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The article focuses on the study that determines the pattern of hostility in affective illness. It aims to discover whether patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and those with mania are different in their aggressiveness as measured by the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. Meanwhile, it also aims to provide further evidence of the changing pattern of hostility in affective illness after recovery. In six groups of patients tested, 3 showed active symptoms at the time of testing, while 3 had recovered from a recent illness.

The article investigates the viability of Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ) in evaluating punitiveness through adequate normative data. Results indicated that the principal component structure of the HDHQ is at variance with the dimensions of extrapunitiveness and intropunitiveness. It is proposed hat an oblique factor analytic solution would fit better with the conceptual genesis of the questionnaire. The manual of HDHQ gives an insufficient standardization data for normal subjects.

The article discusses the effects of similarity and guilt on the projection of hostility. Despite the studies of H.A. Murray and S. Feshbach and R.D. Singer, many of the parameters underlying "projection", or the attribution of traits and affects to others, are still relatively unexplored. The experiment is designed to investigate how attribution to others is affected by the presence or absence of guilt feelings in the perceiver and the similarity or dissimilarity of a bystander, not associated with the aggressive act, to the perceiver. Rationalized projection takes place without the presence of strong defensive activities. The functional value of such projection lies in mitigating for the individual the presence of certain self negative characteristics by making the person seemingly no different from anyone else and by removing the affect far from the ego.

The article presents various cases of hostility syndrome. Much has been written about anxiety patterns, including anxiety hysteria, anxiety neurosis, feelings of inferiority, etc., but in comparison there is a paucity of material in regard to hostility. Not only are feelings of hostility and aggressive behavior of theoretical importance but experience indicates that individuals with feelings of hostility are more difficult to work with therapeutically than those with comparable degrees of anxiety.

The article cites a study that aims to subject the common hostility observations to experimental verification and to broaden knowledge of the role of personality to direct the hostile feelings and attitudes. This research describes the four types of personalities derived from Self-Concept theory. These include low defensive, low self-ideal (SI) discrepancy (adjustive); high defensive, low SI discrepancy (repressive); low defensive, high SI discrepancy (anxious); and high defensive, high SI discrepancy (distorters). The findings of the study are discussed.

The article presents a study on the effectiveness of vicarious experience in reducing hostility toward an instigator. It mentions that the theory of frustration and aggression posits that the blocking of goal directed activity leads to the occurrence of aggression of some kind and in some degree. Reduction of experimentally aroused hostility has been studied most frequently as a function of aggression expressed toward objects other than the original instigating agent. Since instigation to aggression is conceived of as being an interference with goal directed activity, strength of instigation to aggression will be a function of the strength of the instigation to the activity that is interfered with.

The article discusses a study about the expression of hostile motivation in both imaginative and overt behavior, using the goal gradient formulation as a source of hypotheses. Subjects included in the study were permitted to express hostility in fantasy and in overt behavior, in a situation in which subjects could actually hurt another person. Two alternative theoretical models based on Miller and Dollard's goal gradient formulation were recommended. Low Expressors grew in hostile expression as arousal conditions increased, while High Expressors declined in hostility under the same circumstances.

Two earlier studies (4, 9) indicated that Ss who admit to characteristically strong feelings of anger (i.e., whose manifest hostility level is high) exhibit a smaller increase in the intensity of their hostile behavior after anger is aroused than Ss low in manifest hostility. The present study attempted to replicate these findings. Two Ss, after privately indicating their initial impressions of each other (on Questionnaire 1), exchanged written messages. By substituting previously constructed notes for these messages, E aroused hostility toward S's partner in half of the Ss. Following this brief communication period the two Ss again rated each other on the questionnaire scale of friendliness-unfriendliness (in Questionnaire 2). Ss who previously had been assessed as high in manifest hostility displayed significantly more hostility toward their co-workers on Questionnaire 1 than the low hostility Ss, supporting the validity of the manifest hostility measure. However, combining both experimental conditions, the low manifest hostility Ss, as predicted, had a significantly greater increase in unfriendliness toward their partners following the exchange of communications than the high manifest hostility Ss. Further analyses and the implications of these differences are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the hostile behaviour. Hostility is a normal manifestation of human behavior. Its consideration as a disease represents a study of aberrations from a clinical norm. This implies that one can establish a cultural norm of hostile behavior, and measure, however roughly, deviations from it. This is the same basic assumption in all psychological studies of personality, the ability to measure deviations from typical modes of feeling, thinking, and acting. The individual who releases hostile impulses, whether in the form of verbal or muscular attack, immediately sets into operation a chain of events that represent ways of modifying the attack, and of protecting himself from their real or assumed consequences. In the experimental situation, the child shows clearly the operation of the dynamics of hostility in every phase of the act. One may see, first, a battle with the impulse. The child may try to prevent its release by going into a distracting kind of play, so that the object he wishes to attack is thrown out of focus. He may deny any knowledge of what he wishes to do. He may state his wishes, and, at the same time, his inability to do anything about them.

The article discusses the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) hostility as a function of self reported hostility, arousal and cue characteristics. Research with a variety of behavioral variables has frequently found a decrease in expression of the behavior on the TAT following arousal procedures. Decrements have been observed with sex, hunger, sleep and aggression. The first experiment reported in this article investigates the interaction between self-reported hostility and arousal as a function of cue characteristics. Cue relevance for hostility has been found to interact with level of arousal in determining response but findings with regard to sensitivity to levels of chrome hostility have been more variable. Ambiguity, or uncertainty of response, a second stimulus dimension, has been related to productiveness of response, but the relationship if any, between ambiguity and sensitivity to levels of hostility remains to be seen. Replication on of various studies, involving orthogonal variation of hostility, arousal, cue, and inhibition seems advisable. By varying inhibition and arousal, it would be expected that differences in reactivity to inhibition would be reflected in differences in activation indices.

The article discusses a study which attempted to formulate operational definitions for the various meanings of the concept of hostility. The study seeks to identify and define the subconcepts of hostility and investigates their use in measuring hostility in psychiatric patients. The dimensions of hostility used in the study were derived from a rational analysis of hostile behavior and the Iowa Hostility Inventory was administered to subjects. Patients were interviewed and rated for various aspects of hostility such as resentment, verbal hostility, indirect hostility, assault, suspicion, over-all hostility and strength of hostile urges.

The article focuses on the Taylor MAS and group conformity pressure. The study attempts to examine the amount of hostility and conformity of the subjects with high scores in Taylor anxiety scores as pressure increases. It hypothesizes that when group pressure is severe, subjects low in Taylor anxiety should give significantly more yielding responses than the subjects high in Taylor anxiety. The section investigated 12 highest and 12 lowest scorers on the shortened 28-items Taylor MAS, which were selected from a total of 160 undergraduate students as subjects for this experiment.

The article presents a comparison between two hostility inventories involving an abnormal population of patients admitted at the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre of the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, Scotland. The first inventory labeled the total hostility value with "guilt" as a separate value, while the second inventory included "guilt" in their total hostility value. Both inventories were evaluated for normality of distribution and were found to be approximately normal. It was found that the inclusion or exclusion of "guilt" in the total hostility value has no effect on the correlation between the two inventories.