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This is to illustrate our experience of developing mangrove for the use of coated paper and woodfree printing paper. Mangrove species harvested in South-east Asia are generally lager in wood density and have very thick fibrous membranes which deteriorate papermaking suitability, although they cause no problem in cooking and bleaching with sulphate pulping process. When paper is made from hardwood pulp only, which is the case with KANZAKI, papermaking suitability of mangrove pulp has to be more improved. We achieved this purpose through beating by the use of refier of stone bar.

PAPER as used in the spiral laminated impregnated insulation of high-voltage power cables is available over wide ranges of density and thickness. There result important variations in the ordinary physical properties of the paper such as flexibility, tearing, tensile, and bending strength. Variations in the electrical properties of conductivity, dielectric constant, and breakdown strength also result. The peculiarly severe conditions imposed by the manufacture, transportation, installation, and operation of high-voltage cables have emphasized the importance that full attention be paid to all physical properties of the insulation, especially those relating to permanence of mechanical structure and of high insulating properties. Manufacturers of cables often utilize the several types of variation referred to in designing cable insulation to meet the particular requirements of cables for different types of service.

After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below : 1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices : 1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.2.Hardening of soft pitches.3.Setting pitches on fiber.4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. has developed a new form of binder, identified as a Gohsenol p-200, specifically designed for vinylon fibers.The effects of PVA powder as a bonding agent of vinylon paper have been mentioned in practice. The manufacture of vinylon paper on a pilot fourdrinier paper machine by using PVA powder as a bonding agent by the beater addition were studied.Physico-chemical properties of vinylon paper by using PVA powder is better than that of PVA fiber.PVA powder is convenient to handle and paper-making readily in the mill. For the most efficient results, care should be taken to select the preferred PVA powder for the specific need.

An important factor in the design of power cables is the type of screen used over conductor and insulation. Some designers have used aluminum metallized paper tape for many years, but others have preferred carbon black (CB) paper tapes. It was discovered a few years ago, however, that CB paper screens increased the power loss in the cable dielectric at high voltages and temperatures. From hundreds of tests on model and experimental cables this increase in dielectric loss in the cable is shown to result from an internal or mass effect and a surface effect. A small part of the loss increment occurs within the body or mass of the CB paper itself, but a much larger part represents a surface effect believed to be caused by emission of electrons from the paper. These effects are larger at the outer electrode of the model cables than at the conductor. The loss increment is influenced to only a small extent by changes in the amount and treatment of gas channel CB used in the CB paper. However, a reduction in power loss can be obtained by the use of a special CB paper in which a single sheet of paper is formed with CB on one side and insulating paper on the other.

In this country, Bagasse was first used as raw materials for paper in 1881, in Shizuoka Prefecture. As to Japanese type paper, two kinds of Bagasse paper were made, one of which was made from Bagasse only. The other was white paper which was made from mixtureof Bagasse and Mitsumata. These products were displayed at the Second Industrial Exhibition.As to European paper, Bagasse was first used as raw materials in February, 1919, by Taiwan Sugar Manufacturing Company. This company made packing paper with 86 inch Fourdriniar paper machine. Several other companies followed this example, and the future of Bagasse paper in Japan was promising.

The body paper of hat was prepared from a 50/50 blend of SWP (synthetic pulp of polyethlene type, Mitsui Zellerbach K. K.) and NBKP, and was carried out beater coloring with organic pigments and alum experimentally. The vat-lined two ply paper was dry creped and worked upon and formed the sample into the summer millinery experimentally.According to an end user (milliner), the colored summer millinery well satisfactory an aethetic sense for practical usage. The physical properties of dry creped SWP two ply with pigments are shown in Table 2. Light fastness and waterbleed fastness or water-resistance are shown in Table 3.

Energy calculations for manufacture of paper from logs and waste papers are reported based on data on energy use from the Canadian Census of Manufactures and estimates for collection and de-inking of waste. The energy requirement of the recycling technology explored exceeds the energy requirement of manufacture from logs by 33%. It appears that forest conservation through recycling has a fossil fuel cost.

A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled.

In order to effectively control slime production in paper plants and other major water consuming industries, the efficacy of selected chemical compounds as inhibitors of growth of Sphaerotilus natans was investigated. It was determined that a few products were effective against Sp. natans in paper mill process water (80°F). These are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: chlorine, Busan 90, chlorine dioxide and Slimacide V-10. In vitro studies can suggest those chemicals which may be useful; however, the choice of inhibitors depends largely on the individual plant, i.e., the mill processes' capacity to tolerate the concentration, contact time or cost of the specific chemical.

