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The article presents analysis that must be seen as a case study of persistence and change of some of the theories and practices of social anthropologists. They clearly mark the cross roads to a new orientation that focuses on people, instead of on institutions and groups; on how individuals try to construct a social reality, instead of on how they are molded by society; on dynamic configurations, instead of on static forms, on the essential unity of individual and society, instead of on their polarity. Anthropologists, in contrast to sociologists, have indicated relatively little interest in examining their profession and its theoretical assumptions as objects of research. The article attempts to indicate why the Radcliffe-Brownian orientation given by sociologist A.R. Radcliffe-Brown still persists and to explain why there has been a change in orientation for many. Except in the United States, the concern of anthropologists with their own discipline as an object of study began only in the late 1960s. In contrast, by the late 1930s American sociologists had established the sociology of science as a separate academic discipline. Anthropologists have essentially been concerned with questions of what makes social order possible and how it is maintained. The framework that author have used, provides insights into how the paradigms in discipline generated, become dominant and, ultimately, are replaced. Since the formulation of scientific theory is in part a social process, author may also have gained insights into the way this process is speeded up or slowed down.

Introduces articles on the history of anthropology in the U.S. during the period since the late 19th century. Emphasis on a personal perspective of the American Southwest; Relationship between man and his environment; Role of ethnohistory.

Contemporary anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on June 11, 1876 and died on October 5, 1960, in his eighty-fifth year. Next to anthropologist Franz Boas under whom he took his doctorate in anthropology at Columbia University in 1901, he probably contributed more to the development of academis anthropology in the U.S. than any other single individual. His eminence as dean of American anthropology was recognized by leading American universities who conferred honorary degrees upon him and by societies in the U.S. and abroad who awarded him honorary memberships. His life was dedicated to the scientific study of human culture in all phases of its development. Kroeber rivaled Boas as a general anthropologist and after the death of his teacher he had no peer among American anthropologists. His 500-odd publications extended over a period of 64 years and he contributed significantly to every branch of anthropology except physical anthropology. While he made important contributions to linguistics and archaeology, his major work and teaching were in ethnography, ethnology, culture theory and the comparative study of civilizations. Unlike most anthropologists, Kroeber was profoundly concerned not only with the prehistory and culture of tribal or native societies but also with the history and evolution of classical and modern civilization.

This article presents information on various events related to sociology, held in the U.S. In response to the request of Ernest M. Patterson, president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science of Philadelphia, president of the American Sociological Society, Ellsworth Faris appointed the following as representatives of the Society to the sessions of the American Academy to be held on April 16-17, 1937. Representatives include Henry Pratt Fairchild of New York University, M.C. Elmer of University of Pittsburgh and Richard O. Lang, associate social statistician, Central Statistical Board, Washington D.C. Howard University. Julius E. Lips, formerly professor of sociology and ethnology and head of the department of anthropology at the University of Cologne, has joined the staff of the Department of Sociology as visiting professor of anthropology. In addition to courses in anthropology, he is conducting a seminar in race and culture conflicts with two of his associates. Professor Read Bath of Miami University will be lecturer during 1937-38 in the Department of Sociology.

The article discusses the role of higher education in changing the U.S. society. The author cites that the central problem of higher education is how to bring up new generations, fit to live as individuals and as citizens. He appreciated the role of science in the framework of a stable democratic society and how this society can be adapted to the rapid changes in style, circumstances, accomplishments, and dangers of life as science changes and shapes it. In addition, the integration of general education is considered important for wider teaching of physics, chemistry, biology and anthropology on all levels.

The article discusses the basic mathematical concepts that are relevant to anthropology measurements in the U.S. Some of the basic mathematical concepts which are relevant to measurement such as the concept of a distance metric. A good introduction to the theory of scaling distinguishes nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales. A nominal scale is simply a categorization, an ordinal scale is a ranking-ordering, an interval scale has a real number measures of distance and a ratio scale is an interval scale with a zero point. The distance metric must satisfy three conditions positivity, symmetry and the triangle inequality.

The article focuses on the impact of human activities on physical and social environments in the U.S. It talks about the requirements to the adaptation to the natural environment and causes of population fluctuation in human societies. The article also emphasizes the cultural ecology of nomadic pastoralists who laid a foundation for a correct ecological understanding of the adaptation including the tendency for nomads to make extremely fine calibrations of resources and to use available and friable-marginal resources in rotation.

The article presents the changing styles of anthropological work during wartime in the U.S. There had been enormous growth of institutions devoted to anthropological enterprise as influenced by the immediate post-World War. The article mentions that anthropologists learned that their skills could be applied to problems affecting modern societies and the deliberations of national governments and nation states. Anthropology can take several directions with an increased interest in professional careers that involve professional competence in related fields.

The article emphasizes on the issues related to social and political movements that challenges the theory and method of anthropology in the U.S. The movement is referred to social and political phenomena which involves the large-scale social changes and new forms of human distress that resulted after industrialism accompanied capitalism. The article mentions a comprehensive survey and analysis on political problems by anthropologists that demonstrates the progress toward solving the conceptual problems affecting the development of political anthropology.

