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does not appear. First page follows. Introduction When warm-season plants are grown during the winter months, some means of microclimatic manipulation becomes essential. This is the case in the production of cantaloupes in the desert areas of the south, vestern United States. At EI Centro in Imperial Valley, for instance, the average maximum in January of 1959 was 73.3° and the average minimum was 39.8° F. The soil temperature varies from a maximum of about 75° to a minimum of about 45° F. According to (Knott (1957)),5 the optimum temperature for cantaloupe growth is a monthly average of 90° during the day and 60° during the night. The optimum soil germination temperature is about 90° F. It is obvious, then, that conditions existing in this area during January are far from ideal for the germination and growth of cantaloupe plants. In contrast to the use of plant protectors in many other areas of the country, those used during the winter season in the desert areas of California remain in place for as long as three months. Cantaloupes planted during December remain under the protection of the shelters for nearly half of their life span. Any device employed under such conditions must meet certain requirements in order to be of value. Conditions should be such that rapid growth occurs and vigorous and hardy plants are produced. Environmental modifications which would create conditions for the plants more ideal than those naturally occurring would be: increased daytime air temperature, but not in excess; maximum increase in nighttime air temperature, hence protection from frost; increase in soil temperature; and maintenance of relative humidity at moderate levels. In addition to the conditions which relate directly to plant growth, shelters must also provide protection from wind and blowing sand.

A fluidized bed freezer and a fluidized bed dryer is described for freezing or drying 5 or 15 kg batches of particulate food products using two sizes of plastic bed 30.4 or 45.7 cm diameter. Fluidization velocities can be up to 243 m/min in either bed. The freezer air temperature is controlled using hot gas bypass load cnotrol of the two stage condensing unit. Temperature control is within ±0.88°C throughout the range —17.8°C to —40°C. Freezing times for diced potatoes from 15.5°C to —23.5°C can be achieved in 7.0 min for a 15 kg sample and 3.5 min for a 5 kg sample from 12.8°C. Similarly, 3.0 min and 6.2 min were required for 5 kg and 15 kg samples of diced apples. The dryer air is steam heated producing air temperatures up to 127°C, controlled within ±2°C above 64°C by a pneumatic cam programmer. Drying times to 10% moisture were in the range 1.5 to 3.5 h for 9.6 mm cube diced potatoes or apples depending on test conditions.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect on refrigerator temperatures and on cooling times of white sauce placed under refrigeration by using still air and circulated air, by loading the refrigerator with varying amounts of sauce (8, 16, and 32 gal.), by distributing the load in various ways in the refrigerator (4 and 8 batches), and by placing the sauce in the refrigerator at two initial temperatures (140° and 80°F.). Results indicated that the refrigerator air temperatures and the total cooling times of the sauces were significantly influenced by the variables used in this investigation. When the air was circulated, the air temperature in the refrigerator was drastically reduced and the total cooling times were shortened. The larger total loads of sauce gave longer total cooling times; distribution of the sauce into numerous small batches gave more efficient cooling. When the sauce was pre-cooled the refrigerator air temperatures were lowered and total cooling times were shortened.

Fresh excreta of a swine (40-60 kg in body weight, which was bred with arranged feed) was analysed for physical and chemical nature. Analytical data were as follows : in the fresh feces, BOD value, 61800 ppm ; COD value, 63200 ppm ; albumin-N, 6320 ppm ; kjeldahl-N, 11400 ppm. In the freshurine, BOD value, 4790 ppm ; COD value, 3640 ppm ; albuminoid-N, 775 ppm ; Kjeldahl-N, 4510 ppm. By the activated sludge treatment of high-concentration swine waste, stable treated effluent was obtained after 3 days. Aeration of high-concentration swine waste gave activated sludge after 6 days, and it had good purification ability. The more activated sludge was added, the quicker the waste was purified. By aeration, BOD substances were almost removed, but about 30-40% of COD remained in the supernatant. When BOD load was 5 kg/m3·d, the treatment results were not good. With low aeration (325 m3 air/m3·d), effluent water was not good, while with high aeration (650 m3 air/m3·d), SV value was not good. When BOD load was 2.5 kg/m3·d and aeration volume was 650 m3 air/m3·d, the treatment result was good. The quality of effluent water showed the following mean value : BOD value, 66 ppm ; SS value, 12 ppm. Their removal rate was both over 99%. Air temperature of injecter was higher than that around the plants, and this might be one cause for the rise of liquor temperature.

If the heating up to 400°C in air temperature is done on the manufacturing of active carbon, air oxidation occurs, and the yield and the decoloring ability of the active carbon thus obtained have been of much inferior to those of that processed at 200°C, in which case any decrease of yield and decoloring ability has not been shown respectively.

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) data have been obtained for two representative tablet granulations. These data are useful in analysis of drying operations and particularly in predicting final moisture contents obtainable in "dried" products. The effects of drying variables, such as relative humidity and inlet air temperature, on product moisture levels are established. Similarly, the influence of storage conditions on moisture gain is predictable. Data obtained from drying studies -with a lactose placebo granulation are used to illustrate the relationship between equilibrium moisture content values and minimum required drying times. The importance and economic advantages obtainable by review of this type data before establishment of moisture specifications for dried materials is illustrated. In addition, equilibrium moisture content values for several tablet fillers, disintegrants, and other pharmaceuticals are presented. Based on these preliminary studies, the EMC concept may have useful applications in the design of moisture stable products.

The evaporating power of the air and air temperature increased progressively from coastal, intermediate, and interior to desert citrus-growing districts. Moisture contents of peel, pulp, and whole fruit of Washington Navel and Valencia oranges, grapefruit, and lemons decreased progressively for the several districts from the cool moist coastal district to the hot dry desert district, whereas the peel puncture pressures increased. Fruit picked from the tops of trees had lower moisture contents and higher peel puncture pressures than fruit picked from the bottoms of the trees. The generally observed tenderness of citrus fruit growing in the coastal district to rind-breakdown, water rot, oil spot, sunburn, fumigation, oil sprays, and storage was correlated with low peel and pulp dry-matter contents and low peel puncture pressures; these relationships are best expressed by the multiple correlation coefficient (r = +0.9898) between peel puncture pressure, evaporation, and the reciprocal of peel moisture as per...