The writer invented the improved Vat for a cylinder paper machine for making paper with high speed. The construction and the method is as follows : in front of the cylinder moved, a head-box is fitted higher, with a nozzle at the outlet over the width of cylinder face, whose lip is capable to adjust in opening. With a suitable high speed, made by the hydraulic head standing in the head-box, the stuff stream rushes into the stuff pool and agitates uniformly the stuff before the eylinder mould. And at the instant, the cylinder picks the fibres from the stuff on its surfaee, making good even paper web. (Pat, applied in Japan)

The cleaning of the suction roll was some of the operating problems facing in every paper mill. Unless the clogged suction roll were cleaned, the suction efficiency might be deteriorated. And the suction roll has so many holes that cleaning was almost impossible.Machine tenders found that the high pressure jet water would spurt out the stock and other foreign matter, thereby cutting down the time and labour. As it happened, engineers at Asahi Iron Works Company in Osaka, has been thinking about the same problem. Last year, Asahi Iron Works had introduced to Honshu Paper Company and Seiko Isuzu Automobile Company, the “Paper Mill Washer”. Seiko Isuzu is manufacturing a new type high pressure water pump as car washer since for years before.Distinctive features of the pump are : two special modified elliptic gears which are arranged and combined properly in the casing, the increased out put considerably per revolution and the highest overall efficiency. Capacity of the pump is up to 10 gallons per minute at 330 r.p.m.. Derivery pressure is up to 250 pound per square inch.This pump is used as a main component in the washer. The portable type is extremely easy to handle and to move from place to place. And is very quiet but efficient operation. A cohered pulp is spurt out thoroughly by spraying or jetting. Also it is fitted in removal of strongly cohered pitch, dirty grease and machine oil. Therefore, it is applied to cleaning the machine frame, stock chest, flowbox, etc.

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

The writer makes it clear that the difficulties Japan's paper industry is facing are in the shortage of raw materials, that Japan need not be worried about her equipments of production and that she can meet the demand of her own to some extent if she will make good and wise use of pulp and paper, investigate substitute raw materials and put the result into, practical use. The writer suggests that Japan should afforest rapid growing trees and utilize her rich production of rice and wheat straws.

1.1. Filter paper electrophoretic analysis of the serum and urine proteins in thirty-five cases of multiple myeloma has been carried out. In all thirty-five cases characteristic protein abnormalities were observed; seventeen cases showing homogeneous peaks in both the serum and urine, eleven cases in serum only, seven cases in urine only. 2.2. All urine samples showing a positive Bence-Jones protein reaction also displayed a characteristic electrophoretic abnormality. Eight of the twenty-four electrophoretically positive urine samples were Bence-Jones protein negative by the usual tests. Because of the relative simplicity of urine electrophoresis by the filter paper technic, this test is considered to be a practical clinical procedure. 3.3. Two cases are presented in detail because certain atypical clinicopathologic features of their disease patterns possibly assist in an understanding of the relationship of the plasma cell dyscrasias to chronic lymphatic leukemia and the lymphosarcomas. A third case, which demonstrates the value of serial electrophoretic studies in myeloma, is also presented. 4.4. Consideration is given to some of the physicochemical properties of the myeloma serum and urine proteins, and to the possible nature of their interrelationship.

In a previous paper (‘Philosophical Transactions,’ A, 1897, vol. 189, p. 137) we have drawn attention to the fact that the disturbance set up in a liquid by the impact of a rough sphere falling into it, differs in a very remarkable manner from that which follows the entry of a smooth sphere. In the present paper we describe further experiments, made with the object of ascertaining the reason of this difference, and give the conclusions reached. It appeared desirable, in the first place, to take instantaneous photographs of the disturbed liquid below the water-line. These were easily obtained by letting the splash take place in an approximately parallel-sided thin glass vessel (an inverted clock-shade) illuminated from behind. The liquid surface when undisturbed was about level with the middle of the camera-lens, which was focussed for the sphere when under water. The general arrangement of the optical apparatus will be suffi­ciently understood from the accompanying cut (fig. 1). The method of timing the illumination was that already described ( loc. cit. ).

