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The Cherepovets country has historically benefited from a favorable transport geography on the divide between major drainage basins. While the White Sea trade through Arkhangel'sk flourished, the region was situated at the intersection of south-north routes between Moscow and the White Sea and west-east routes between Novgorod and Vologda. After the rise of St. Petersburg, the economic-geographic situation of the region was reoriented toward the Baltic Sea. Industrial development in the region was fostered by the construction of the Tikhvin, Mariinsk and North Dvina waterways in the early 19th century. Metalworks and flour mills, based largely on long-haul raw materials, flourished in the first half of the 19th century. These industries declined when the construction of railroads deprived the region of its favorable transport situation on waterways, and lumbering, sawmills and paper and board production became the principal economic activities. Other industries that developed in the second half of...

The outlet of the Ancylus Lake in central Sweden has been investigated morphologically and chronologically by Munthe (1927), von Post (1928) and Maj-Britt and Sten Florin (1944). However, the results of these investigations did not complement each other. Munthe and von Post linked the Svea River with the earliest phase of the Ancylus Lake, while Sten Florin considered that the Svea River must have been formed earlier. Different shoreline connexions with Degerfors, where the Svea River entered the western ocean, have also contributed to the different interpretations of the Svea River's position in time. This paper describes briefly the discovery of the freshwater Ancylus Lake and the various theories concerning its outlet to the western ocean. A short account is given of Munthe's and von Post's descriptions. Reference is also made to different shoreline connexions with the Svea River and to some theories of the origin of the Svea River unconnected with the Baltic Sea. Florin's interpretation and t...

The safety of a vessel is the prime interest in ice conditions and routes must be selected which afford the least risk. However, this is only one aspect of the safe conduct of a voyage. The other is the expert handling of a vessel in ice-encumbered waters, or even when beset in ice. Both these aspects, the selection of the safest route and the expert handling of the vessel when ice is encountered, are discussed in this paper.

IN the recent discussions on the influence of barometric pressure upon ocean currents, I have not seen any allusion to the observations that have been made upon the effect of variations of barometric pressure upon the sea-level. In a memoir by M. Ch. Aime, “Sur les variations de niveau de la Mediterranee,” in the Annales de Chimie, tome xii., 1844, it is stated that a fall in the barometer is pretty uniformly accompanied by a rise in the sea-level to about thirteen times its amount. The Report of the British Association for 1841 contains a letter from my old friend, Mr. T. G. Bunt, of Bristol, stating that his observations upon the tide-gauge under his charge led him to conclude that a fall of one inch in the mercurial column was accompanied by an average rise of about 13½ inches in the high-water level. And the same industrious and careful observer, in a recent “Discussion of Tide Observations at Bristol” in the Philosophical Transactions for 1867, gives as the mean result of twenty-one years' examination of this point, “12.772 inches of tide to one inch of mercury.” I referred to Mr. Bunt's observations in a discussion at the Geological Society (March 6, 1867) on a paper by the Earl of Selkirk “On some sea-water-level marks on the coast of Sweden,” pointing out that some of the discrepancies in the observations as to the sea-level of the Baltic might be attributed without improbability to variations in barometric pressure. I have since learned from Admiral Key, who served in the Baltic fleet during the Russian war, that he had been led by his own observations to a like conclusion. And I find it stated in the description of the Baltic Sea, in the English Cyclopaedia, that its level is sometimes observed to rise, and to remain thus elevated for a time without any obvious cause, two or three feet, of which phenomenon the explanation is probably the same.

Although Beadle as early as 1937 suggested that the urine of Nereis diversicolor O. F. Müller might be of lower concentration than the body fluids when this worm is hyperregulating in low salinities, there has been no direct measurement of urine concentration to support this reasonable idea. Jørgensen & Dales (1957) studied osmotic water uptake and loss in N. diversicolor and calculated that this animal reduces its permeability to water by over 60% when in fresh water. On the assumption that chloride permeability was comparably reduced, they calculated that the observed rate of chloride exchange and the level of chloride concentration in the coelomic fluid were compatible with the production of a small volume of urine isotonic in chloride to the body fluid. However, Potts & Parry (1964) in reviewing this matter regarded the evidence of Jørgensen & Dales for reduced permeability to water as not well founded and, without presenting new data but by making the assumption that no changes in permeability occurred, drew up a balance-sheet for chloride exchanges which led them to postulate a reduction of chloride loss in low salinities by production of an hypotonic urine. Although there is no incompatibility between reduction of chloride loss by reduction of permeability to water (and hence urine volume) and by resorption of chloride from a consequently hypotonic urine, the fact that different authors can postulate these as alternative mechanisms on the basis of the same data makes it evident that measurements of urine concentration and volume would be useful in further attempts at analysis of the regulation of chloride and water in N. diversicolor. In a preceding paper (Smith, 1970a) there has been shown a correlation between chloride loss and weight loss compatible with the production of hypotonic urine by this species at low salinities, but this evidence is not conclusive. It has further been shown (Smith, 1970b) that N. diversicolor reduces its apparent permeability to water (as D2O) in low salinities, which seems to confirm the view of Jørgensen & Dales (1957), but the urine volumes calculated were such as to make it probable that chloride resorption and production of a urine hypotonic in chloride to the body fluid can also take place.