consume carries with it the promise of important social changes in the years to come. Peasant masses are being urbanized and becoming part of the effective market for mass-produced manufactured commodities. The greatest obstacle to the expansion of Latin America's marketing economy stems from the isolation of economic units which follow political boundaries. Latin-American countries trade primarily with the United States and Europe, only to a minor extent among themselves. This isolation limits the effectiveness of marketing activities, which can be conducted more efficiently in larger units.

Conservation in Latin America is being given much more serious consideration than it was 10 or even 5 years ago. There is an awakening to realities and the knowledge, for instance, that a rain forest which appears to be inviolable now could be lost to future generations by the activities of a single lumbering crew. Effective comrnunications have been established between the Latin American countries themselves and private nongovernmental conservation organizations both in Latin America and the United States. The Latin American Desk of The Nature Conservancy, headed by Dr. Maria Buchinger, is doing pioneer work in this field, and it is the hope of the author that there will soon be a Nature Conservancy in every one of the Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the results of a survey of the training of managers at Latin American enterprises owned or controlled by United States companies. Chief determinants to U.S. training; Significance of the local environment; Uncertainties of investing in training due to political instability; Greater hazard of losing trained people to competitors.

The article presents a reference guide for public relations. Names of publishers of books and the addresses of periodicals are provided to aid readers. Listings include only basic material, not news items or reports of transitory significance. "How is Your Corporate Image in the Markets of the World?" by Harry E. Maynard, discusses the need to build and maintain corporate prestige abroad and gives some pointers on how to do it. "Image of America," by R.L. Bruckbergen presents a sympathetic view of America's political principles and institutions, economic beliefs, and business and social achievements. In "The Latin American Point of View," by Roberto Campos, the president of Brazil's National Economic Development Bank discusses Brazilian--and Latin American--viewpoints toward U.S.-Latin American relations and policies. "Some Thoughts on Postwar Pan-American Problems and Their Solutions," by J. Fred Hippy is an analysis of the economic problems of Latin American feelings toward U.S., and of U.S. grants and credits to Latin America. It also suggests some ways of improving U.S.-Latin relationships.