The paper describes briefly how the thermal aspect influences comfort. Since comfort depends not only on the temperature of the air, but also on the relative humidity and air movement, no simple formula to obtain an index involving all the factors is available. In this paper Thorn's simple empirical formula for a Discomfort Index =0.4(td +tw )+15, where td is air temperature and tw is the wet bulb temperature, is used and the mean hourly values of discomfort index are calculated for different months for the 5 stations, New Delhi, Calcutta, Poona, Madras and Trivandrum. According to Thom, people in the U.S.A., feel discomfort as the index rises above 70 and everyone is uncomfortable by the time the index reaches 79. When the index becomes 86 or higher, in Washington metropolitan area, mass dismissal of employees are permitted. The analysis of Indian data shows that in general, the prevailing DI for India is in the range 76-80 or less, except in the summer months, April-May to September, when it exceeds this value. Poona has the largest number of hour days with DI = or

WALLACE AND CLUM (1938) have recently published a paper on leaf temperatures in which they present many interpretations and conclusions which appear to me as incorrect and unsound. Since the writers have published other papers that are thoroughly sound and since many readers may read the summary only or may fail to recognize the fallacies in the interpretations given-for several of them are easily overlooked-and since several of these interpretations and conclusions directly contradict those I have reported, I feel rather obliged to write the present paper in order to clarify certain points relating to factors influencing the temperatures of leaves, especially the influence of transpiration and radiation. Wallace and his colleagues have devised ingenious equipment by which one can obtain continuous records of various conditions such as radiation intensities, temperature, etc., which can be recorded by electrometric methods. By the use of this equipment, Wallace and Clum have attempted to obtain continuous records of leaf and air temperatures as influenced by various factors. From records obtained in these experiments, they concluded, among other things, that transpiration commonly cools leaves by amounts ranging from 6? to 90C.; that "there seems to be no doubt . . . . that transpiration is necessary at times to prevent leaves or leaf parts normal to the sun from being injured"; that a leaf of Heliopsis in full sunlight "normally wilts every day and that the greatest cooling of 7?C. below air coincides with the period of most severe wilting"; that a leaf even if covered by vaseline may transpire rapidly enough to be cooled below air temperature by as much as 50C.; that "'at night leaves are seldom, if ever, below air temperature due to loss (by radiation) to the sky ."; that " vaselining failed to prevent transpiration in leaves," while " waxing leaves with a mixture of beeswax and rosin prevented transpiration and that a leaf covered with this wax becomes heated to killing temperature in the sun solely because the wax prevents cooling by transpiration. An examination of the evidence and reasoning that has led to these conclusions, however, indicates that each of these conclusions as well as other conclusions of Wallace and Clum are entirely unjustified. One of the major sources of error in their work is that the thermopile which they assumed. was at air temperature was probably 20 to 70C. above air temperature at least a part of the time, and thus their comparisons between leaf and air temperatures at these times were incorrect. That the thermopile was at times not at air temperature is clearly indicated by several independent sets of their own data, as well as by evidence from other sources. For example, in

1) How much the cooling by rain influences on the heat-budget at the ground surface is studied comparing with other terms of heat-budget equation. And then the heat-budget during rainfall is compared with those during other weather conditions. As the result, it is made clear that during rainfall the latent heat is larger and the sensible heat is smaller. “Cooling” by rain is only a few to ten or so percentages of the net radiation but forty to fifty percentages of the heat-exchange into soil. 2) From the climatological view-point, the regional and seasonal variations are examined by considering the relation of precipitation to air temperature, which is found to be proportional to the temperature difference between surface and wet bulb (rain water). It seems that “cooling effect” is larger at the season or in the region of hot and rainy climate. The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Dr. E. Fukui, Honorary Professor of Tokyo Kyoiku University for his constant guidance and encouragement for the completion of this paper. And the author wishes to dedicate this paper to Dr. Fukui in commemoration of his retirement from Tokyo Kyoiku University.

In this paper, an analysis is made of the variation of ambienit temperatures of submarine and underground cable installations with respect to time and depth. A method of mathematical analysis of the initial temperature distribution is given for earth exposed to air and for earth under a relatively thick body of slowly moving water such as Baltimore Harbor. The average annual water temperature at the bottom of this harbor is within a few degrees of the average annual air temperature. The data and equations presented in this paper indicate that the annual variation in the earth below such a body of water, as well as below earth exposed to air, vary sinusoidally. The amplitude decreases and the time lag increases with increasing depth.

That wheat plants can be made to grow very large root systems as compared with the growth of their tops by certain properties of nutrient solutions, has been shown in a previous paper.' The writer has also shown that under certain conditions large root systems of wheat seedlings 4-6 weeks old play an important role in the number of tillers2 the plant may produce. These observations suggested further experimentation where differences in the extent of the root systems of the plants would enter as the variable factor. It seemed plausible to expect that the relative physiological values or growth efficiencies of different nutrient solutions, and the tolerance of plants to salts, were not inconsiderably affected by the extent of the root development of the test plants when placed in the media. The present paper bears upon an investigation on these points. Three different kinds of nutrient solutions were selected for the tests. These were solutions whose relative values as growth media had previously been obtained. The composition, molecular concentration of the salts, and the relative physiological values of these solutions stated as "good," "medium," or "poor " were as follows: Solution no. I.-O.OI02 mol. KHPO4; 0.0057 mol. Ca(NO3),; o.0062 mol. MgSO4. Good. Solution no. 2.-0 .04 mol. KSO4; 0.002 mol. Ca(NO3),; 0.002 mol. Mg(HPO4),. Very poor. Solution no. 3.-o.oi6 mol. MgSO4; 0.002 mol. Ca(NO3)2; 0.002 mol. KHPO4. Poor if air temperature and transpiration for growth were high; medium if air temperature and transpiration for growth were relatively low.

In order to analyse the relationship of air temperature to the growth of crops, the classificatory constitution of air temperature during the growth stages of crops should be clarified. But the assumption of such classification from the recording paper is troublesome and collection of recording papers from various places is difficult. From these reasons, the writer tried to obtain the classificatory constitution by calculation through the typification of diurnal variations of air temperature.Assuming that θmin shows minimum air temperature and that R represents diurnal range of air temperature, θt showing air temperature at the time of t becomes as follows:θt=θmin+atR (1)where at is the coefficient of diurnal range of air temperature. Through the same procedure, θ0 showing mean daily air temperature follows asθ0=θmin+aDR (2)where aD shows the average of at.The average air temperature θm otained from the daily maximum and the minimum is as follows:θm=θmin+0.50R (3)From formulas (2) and (3) aD is obtained:aD=0.50-Δθ/R (4)where Δθ=θm-θ0.The monthly average values of aD calculated from (4) by use of the data from the main stations in Japan are shown in Fig. 1.The distribution of annual variation of aD classified as A1, A2, B and C types is shown in Fig. 3. The average aD ranging from May to August becomes 0.45 in Japan (Fig. 3). By drawing both diurnal variation curves of air temperatures having various aD values (Fig. 4) and the curve (C-curve) put the case that the emergence times of the maximum and the minimum points on a sine-curve are distorted as 5a.m. and 2p.m., Δt showing the difference of emergible time more than constant at obtaind from both diurnal variation curve of air temperature having certain aD value and C-curve was obtained (Fig. 5). Δt was ascertained to be -1.3 hours in the case of aD=0.45 and at=0.1-0.9. As the emergible time of C-curve at the case of more thanconstant at value is equal to the case of sine-curve, it is probable to obtain the emergible time by the calculation and the curve for aD=0.45 can be obtained by adjusting Δt, -1.3 hours (Fig. 7, S-curve). An example for the diurnal variation S-curve of air temperature was shown in Fig. 4 (full line). Such S-curve will be taken as a typical diurnal variation curve of air temperature during summer season in Japan. By using S-curve, the emergible times of classificatory air temperatures will be easily obtained from Fig. 6, when the air temperature is substituted by at in a formula (1).