The problems confronting the chemist in control of water treatment for an industrial boiler plant are very complex and dictated to a great extent by the pattern of plant operation. An interesting field of study is presented, particularly where the plant is modern in design and very extensive in the service it provides. The author has concerned himself principally with the problems of water supply and treatment at Aylesford Mills, as these are very typical of those which occur in other large industrial undertakings. Details are given of the feed water treatment plant for the medium- and high-pressure boilers, consisting of primary sedimentation units using lime, ferrous sulphate, and alum as chemical additives, followed by a filtration stage. This section of the plant is followed by a dual system comprising three base-exchange softener units and a fully automatic demineralization plant. The interesting features of fully automatic regeneration of the demineralization plant are discussed, together with the author's experience in operating this plant. Emphasis is placed on high standards of feed water treatment and the principles of the system adopted. Sodium sulphite and tannin are added as chemical deoxidants on medium-pressure plant. Hydrazine, together with a neutralizing amine, are used on the high-pressure boiler installation. The author concludes the paper with comments on the subject of boiler corrosion.

The Gakunan District lies on the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji. It is the leading pulp and paper industry center with a production of over 16% of Japan's total, Silk, the leading product here in the former day, was replaced by pulp and paper. Of late, however, machineries are becoming important. Before 1880, agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the dominant productive activity in the district, There were small rural industries such as brewery, silk, Japanese paper and others related to agriculture. All of them were ubiquitous all over. A mechanized silk manufacture sparked an incipient industrialization. A small silk mill, which was built at Omiya, a trade center, in 1886, was the first seat of mechanized industry in the district. The President of the Bank of Omiya was given a major credit for the establishment of this silk mill. It was ten years later, however, than the establishment of mills in the advanced silk production regions in Japan. The mill employed 75 women. An increase of number the of silk mills resulted in a rapid increase of employees, even up to 1200 in 1900, and the district could be said to have been specialized in silk. All silk mills were established by the natives of the district such as land owners or bankers. The distribution pattern of the mills was intimately related not only to sites where water power sufficed, but also to the distribution of enterprisers, in other words, land owners. The latter was presumably a primary cone emn in deciding the location of mills in an early stage of industrial development. More mechanized industrialization began with the establishment of the Fuji Paper Mill in 1890. The first pulp and paper integrated factory of the Mill was built on a river near Omiya. The factory emp-loyed 400 persons, mostly men. While the laborers were supplied from the surrounding rural communities, the shareholders were found in Tokyo. This paper factory was quite different from the traditional system of Japanese paper production. Many other paper mills were established by the natives, especially land owners, after 1910 when paper production was booming. It is characteristic that the mills established by the enterprisers of Tokyo were specialized in pulp and printing paper but the mills built by the local people produced many kinds of Japanese paper. There have been no mills that gained all their raw materials from the forests in and around the district. Much raw materials have been sent from Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. Most mills in the area have been oriented toward the foot of Mt. Fuji where water supply was suffi-cient. Establishment of those mills were based on the agricultural structure which provided cheap labor and, on the other hand, local land owners became enterprisers by opening several banks, which helped to promote the industrialization of the Gakunan District. The distribution pattern of above-mentioned two industries has changed through time sequence. The emerging electric power made possible the change of the location of pulp and paper industry that had been oriented to water power. Since silk manufacture was too small to utilize electric power, its distrimbution pattern did not change as pulp and paper industry did. Silk production was then restricted only to Omiya, one of the silk trading centers in Shizuoka Prefecture. As the silk industry in other parts of this district died out, its place was taken by the mechanized Japanese paper industry. The rise of pulp and paper spelled relative decline of silk. Hence, the manufacturing center moved southward from Gmiya. Fig. 2 shows this change (circles in black represent pulp and paper and double circles are for silk mills). But all the paper mills were not flourishing, finding themselves in severe financial straits during the depression following World War I. Concentration of production thus took place.

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores

This paper documents vegetation injury caused by SO2 emissions from a sulphite pulp and paper mill located in Ontario. Acute vegetation injury caused by SO2 was correlated with increased levels of S within injured vegetation, meteorological data, and air sampling records of SO2 monitored by a continuous recorder located adjacent to the vegetation injury zone. The symptoms of injury observed on plants within the injury zone were described, and the relative sensitivity to SO2 was determined for 75 plant species in the area.

