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These papers, produced for a graduate seminar at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, represent an attempt to devise a methodology for the comparative study of adult education. "Introduction," by G.S. Bains, provides a justification for the study of comparative adult education. "Comparative Philosophies of Adult Education," by Donald Verwayen, and "An Exploration of the 'Developmental/Rationalistic' Dichotomy for Comparative Adult Education Studies," by Michael J. Heus, examine basic philosophies. "The National Establishment of Adult Education," by Barbara D'Onofrio, concerns the status of adult education. "The Organization of Adult Education," by A. Brian Calhoun, "A Comparative Adult Education Inventory," by Marianne Maynard, and "The Arrangement of Study Activities," by Thomas C. Smrcka, present different forms of arrangement. "Cultural Differences and Evaluation," by D. Merrill Ewert, explores cultural influences creating differences between countries. (KM)

The first section of these conference proceedings consists of a position paper on the use of satellites for educational television (ETV) in developing countries. It outlines the nature of the educational crisis facing developing countries, offers a theory of ETV, reviews some of its prospects and problems, discusses the relevance of other broadcast media, and compares broadcast satellites with microwave systems, concluding that the former are more useful for ETV. Following this, an overview of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) program for the use of educational satellites is given. The third major section presents two case studies dealing with ETV satellite experiments carried out in India and Brazil. Issues raised in these papers, or during discussions of them, included: 1) the value of ETV; 2) the role of other audiovisual aids; 3) the impact of ETV upon other broadcasting media; 4) the difficulty of obtaining quality programing; 5) the cost-effective utilization of satellites; 6) the danger of undue influence being exerted upon emerging nations by developed countries; and 7) the ways in which UNESCO and industrialized countries can assist developing nations with their ETV projects. (PB)

This paper treats the Afro-Brazilian fetish cults found throughout Brazil and examines the syncretism of these cults with Catholicism. The religious practices of the "macumbas" (deities of the Afro-Brazilian cults), ritual music, and the ethnicity of the Negroes from both southern and northern Brazil are discussed. Frequently, excerpts of songs and poetry of the various cults are provided and analyzed. (RL)

This report is a continuation of a review done in 1958 by the Ford Foundation in an attempt to identify and define a productive role in Latin America. Contained herein are as follows: The Introduction includes: (1) Urbanization in Latin America, The Role of the Ford Foundation; (2) Urbanization in Brazil, the Involvement of the Ford Foundation; (3) The Need for a Frame of Reference in Approaching Urban Problems; (4) Whether 'Urban Problems' Constitute a Cognizable, Effective Category for Foundation Activity; (5) a Definition of Urbanization; (6) The Elements of an 'Urban Frame of Reference;' and (7) The 'Frame of Reference' Origin of the Present Paper. The second section, Urbanization in Brazil, deals with: (1) The Absence of an Urban Tradition; (2) Physical Setting; (3) The Settlement and "Urban" History of Brazil. The third section, Brazilian Responses to Urbanization, includes: (1) 'Societal' Perception of Cities; (2) Governmental Responses to Urbanization; (3) Other Institutional Responses to Urbanization; and (4) 'Urban Policy' in Brazil. Tables and charts are included throughout the text. [For related documents in this series, see UD 013 731 and 013 733-744 for surveys of specific countries. For special studies analyzing urbanization in The Third World, see UD 013 745-UD 013 748.] (SB)

In this study the author uses the techniques of modern descriptive linguistics to analyze various features of the Portuguese verb system. The analysis is based on the colloquial, spontaneous speech of educated natives of Rio de Janeiro and is divided into four chapters: Phonology (pp. 6-29), Morphophonemics (pp. 30-49), Morphology (pp. 50-86), and Verbal Categories (pp. 87-132). The first two chapters provide the background for the chapter on morphology, the nucleus of the paper. In her phonological description the author eliminates two phonomes ("-lh" and "-nh") which occur in earlier analyses (M. Lemle and Mattoso Camera) and presents a new interpretation of certain other features. The chapter on morphophonemics establishes morphophonemes reflecting phonological conditioning of several alternative verb forms, thus simplifying the morphological description. The final chapters describe in detail the verb flexional system and present a classification of verbs according to their grade of irregularity. Verbal categories of mood, time, aspect, person, and number are expressed as a function of the system of categorical oppositions. Since a morpheme may represent more than one category, cases of neutralization are frequent in which one or the other category is null. Cumulative morphemes are postulated when necessary. (JD)

Many developing countries face severe problems in their education systems, and their search for solutions to these problems is conducted with great urgency. An important area where possible solutions are being examined is educational technology. This paper examines five questions which are important to its use in developing countries: (a) what are the main problems of education in the developing nations; (b) what is educational technology; (c) to what problems has it been applied and with what results; (d) what new approaches, developments and innovations are being prepared which are relevant to the developing nations; and, (e) what things must be done in educational technology, if it is to be truly responsive to their needs? In summary, it is concluded that developing countries must be shown the cost-benefit of educational technology. A bibliography is appended. (Author/MF)

This paper is concerned with the problem of social inequalities and economic development in rural communities. Two ethnically different communities were chosen in the most southern state of Brazil: Garibaldi, of descendants from Italian immigrants, and Candelaria, of descendants from German immigrants. The data were gathered through application of a questionnaire to stratified random samples, representing 4.2% of the farm owners in Candelaria and 7% in Garibaldi. The central assumption of the study was that the larger farm owners occupy the highest socioeconomic positions in the agrarian society and, therefore, have the best opportunities for economic development as indicated by correlates such as income (economic variable), education and mass media (social variables) and alienation (psychological variable). The study findings show that the economic and social development of rural communities, irrespective of ethnic origins, appears to depend on structural variables, such as the land tenure system. In terms of strategies for development, it is suggested that the inequalities that seem to exist in land ownership be corrected. Tables provide the study data, and a bibliography is included. (Author/DB)

Government has stressed colonization or settlement of frontier lands as its primary approach to land reform. Several types are examined including: government colonies, sponsored either by federal or state governments; private colonies, promoted by private companies for profit; frontier colonies, normally promoted by national groups migrating from other regions of the country; and immigrant colonies, sponsored by federal or state governments. Structural organization and social aspects of colonization in Brazil are outlined in this paper. (RL)

The need for a symposium on computer education for developing countries has been present almost since the birth of the first electronic computer. This premise is based on the facts that a computerized society has the potential for making giant strides in development, and that computerization demands a major commitment of both the financial and manpower resources of a nation. The second point leads the less developed nations to be cautious of their computer involvement while the more affluent countries can afford to make errors and still widen the development gap. It is a question of cost-effectiveness. This volume contains the session and panel papers delivered at just such a symposium. (Author/SJ)

Paper presented at the World Congress of Rural Sociology (2nd, Enschede, The Netherlands, August 1968).

Revision of paper read at meetings of the Seventh World Congress of Sociology, Varna, Bulgaria, September 1970. (NQ)

Paper presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Society, November 1971, New York, N.Y. (RS)

Revised version of a paper read at the Canadian Linguistic Association, Montreal, Quebec, May 1972. (RS)

Describes elements of the modernism movement in Brazil; paper read at a symposium commemorating the fiftieth anniversay of the Week of Modern Art of Sao Paulo'' held February 11-12, 1972, at the University of California, Los Angeles, California. (DS)