The paper presents a method for a quantitative study of the influence of the diurnal air temperature cycle, the incidence of solar energy on exposed surfaces and transmission through glass areas, the longwave radiation exchange with the surroundings, and the energy exchange resulting from natural ventilation. The thermal response of a room in a typical concrete office building with glass areas facing south in the northern hemisphere is treated in detail by means of a digital computer program sufficiently general to handle a large variety of problems. For the first time the influence of “programmed” natural ventilation can be determined in advance. The design of optimal thermal enclosures can be achieved through the technique of “exhaustive analysis” using methods described in this paper.

In a series of papers dealing with changes in the distribution of intertidal animals around Britain, and especially along the English Channel, attention was drawn to some local aspects of the general warming-up of sea and air that has taken place in the last 50 years (Southward & Crisp, 1954, 1956; Crisp and Southward, 1958). In the first of these papers smoothed values of annual mean air temperature at Plymouth Hoe, and sea surface temperature of the southern Celtic Sea were given, the latter values being based on Smed (1952). The graphs showed a rise of about 1° C in the air temperature and 0·5° C in sea temperature during 50 years.

The first necessity to obtain high yields is to raise healthy and strong seedlings. The authors, therefore, have hitherto reported seversl papers concerning on this point (LXXV, LXXVIII, LXXXI and LXXXIV). In the present paper, growing the seedlings under each condition of all possible combinations of air-temperatures (16°C, 21°C, 34°C and 36°C) and water-temperatures (16°C, 21°C, 31°C and 36°C) for different number of days during which the seedlings attained identical leaf-ages (4.5, 6.0, and 7.5), the authors examined the effects of air-temperatures and water-temperatures on the characteristics of seedlings of rice plants. The results can be summerized as follows. 1. The progress of leaf-emergence is much more influenced by water-temperature than by air-temperature, and the higher water-temperature rises, the faster the rate of leaf emergence advances. 2. The value of integrating water-temperature for attaining an identical leaf-age has been proved much smaller under favourable water-temperature (31°C) than under low water-temperatures (16°C or 21°C) in spite of the value having hitherto been considered almost identical under any temperature above 10-16°C. 3. In case of all identical leaf-aged seedlings being compared with each other, the top dry-weight, the leaf-area, the rate of net assimilation, the number of tillers and the ratio of top dry-weight to the height of seedlings (T/H) are all largest under the condition of 31°C or 21°C in air-temperature and 16°C or 21°C in water-temperature, and smallest under the condition of a low air-temperature (16°C) and high water-tempere (36°C). 4. The nitrogen content of an identical leaf-aged seedlings is largest under the condition of 16°C in air-temperature and 36°C in water-temperature while the carbohydrate contente is largest under 16°C in water-temperature in any air-temperature. 5. The amounts of nitrogen as well as carbohydrates of an identical leaf-aged seedlings per plant are largest under the condition of 31°C in air-temperature and 16°C in water-temperature on account of the amounts being much more influenced by the dry-weight than by the contents of seedlings. 6. From the present experiment a low water-temperature such as 16°C, which affects directly the growth points of seedlings has been re-confirmed to be quite important for raising healthy and strong seedlings.

We observed the temperature of the silkwarm-rearing room, at Fukuoka Sericul-Experiment-Station from 11th to 12th May, 1951. The stage of silkworm in the room was third casting (sleeping) period. We observed the temperature of the room with thermo-junction. Observed points are distributed respectively at every one meter east to west, south to north, and floor to ceiling. East and west side walls of the room were boarded with timber planks adjoining the neighbouring rooms, by them, and north and south sides with the paper sliding doors (shoji) adjoining the corridor. There was a fireplace in the middle of the floor and an opening is situated in the middle of the ceiling of the room. We draw the vertical and horizontal mean daily temperature distribution map and the results observed are follows.1. Warm air heated by the fire ascends upward nearly vertically.2. Some parts of ascended warm air escape from the opening in the ceiling, but almost all parts of warm air move along the ceiling, and descend slowly along the walls.3. Cold air flowed in from outsides through gaps of the paper sliding doors (shoji) descends and spreads on the floor.4. As the cold air mixed with the warm air in the space one meter high the temperature variation was the greatest in this space.5. Temperature in the upper part of the room was stable and uniform in all the clay time.6. Therefore we must utilize these upper warmer and more stable space of the room in order to get good result in spring when the outer air temperature is lower than the optimum rearing temperature.

In a footnote to my paper entitled “ The Law of Distribution where one of the Phases possesses Mechanical Rigidity," I attempted to show how the results obtained by Professor Trouton for the absorption of water vapour by cotton could be reconciled with those obtained by me in the case of similar systems, such as carbon dioxide and amorphous carbon. As the apparatus I had employed in the investigation referred to was particularly suited to the accurate measurement of low pressures, I obtained Professor Trouton’s permission to repeat his work, and to investigate the relationship of pressure and concentration for the systems water-cotton and water-wool at the temperature of melting ice. I was particularly anxious to redetermine the lower portions of the curves, for as in Professor Trouton’s experiments the material was dried at the air temperature, it appeared probable that it contained water at the commencement of the experiment, and that the true origin of his curves lay further to the left than the results appeared to show. If this were the case, the true curve representing equilibrium in the system water-cotton might closely resemble those representing equilibrium in the system carbon dioxide and amorphous carbon.