The article focuses on issues related to Christianity and anthropologists. Many scholars including anthropologists speak about "primitive" religion as a matter of course in contrast to some other kind of religion, which must by defined, be advanced or civilized. When sociologists seek a logical or consistent basis for such a dichotomy, they find it lacking. Most scholars of comparative religion analyze religions only in terms of philosophical-theological ramifications or formal aspects such as size and organization. They usually conclude with noble sentiments on how different religious paths are different struggles of man with his inevitable destiny, or are too readily given to the tendency of demonstrating that different religions are really identical in their basic teachings. The phenomena of religious differentiation and schism in the West and in the non-Western world have never been seriously examined in a truly comparative sense. The fact is that the extent of religious denominationalism is far less in the Asian and African worlds than in the Western world. Protestant Christianity has about 260 denominations in the United States, but in spite of its long history in China, Buddhism has not more than two score of sects. Moreover, and this is by far the more important point, religious differentiation is very different from religious schism. Asian sects and denominations, even where existent, tend to be non-separatist and non-exclusive.

Sociologists do not seem to know that they are missing a chance at very worthwhile research, and pleasant travel to get to it. To draw attention to the Territory's need for social re- search, the Alaska Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science took special measures at the Third Alaskan Science Conference, held in September 1952, at which meeting the current social, political, economic status of Alaska and the status of social research were discussed. At the University of Alaska no courses in sociology were being given except two offered apologetically by an anthropologisty President Terris Moore wanted to give more but school was small and he had many simultaneous demands to expand or add departments. He has resigned as of June 1953, and his successor's policies are not known. A second approach to sociology has been made along the route of human geography, involving such studies as settlement patterns an ecological study of an Indian-occupied area on the Yukon River and the Matanuska Valley project.

The article presents information on various aspects of religion in rural community of southwestern Tennessee. The analysis of religion presented here is only one aspect of a broad cultural study. A modified anthropological approach was followed in securing and analyzing the data. There were approximately 252 families in the community area. Cotton farming is the dominant type of agriculture. Throughout the study, emphasis was placed on comparison of owners and tenants to present tenancy problem in its cultural setting.

The article discusses some recent developments in the field of sociology in different universities and colleges of the United States. Professor John Useem of Columbia University, New York, New York recently returned from the South Pacific where he served as a member of U.S. Admiral Chester William Nimitz's staff and later as military governor of Palau. Since his release from the Navy he has been a visiting lecturer here in sociology. He spent three years in the Navy and participated in several invasions of the former Japanese mandates. Professor Joseph B. Gittler has joined the staff of Iowa State College as Associate Professor of Sociology. He will teach theory and develop the sociology of technology. Professor Solon Kimball recently joined the staff of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology and the Michigan State College Experiment Station, as Associate Professor. He will devote half time to teaching and half time to research; hence, is the first anthropologist to be employed by a land-grant college under this arrangement.

The article presents the significant concepts and beliefs in anthropology and biology for entering college freshmen and the implication to general scholastic aptitude of students in the U.S. The study determines the college freshmen's degree of mastery of some specific elementary and basic science concepts, the degree of prevalence of some misconceptions and unfounded beliefs hindering mastery, and the relationship between the acceptance of the correct and the rejection of the false concepts and beliefs and general intelligence.

Social anthropogists have been concerned in recent years with the attempt to discover the themes which give unity to American culture. These themes are described as generalized orientations, "powerful in their hold upon the American mind and imagination." They are the standards of behavior to be found in the "core culture," developed by the early English settlers on American soil and accepted most fully today by the white Protestant Anglo-American lower middle class." The rapid development of social work, which appears on the surface to be so contrary to the American way of life, calls for some re-examination both of the mass culture and of this particular variant. The basis for social work is the conviction that there is a way out of an individual's or a family's difficulties. No situation is so bad that it cannot be bettered. To a certain extent improvement is brought about by the manipulation of the environment, but increasing emphasis is laid upon the client's active participation in his own salvation.

In this article the author propose to examine an hypothesis derived from the field of so-called primitive peoples. It seems to the authors that if they can demonstrate the validity of the continuum in a modem setting the authors shall have made some contribution to any elaboration of the entire theory. The research from which the authors have derived their central hypothesis has been done among so-called primitive societies. It should be noted that the change from a folk to an urban type is essentially analogous to the change from a self-sufficient to a dependent rural community. The essential analogy lodges in the fact that both are changing from more to less homogeneity. As an incident to this study, the authors entertain the hope that the following purposes may be served: a specific understanding of historical process in southern Illinois, a contribution to folk-urban theory, a concrete demonstration of the feasibility of general law in the field of society, whether primitive or modern and a greater rapprochement between the disciplines of anthropology and sociology.

The article focuses on the implications of the traditional methodology and research interest of anthropology for teacher-training programs in the U. S. In an attempt to have functional, more workable fit between teacher-training programs and the complexities and demands of teaching, diversity in program models of education were produced. The ground of these discussion is the characterization of teaching experience in American culture which is of ideology. The prevailing models of teacher training provides a contrast for developing a model based on the anthropological method.

Explores the aspect of the social geography of Indiana. Distribution of numerous products in the state; Correlation of this distribution with the aspects of the climate, soil, topography and geologic formations; Differences in climate influence and the production of notables.

Discusses an outline of a theory of area studies in the United States. View of area studies as the chambermaid of politics; Nature and purpose of area studies; Link between anthropology and area studies.

The article focuses on the significant anthropological relationship between behavior and disease in the U.S. History accounts that there has been an increasing interest in this linkage among the biological and cultural anthropologists. While the biological anthropologists administered disease and microevolution problems, cultural anthropologists dealt with folk taxonomies and social adjustments of diseases. It could be noted that the interactions of biology, sociocultural system, environment and other relevant variables are considered in human ecosystems approach. Moreover, modern medical knowledge is important in traditional societies due to its empirical effects upon native health.