The development of useful rainfall-runoff relations for small basins is an extremely useful extension of this valuable hydrologic tool. The authors are to be congratulated upon a n excellent paper on an interesting subject presented in a clear and concise manner. The writer is particularly interested in the subject because of his own efforts to develop some methods of computing approximate rainfall-runoff relations in various areas of the world, given a minimum amount of climatological facts and runoff data. I n the course of the writer's investigations, he came to several conclusions which seem to be at variance, to some degree, with the authors'. Firstly, the authors state that experience has shown that the seasonal factor in the rainfall-runoff relation shows little change with in a physiographicaUy homogeneous region. The writer believes that authors may have meant to include similar climate as well as similar physiography. By definition, seasonal curves properly established should largely reflect the influence of the annual climatic cycle on runoff. In many areas of similar physiography, considerable differences have been known to exist in the evapotranspiration losses reflecting the effect of climatic differences. In place of accepting the seasonal curve from an area of one climate and using it foe an area of another climate, the writer has obtained some workable runoff relations by adjusting the seasonal curves for variations in seasonal factors. The factors used included the mean air temperature in January and July, plus the length of the growing season and other climatic data. It seems to the writer, that if acceptable results were obtained by the authors in Georgia, using the seasonal curves of a rainfall-runoff relation developed in Maryland, the effect of differences in climate may have been only partially compensated in the hourly rainfall-hourly runoff portion of the runoff relation. If this were the case, the procedure illustrated in the paper will have limited application.

The paper describes four electrically operated meteorological instruments, traces the reasons for their development and gives some examples of the uses to which they are put. The first instrument?a wind-run analyser?records the run of wind over successive time intervals which may be varied from five minutes to one hour. The wind-direction recorder shows, on meters, the run of wind over any desired period, from each of eight directions. The third instrument, an equivalent-air-temperature recorder, measures the equivalent temperature to which walls of various orientations are exposed, taking into account air temperature, radiation and air movement. Finally, the paper describes a temperature integrating and averaging device, from which the mean temperatures of the preceding period may be read directly.

Introduction—In 1938 I published a paper [see of “References” at end of paper[ on the results of the long periodic variation in the diurnal range of the horizontal intensity, reduced from observations left by Hansteen, This series gives an unbroken record for 88 years from 1843 to 1930. Hansteen made two observations daily, each of ten single elongation-readings, with the large horizontal variation-magnet, which is suspended from the dome of the central hall of the Magnetic Observatory at Oslo. The readings were taken at 09h and 14h local mean time and their difference was tabulated for every day. The resulting mean annual values of the diurnal range are used for the investigation made in this paper.

Until the recent time in the northern part of Japan, there used to be many disastrous years for rice production, whenever unseasonably cool weather occurred in the summer. Lately, however, especially since 1955, the rice production in that part has rapidly increased, and even in years of the cool summer it has become not so much decreased as in the past years. This is due to the recent advance in the technique of rice cultivation in cold districts. But, it can not be considered yet that the danger of cool domage has been completely swept away in cold districts. If the extremely low temperature would happen there, it is not difficult to suppose the occurrence of reduced rice production.It is very important therefore, for the improvement of research on prevention methods against cool damage more efficiently, as well as for the deciding of the food policy, to estimate beforehand where the damage will occur or how much it will be, under the level of advanced technique and similar bad weather conditions as in former years. The author has designed a new method of estimating damage by cool weather and danger grade for cool damage of rice plants, and requested the technicians of all prefectures in cold districts to try to get the estimation by using his method. As his method of estimation, however, only indicates the basic ways and means, the technicians in each prefecture must decide by themselves the most suitable values for the conditions tentatively given in this method. The results obtained in every prefecture will be published elsewhere.The most important parts of the method reported in this paper are as follows1. There are three types occurring in cool damage, i. e., delay, injury, and mixed types.When the growth of rice is considerably delayed mainly due to unseasonably cool weather during its vegetative growth period, the ripening period comes during the low temperature of autumn and results in a reduced crop. This is called the delay type of cool damage. The preiods in which rice is most sensitive to low temperature during its growth are those at the reduction division stage of reproductive cells and at the flowering stage respectively. The rice plants suffer from non-ripened grains due to a temporary low temperature during such reproductive growth periods. This is called the injury type. If the above-mentioned two types of cool damage occur simultaneously, it is called the mixed type.Therefore, the next three relations may be important indexes for estimating damage, i. e., relations between (1) the decrease rate in the production and the air temperature during the ripening period, (2) the decrease rate and the air temperature at the reduction division stage, and (3) the decrease rate and the air temperature at the flowering stage.2. The respective values of these three relations can be prepared from many past results of investigations and experimental reasearch in each prefecture.The decrease rate may be easily got by both these relations and the course of air temperature given in one of the years in which cool damage occurred in the past.3. First of all, however, it is necessary for this estimation to decide the growth stage of rice plants. The flowering stage is almost the same as the heading stage. The reduction division stage is during a period from 10 to 15 days before the heading stage, and the ripening period is the period of 40 days after heading. Then, if the heading stage can be fixed, these three growth stages may be easily decided. Since the accumulated air temperature from sowing to heading is said to be constant for each variety of rice plant, the heading day of the rice plant concerned can be fixed by summing up the daily air temperatures from sowing day till the day on which the accumulated value reaches the constant.4. The result of the estimation in a prefecture, in practice, is obtainable by summing up the results in many small areas such as towns and villages. And the

This paper deals with an approximation of the heat lost: (1) In cooling ware from drier temperature to air temperature and the subsequent reheating. (2) In getting rid of moisture absorbed while ware is cooling and being set in kilns. (3) In a waste heat drier system. All heat values are summed up both for one single burn and over a year's time in tons of average coal representing these losses.

This paper presents an empirical method of predicting the drying times of porous-granular and fibrous materials in a hot-air tray dryer under various conditions of tray loading, air temperature, humidity and velocity. The method uses results obtained from a series of drying tests planned as a fractional three-level factorial experiment to examine the effects of the above four drying variables on the drying times of the various materials tested. The method is illustrated by application to porous-ceramic granules, 1/4 in. dia. × 1/4 in. long, coke, 3/8–1/4 in. mesh (porous-granular materials) and to brewers' spent grain (fibrous material); predicted drying times were within ±16% of the experimental values.

The paper is devoted chiefly to those aspects of cooker design by which cooking performance is affected. Mechanical design is reviewed, but in much less detail, and mainly with the object of recording present practice.The question of the indication of the “heating condition” of ovens is discussed, and the desirability is stressed of taking account of radiation as well as air temperature. Consideration is given to the problem of oven ventilation, particularly from the point of view of its effect on “steaming” at the vent. The Advantages offered by thermostatic oven control are outlined and an attempt is made to forecast the changes, especially in connection with methods of heating and lagging, to which it is likely to lead.The history of the development of boiling-plates is briefly reviewed, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of construction commonly employed in this country are discussed.

International hydrographic station England no. 1 (EI) has been visited regularly for many years, and since 1921 the periods have been (nominally) once a month, or more frequently. Much work has been done on the plankton and chemical changes in the water, but no biological use has been made of the temperature-depth observations, which are primarily of hydrographic importance. The aim of this paper is to render the sea-temperature observations over this long period readily available and to place beside them observations on air temperature, sunshine and light. Such comparisons may be expected to give information upon the causes of variations in temperature, but the adequate investigation of this very difficult problem is outside the scope of this note. The subject is worthy of fuller treatment on the lines suggested by Harvey (1925), based on data for the years 1921 to 1924, and has been considered on broad lines by Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming (1942).

In this paper, changes of the micro-climatic characteristics in paddy field with the growth of paddy rice are investigated. This study was carried out in the paddy field of Kantc-Tozan Agricultural Experiment Station at Konosu, Saitama prefecture. The measurement was carried out at three periods, that is, the incipiency of tillering (July 20-21), the most prosperous period of tillering (August 9-10) and the adult period (October 24-26) as shown in Tab. 1. The conditions of paddy rice at each stage are described in Tab. 1. The items, points and methods of investigation at each period are given in Tab. 2.The results form this experiment are as follows.(1) Some samples of typical vertical distribution of temperature in the day time and the night at each growing period of paddy rice are shown in Fig. 1. It was recognized that the vertical temperature distributions in the day time, which we commonly say, “the incoming radiation type”, at the incipiency and at the most prosperous period of tillering were of the same type, but that of the adult period showed different type as the irrigation water disappeared. On the outgoing radiation type, that is, the vertical temperature distribution in the night, peak of minimum air tempearture at the most luxuriant part of rice was found clearly, in comparison with the incoming radiation type.(2) From Tab. 1 and Fig. 1, it is clearly recognized that the height to the most luxuriant part of paddy rice from the water surface coincides with the height where the peak of the maximum air temperature in the day time occurred. But the height of the maximum air temperature at the adult stage was found far above in comparison with that at the most prosperous period of tillering, because the part near the spikes of rice become the most luxuriant part at the adult stage.(3) The thermal diffusibility (α2) and the daily-range decreasing index (P) in the earth at each growing period were calculated as shown in Tab. 3. At the incipiency of tillering and at the most prosperous period of tillering, the values of α2 has a tendency, such that the surface layer (0-5cm) shows lower value than underlying layer (5-10cm), but at the adult period it shows reverse tendency.(4) The diurnal range of temperature at each period and position are shown in Fig. 2. It was found that at the incipiency of tillering the irrigation water had stronger influence upon the microlimatic characteristics, in comparison with the most prosperous period of tillering, the most luxuriant layer of paddy rice had larger influence.(5) Calculated from the distribution of wind velocity at the most prosperous period of tillering in paddy field, α (=h/Z0) is found to be 0.35-0.39 in comparison with 0.44 by Inoue and Tani.

THE results of a few experiments indicate that fertility and hatchability are decreased when the environmental temperature of chickens is low. Payne and Ingram (1927), for example, observed a reduction in fertility and hatchability for a short time after the air temperature was so low that male breeders had their combs and wattles frozen. There appears to be no published information showing whether fertility and hatchability are affected when the environmental temperature of chickens is high. However, a study to obtain data on this subject was made recently at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, and the results are given in this paper. This station is in a region where daytime air temperatures are high during the summer months, and the data were obtained on eggs laid by pullets kept at the normal, rather than at artificially controlled, air temperatures. PROCEDURE The White Leghorn pullets from which eggs were . . .

In this paper, the diurnal change of air temperature at the ridge, slope and bottom in a small valley of Nishiura, Shizuoka Prefecture, is studied. The situations of the observed points along the cross-section of the valley are shown in the lower part of Fig. 1. Portable thermograph was set at a height of 120cm above the ground at each station.1 Using the observed results, the diurnal change of the air temperature on March 21-22, 1952, are shown by isopleth in Fig 1.2. Differences of the air temperature in this area are not exceeded 1.5°C in the daytime and at night, except after sunrise. The air temperature at the ridge rises the earliest and that of valley bottom rises the latest after the time of sunrise. Therefore, the lapse rate at the time reaches about -6°C/30m on its maximum.3. Cold rir streams which appear period tally every 1-1.5 hour at night were clearer at the ridge than the valley bottom.4. Standard deviation for 6 minutes change of the air temperature at 4 stations is 0.4-0.5°C from the time of sunrise to the time of maximum temperature, 0.3°C to the time of sunset, and 0.1-0.2°C at night5 The greater the wind velocity at the ridge, the greater the difference of the air temperature at the ridge and the valley bottom at 14 hour becomes.

1. Experiments were carried out in 1957 and 1959 to study physiologically the cause of so-called sunscald disease of grapes which used to deuelop on the fruit at the pit-hardening stage, especially in the glasshouse growing. 2. This disorder usually occured on the sides of berries directly exposed to the sun-light; first appearing as a slight, brownish, scalded spot in the pulp tissue through the rind, and then gradually growing into a hollow after the collapse of the tissue. At times, the whole berry rapidly became soft and brownish as if boiled, and dropped from the branch after shrinkage. The anatomical observation of the affected tissue showed that the protoplasma of the cells degenerated necrotically and coagulated. 3. By wrapping the berries borne on the vine in vinyl bags, newspapers, and parchment papers of various colors, respectively, it was confirmed that the plots with black or white vinyl bags (having the highest daily fruit temperature) suffered from the disorder more than any other plots, regardless of the quality of light passed into them. 4. When treated in an incubator with high temperature, such as with 40°C air temperature (35°C fruit temperature) for 3.5 hrs., with 42°C (36.6_??_37.5°C) for 2 hrs., with 45°C (38.8°C) for 1.5 hrs., with 48°C (39.6_??_40°C) for 1hr., even normal berries had an attack of the disorder similar to that which developed on the vines naturally. 5. The respiratory rate of berries affected by high temperature and by heavy disorder was observed respectively in vitro, and the result was, that the higher the temperature of berries or the heavier the disorder, the more increased was the respiratory rate. In any case of extreme high temperature or very heavy disorder, however, the respiratory rate suddenly fell with an abnormal respiratory quotient. 6. Finally, as the result of chemical analysis, the disordered berries were found to contain less reducing sugar and tartaric acid than the normal ones, and that they accumulated alcohol and acetaldehyde in their affected portions. Thus, it is noticeable that with an artificial addition of acetaide hyde the tissue of normal berries becomes soft and brownish, accompanied by a reduction of the respiratory rate.

The observations recorded in this paper consisted chiefly of measurements of the rate of melting and the relationship of pressure to movement of the ice. A definite relationship was established between the rate of melting of the marginal ice cliffs of the Nordenskiold Glacier and the air temperature recorded at Bruce City and the Green Harbor Meteorological Station. For each degree Fahrenheit of average maximum monthly air temperature above freezing-point, the amount of retreat of the ice was .5 feet per month, or 5 feet for August, 1921. The rate of movement of the central crevassed area over a period of 26 days was 51.1 feet, or 1.9 feet per day during August, 1921. In addition to this, directed concentrated pressure was found to produce movement in two directions: a) Movement of neve ice in particular in the direction of pressure along thrust planes associated, in the Sven Glacier, with contortion and imbricate structure. b) Irregular movement or "slide" at right angles to the direction of pressure. Th...

Data presented in Mazumdar's paper (1966) have been examined to understand the formation, movement and structure of the Arabian Sea cyclone of May 1963. It is observed that the conclusions arrived at by Desai and Rao (1954) in their examination of some of the famous Indian cyclones are generally supported by this case study except for the unusual southwesterly movement during the later stages which was under the directive influence of an upper tropospheric anticyclone to its west. There is evidence of asymmetric distribution of wind and weather (Desai and Basu 1933, Basu and Desai 1934) and of at least two air masses-warmer drier continental air and colder moist monsoon air in the outer storm area. The Tiros reports of centres can perhaps be helpful in forecasting movement of the cyclones. The differences in air and water temperatures cannot justifiably be utilised to show that the sea surface contributes substantial part of the energy of the cyclone as the air temperature would have considerably decreased with replacement of warmer continental air by colder monsoon air, the water temperature, however, not changing appreciably over the area.

The scope of this paper is limited to transformers stepping down direct to the 240-volt distribution system, and to the consideration of voltage ratio, tappings and economic size of standard transformers, with a few notes and curves giving the permissible duration of overloads, starting with a known oil temperature and air temperature. In Section 3 an attempt is made to compare the operating conditions for widely varying loads supplied from transformers without tappings, compared with the same loads from transformers with tappings. Section 4 gives the performance to be expected from existing transformers when the excitation is increased to give 433/250 volts at noload. A solution to the problem of using these transformers and still maintaining standard primary supply voltages is sought. In the author's opinion the problem can be solved if tappings are not used. The economic size of standard transformers to suit various load factors and types of load are considered in Section 5, using the utilization factor ? as the basis for selecting the size required. A standard range of sizes increasing in KVA rating in the ratio of 2 appears to be economic for the smaller sizes up to approximately 500 kVA, with one additional size between 500 and 1 000 kVA. A knowledge of the permissible duration of overloads when only the maximum oil temperature and the surrounding air temperature are known may be very useful; curves of these values are given in Section 6.

The paper describes an instrument designed primarily for use at airports to provide accurate and continuous indications and records of dry bulb and dew-point temperatures of the air. Using suitable thermistors and a dewcel as the temperature and dewpoint sensors respectively, the instrument is capable of indicating and recording the air and dewpoint temperatures, with an accuracy better than ±0·5°C. for air temperature and ± 1°C. for dewpoint. The transmission of information is over cables and the instrument can easily be adopted for a wide variety of other applications.

The present paper deals with the relationship between both the soft-and the hard-textured rice kernels in the process of forming and the amount of fertilizer given to them, as indicated in Report III of our study. In any of the 4 years from 1955 to 1958 and in any testing plot, the graphs for Protein-N/ Crude-starch % (abbreviated (P) below) and (Total sugar+Soluble-N)% (abberviated (T) below) in the process of growing into the rice kernel described the equations of the exponential function type b/k y=ae (x is the number of days after flowering, y is the value of (P) or (T) corresponding to x) and the values of a and b were shown to be decided by such factors as variety, producing place, year and the amount of fertilizer. In addition, for any variety of husked rice produced in Fukui, if it is cultivated by the standard method (standard, heavy, no fertilizer) (P) became less than 1.45% and (T) gradually reduced as ripening went on, but all through the ripening period it was always above 0.65%. This result was very characteristic of the soft-textured rice kernels. On the other hand, as to the husked rice produced in Osaka (P) was above 1.45% through the whole period and (T) became less than 0.65% near the end of ripening period, which was characteristic of the hard-textured rice kernels. Within this range, there were varying differences between Norin No. 1, Yutakasenbon, Norin glutinous No. 5. Next, as to the influence of the amount of fertilizer, the plot given heavy fertilizer (50% more than standard), as compared with the standard plot, decreased in 1, 000 grain dry weight, crude starch %, and total sugar %, and increased in total-N %, soluble-N % and protein-N%. The ranges of increase and decrease in Fukui are larger than those in Osaka, but the influence of heavy fertilization was plain as the result of this test we have learned that (P) increased less than 0.201% and (T) decreased less than 0.21%. On the other hand, the plot with no fertilizer showed just the reverse results to those for the plot with heavy fertilizer, and we found that the influence of using no fertiltzer was greater in Fukui than in Osaka. At any rate the influence of no fertilization was very plain. Generally speaking, the same tendency could be seen as to Vitamin B1. In any plot, however, fertilization heavy or no was of little influence that the soft-textured rice kernel did not turn to the hard-textured and we saw none of the reverse result. We also found out (P) and (T) were larger subject to the duration of sunshine and the air temperature.

This paper gives a non-mathematical description of preliminary studies of the dynamics and control of a Fuller cooler. The main interest is in the dynamic relation between the secondary air temperature and the three correcting variables, viz. the rate of air flow to the first two compartments, the distribution of this air flow over these compartments, and the grate velocity. It was found that none of these is very suitable for feedback control purposes. The theory provides a possible explanation for this finding and also leads to a fourth correcting variable, which influences the secondary air temperature strongly and without any significant lag. A control system based on this analysis is proposed. Cet article donne une description non-mathematique des etudes preliminaires de la dynamique et de la commande d'un refroidisseur Fuller. L'interet principal reside dans la relation dynamique entre la temperature de l'air secondaire et les trois grandeurs de correction: le debit d'air aux deux premiers compartiments, la distribution de ce debit d'air entre ces compartiments et la vitesse de la grille. Il a ete trouve qu'aucune de celles-ci ne convient parfaitement aux buts d'un reglage a reaction. La theorie fournit une explication plausible de cette constatation et conduit egalement i? une quatrieme grandeur de correction qui influence fortement et sans retard appreciable la temperature de l'air secondaire. L'article propose un systeme de reglage base sur cette analyse. Gegeben wird eine nichtmathematische Beschreibung vorbereitender Studien uber Dynamik und Regelung eines FULLER-Kuhlers. Das Hauptinteresse liegt in der dynamischen Beziehung zwischen der sekundaren Lufttemperatur und den drei Korrekturvariablen, namlich dem Anteil der Luftstromung in den ersten beiden Abteilungen, der Verteilung dieser Luftstromung uber diese beiden Abteilungen und der Rostgeschwindigkeit. Gefunden wurde, dais keine dieser Variablen fur Regelungszwecke geeignet ist. Die Theorie sieht eine mogliche Erklarung fur diese Erkenntnis vor und leitet zu einer vierten Korrekturvariablen hin, die die sekundare Temperatur stark beeinfluist, und zwar ohne deutliche Verzogerung. Ein auf dieser Analyse aufgebautes Regelungssystem wird vorgeschlagen. ??a c?a??? ?ae? ?e-?a?e?a???ec?oe o??ca??e ?pe??ap??e????? ?cc?e?o?a??? ???a???? ? y?pa??e??? o??a???e?e? ?y??epa. ??a???? ???epec ?a????ae?c? ? ???a???ec?o? o??o?e??? ?e??y ?e??epa?ypo? ??op???o?o ?o??y?a ? ?pe?? ?oppe???py????? ?e?????a??: pac?o?o? ?o??y?a ??? ??y? ?ep??? pa??e?e???, pac?pe?e?e??e? ??o?o pac?o?a ?o??y?a ?e??y ????? pa??e?e????? ? c?opoc??? pe?e???. ???o ?a??e?o ??o ?? o??a ?? ??? ?e ?o??o??? ?o??oc??? ? ?e??? pe?y??po?a??? c o?pa??o? c?????. T?op?? ?ae? ?pa??o?o?o??oe o???c?e??e ??o?o ?a??a ? ?a??e ?p??o??? ? ?e??ep?o? ?oppe???py??e? ?e?????e c????o ??????e?, ?e? ?o???o?o ?a?a????a???, ?a ?e??epa?ypy ??op???o?o ?o??y?a. C?a??? ?pe??a?ae? c?c?e?y y?pa??e??? oc?o?a??y? ?a ??o? a?a???e.

This paper describes the primary results of a series of balloon-borne measurements of stratospheric temperature at about 100 mb in the southern hemisphere, conducted as a part of the Solar Monitoring Experiment (SOMEX)[Heinsheimer and Pommereau, 1968]. The data presented here were transmitted by two of the superpressure balloons during the period from July 1 to November 30, 1968. These two flights, launched from Pretoria, Republic of South Africa (26.5°S, 28°E), remained within the southern hemisphere during their lifetimes. They resulted in the collection of some 250 measurements of the mean air temperature (at local noon) near the 100-mb level. As the super-pressure balloon follows the horizontal movements of the air, its displacement allows the accumulation of information in geographical locations inaccessible to short-lived radiosonde probes [Lally, 1967]. This is particularly true in the southern hemisphere, where the distribution of radiosonde stations leaves much to be desired. Two meteorological programs using superpressure balloons have been started : Global Horizontal Sounding Technique (GHOST) by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) [Lally, 1968] and EOLE, a French project by the Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) [Morel, 1966]. To our knowledge no data on stratospheric temperature have been published.

The problem discussed in this paper arose out of the need for accurately determining the temperature of a barometer under conditions of varying air temperature. A method for computing the thermal lag of simple and complex bodies of cylindrical form, when the ambient temperature is changing steadily, is given and formulae derived for determining the lagging times of such bodies in liquid and in gaseous media. Values calculated from the formulae are compared with results obtained experimentally.

VAN MATER et al. (1957) reported that the tranquilizer reserpine supported egg production and shell quality during and following thermal stress. The results of Gilbreath et al. (1959) indicated that 2.0 mg. reserpine per kg. of diet supported egg and shell quality during periods of relatively high air temperature, but the birds laid fewer eggs. There were no significant effects on egg production when Eoff et al. (1961) fed reserpine at the levels of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg. per pound of diet. In the experiment of Wilkinson (1961), reserpine at the level of 2 p.p.m. of diet had no effect on egg production but increased shell thickness. The data given and discussed in this paper were obtained at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station. This station is in an area with a semiarid, subtropical climate where air temperatures are high and humidity is low during the late spring and the…

The following paper is mainly concerned with the analysis of the seasonal variation of temperature of the British Islands into a series of simple harmonic curves. The variation of temperature is so irregular that the use of this method of analysis for the investigation of the subject may seem to he arbitrary and inappropriate, and a few words of introduction are accordingly necessary to indicate the circumstances under which this mode of dealing with the subject showed itself to be specially adapted for the purpose.

Soil temperature data at Río Piedras in the north, Lajas in the southwest, and Fortuna in the south, are given in this paper for the 5-year period 1963- 67. Seasonal variations in soil and air temperatures follow distinct patterns somewhat, depending on the nature of the soil cover and rainfall. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at the 2-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 96.2° F. and 79.6° F.; Lajas, 102.1° F. and 69.0° F.; and Fortuna, 93.2° F. and 79.1° F. The corresponding soil temperatures at the 8-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 80.5° F. and 77.4° F.; Lajas, 83.4° F. and 77.8° F.; and Fortuna, 85.7° F. and 82.7° F. The differences and trends of soil temperature at 2-inch and 8-inch depths can find adequate explanation when soil moisture and soil cover are considered. However, the differences between maximum and minimum soil temperatures at 8 inches of depth are roughly one fifth of the corresponding ones at the 2-inch depth. The maximum and minimum air temperature at Lajas, Fortuna and Río Piedras are much more similar to each other than the corresponding soil temperature, especially at the 2-inch depth. This is mainly because air temperature is rather measured on a macro and integrating scale while soil temperature measurements exhibit localized effects of soil cover and soil moisture. It was found that highly significant 2-inch soil-air temperature relationships are evident under bare soil conditions. The same relationships were not significant under sod cover at Fortuna.

This paper describes results of numerical experiments concerning the temperature regime and the heat transfer in an unheated and unventilated glasshouse at the nighttime. By making use of reasonable assumptions, the heat balance of the glasshouse can be expressed byiBs=(iTs-iTw){ihr+ih(1+2φ)/1+R}, for ground surfaceλ/d(iTw-oTw)=(iTs-iTw){R⋅ihr+R⋅ih(1+2φ)/1+R}, for inner surface of glassλ/d(iTw-oTw)=oFw+oh(oTw-oTa), for outer surface of glassThe temperatures (iTs, iTw, oTw) in the above heat balance equations are determined numerically by the shooting method on an electronic computer (TOSBAC 3400). The mean air temperature in the glasshouse (iTa) was determined from the following relation with reasonable accuracy:iTa=0.5(iTs+iTw).The results are summarized as follows:1. The temperature profiles inside and outside the glasshouse at the nighttime are considerably affected by both the soil heat flux (iBs) and the effective long-wave radiation flux (Fo). The temperature profiles can be classified into the following two groups:iTs>iTw>oTw>oTa, for iBs>FoiTs>iTw>oTw

The 'density scale height’ H in the upper atmosphere is a measure of the rate at which air density ρ varies with height y , being given by H = — ρ/(dρ/d y ). The value of H , although important because (with the molecular weight of the air) it determines the air temperature, has not as yet been well determined at heights above 200 km. This paper develops methods for finding H from the decrease in a satellite’s perigee height and from the decrease in the orbital period of a satellite in a small-eccentricity orbit. These methods are then applied to all the 14 satellites found suitable for the purpose. The 44 values of H obtained, for heights of 200 to 450 km, represent an average over day and night and probably have errors (s.d.) of 5 to 10 %. It is found that, as solar activity declined between 1957 and 1961, H decreased greatly: e.g. at height 275 km, H decreased from 60 km in early 1958 to 40 km in 1960-61. The results also show that the increase of H with height becomes much less rapid above 350 km, and are consistent with the supposition that H had low values, near 35 km, at heights near 250 km, for 1959-61, The results could be greatly extended in scope and improved in accuracy if more accurate orbits were available for short-lifetime satellites.

This paper describes some experiments on the deterioration of silver iodide freezing nuclei produced with a kerosene burner. It is found that the number of particles effective as freezing nuclei decreases with time as does the rate of decay itself. The decay rate is critically dependent on the ambient air temperature and to a lesser extent on the air pressure. The results suggest that for artificial rainmaking, silver iodide smoke released from the ground in warm climates is of little use but it may be very effective when released from high mountains or aircraft.

In a series of experiments carried out by one of us at Montana-Vermala with the co-operation of Dr. B. Hudson, who afforded facilities for the work at the English Sanatorium, the biological action of Alpine winter sunlight was studied under varying temperature conditions. While the treatment of weakly or tubercular children by sunlight and open air has gained high repute, e. g ., by Rollier at Leysin, or Gauvain at the Treloar Hospital, the sun treatment of phthisis is generally regarded unfavourably. The children, more or less nude, according to weather, are exposed on open galleries to sun together with a high cooling power of air, a cooling power which, measured by the kata-thermometer, is two, two and a half and even three times that of an ordinary cool room. On the other hand, phthisical adults, e. g ., in Switzerland, are exposed clothed in sun-boxes facing south where they are more or less over-heated by combination of sun, warm enclosure and absence of cooling wind. Personal experience shows that Alpine winter sun, plus cooling air, have an exhilarating effect on the nude body, and that, while the body-heat production is put up by the cold, 'with general advantage to health, no sunburn results. On the other hand, warm sun in a warm shelter produces sunburn and is oppressive and disadvantageous. The advice of an old sea captain was, “expose yourself to the sun in the prow if you want to get nicely browned, you will get sunburnt if sheltered from wind in the waist of the ship.” Bayliss writes “The great effect of ultra-violet light on the skin is familiar to everyone in the inflammation (erythema solare) called sunburn, which results in a brown coloration. It may be pointed out that this is not an effect of heat, in fact, it is more liable to occur in cold surroundings, probably owing in part to the fact that the heat of the sun’s rays is not noticed and no means taken to protect the skin from their action.” The Arctic sun with low air temperature can produce severe sun burns. The following statement is made by M. de Laroquette :—“ The calorific rays by provoking hypersemia and sweating render the epidermis more resistant to the action of the chemical rays. The skin is most fragile when it is dry and made bloodless by cold (Coup de soleil des glaciers).”

In the previous paper the temperature rise due to throttling was applied to a starting aid in a four-cycle Diesel engine. To apply the same method to the crank case scavenged two-cycle diesel engine, theoretical calculation and measurement of the scavenge air temperature has been performed for the various throttle ratios which contain throtle area, piston area and piston speed. Results obtained are summerised as follows : (1) The scavenge air temperature rises as the throttle ratio decreases.(2) For the limited number of cranking, the temperature rise becomes maximum at a proper throttle ratio.(8) For the same throttle ratio, the temperature rise in a engine of piston port type is twice as high as in that of automatic valve type.

A century ago the Commissioners who reported to the General Board of Health (1857) on the warming and ventilation of dwellings emphasized that in a comfortable and healthy apartment the floor should be at the highest temperature in the room. This requirement is met in rooms where the floor is warmed. Floor heating is used in Liverpool Cathedral, and Widdows (1921) applied floor heating in schools which he designed for the Derby shire County Council. More recently the method has been used in a variety of commercial buildings and in houses. This method of heating has the great advantage of giving considerable freedom in planning, and furthermore, no heating apparatus is visible. Floor heating must be applied with care, however, for if the floor is too hot the feet of the occupants may be overheated so that serious discomfort ensues. This is self-evident, but there seems to be much diversity of opinion concerning the limiting temperature of the surface of a warmed floor beyond which discomfort is likely to arise and limiting values quoted by different authorities vary between 75? and 85 ?F. It should be mentioned, also, that a risk of discomfort from overheated floors may arise in buildings warmed by means of ceiling panels, for in some such buildings the leakage of heat through the floors is considerable. Thus in a hospital so warmed nurses experienced dis comfort from warmed floors. It seems that the risk of discomfort with a given floor temperature will probably vary with the posture and activity of the occupants, but information as to the magnitude of the risk of discomfort under given conditions has not hitherto been available for the guidance of engineers who are designing heating installations. The present paper describes experiments in which persons were exposed to warmed floors. During the experiments the sensations of warmth of parts of the foot were assessed and the skin temperatures of those parts were measured. The relation between skin temperature and warmth of the foot was then determined. The effects of both the floor surface temperature and the air temperature on (a) the skin temperature of the foot and (b) sensations of warmth of the foot were then obtained. The percentage incidences of discomfort derived from numerical assessments of the warmth of the feet were trans formed to a probit scale for purposes of analysis. The experimental subjects were men and women who in different experiments sat or walked about. From the results of the experiments it was possible to ascertain the risk of discomfort and hence the maximum desirable temperature of the surface of a heated floor for men or women who were walking and sitting.