Over the past few years about a dozen computer installations have been announced and discussed in the paper industry. The acceptance of these systems has ranged from outright return to the vendor, through claims of a twenty percent increase in production. It is the opinion of the author that those systems which had improved control through better regulation of the process as their immediate goal were consistently much more successful than those installations which were keyed in a research oriented, data gathering approach. Rather than conduct another historical review of these installations, this paper will devote its attention to discussing control problems and their typical solutions. In particular, the continuous digester, stock preparation, and paper machine areas will be reviewed in some detail. A typical paper mill wood flow diagram is shown in Fig. 1.

Paper used for Japanese umbrella is vat-paper as well as machine-paper and oiled these Japanese paper, which is chiefly made from paper-mulberry.This report shows the superiority of those oiled-papers of various kind which are practically used after having examined their physical and chemical characteristics, and concluded as follows.(1) Japanese paper, if colored, increases its intensity.(2) Colored paper, when oiled, is not generally intensified, but, in case of white paper, it increases intensity.(3) To speak of oil, perilla oil or the one mixed up with a small quantity of paulownia oil is recommended.(4) When oil is twice coated, intensity is increased, but inferior oil such as substitute oil may not be very much beneficial even if twice coated.(5) As oiling method, hand-appling with waste-silk available at present is not abtained good results, it should be improved.

River water polluted by the wastes of two sulphate paper mills-the one T. Mill situated on the River Sin and the other 0. Mill on the River Syonai-was examined chemically and biologically. In the case of T. Mill, the harmful effect of the waste on the fishery in the Sin was considerable, but in the case of O. Mill, it was not so much, because the Syonai gets enough affluent water to dilute the waste. Yet in the latter, we could clearly recognize differences of chemical properties of the river water before and after the mill came into operation. According to our examination the pollution by the sulphate paper mill waste may be detrimental to fish life in foilowing ways ; (1) by depleting the dissolved oxygen and suffocating fish, (2) by direct poisoning or killing of fish by toxic substances. The polluted river water brought forth a very bad taste and odour to the fish in the large area and made them of no use for human food. This ill-effect was the most serious, among others, for fishery. To get rid of those ill-effects, we consider that sedimentation and filtration of sulphate soap and other suspending matters, and oxidizing of the waste may be effective.

The main components of polluted water discharged from paper mills are hemicellulose, fiber-fine and polyphenolic compounds, such as lignosulfonate and Kraft lignin.Beer mills discharge polluted water which contains protein. Thus the mixture of both polluted waters with addition of 1 % Alum produced successfully large amount of precipitant. By contrary, there was no precipitation without addition of Alum. However, the addition of the Alum alone did not contribute to the precipitation of paper mill effluent. This means that the combination with beer effluent is essential.In addition to this, the presence of clay colloid accelerated the settling time of pollutant. Furthermore, it can be suggested that the precipitant is useful for carrier of control release herbicide and also for filler of paper board.

The paper deals with mica-loaded kraft paper developed with the aim of applying it to the extra-high-voltage oil-filled (OF) cable and pipe-type OF cable and an outline of an experimental 275-kV OF cable containing mica-loaded kraft paper.

This paper deals with the hypothesis that, in many cases, internal costs to the organization expended on capital equipment for waste treatment may be economically justifiable when external savings to others are considered. A case is examined where external savings to a water purveyor appear to balance the wastewater treatment capital of a paper plant located on the purveyor's source river.

System Optimization of Industrial Waste Treatment Design is a challenging topic in view of the ever-increasing pollution problems and the rapid development of new processes. An optimization procedure which integrates dynamic programming techniques into existing process design principles is presented. With the objective to identify the optimum combinations of various unit processes in a multistage plant, the most economic decisions are derived while meeting the ultimate design criteria. The analytical procedure utilizes the method of decision inversion in dynamic programming. A numerical example for typical paper and pulp industrial waste treatment design is presented for illustrative purposes. Many practical cost functions have also been developed for the analysis of the pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment system which consists of different process alternatives.

Airborne measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), total particle counts, the size distribution of particles, and the microstructure of warm clouds have been made in the vicinity of a large Kraft pulp and paper mill. The plume of CCN and total particles from the mill is well-defined at distances up to 40 km downwind and the concentrations of these particles reach values which exceed those in the ambient air by a factor of about 4. A large peak in the concentrations of CCN was measured in the plume at a distance downwind of the mill corresponding to a travel time of about 4 hr. The total particle count in the plume peaked after about 2 hr of travel time downwind. The particles in the plume were measured over the size range 0.3 to 8 μm; their concentrations were much higher than in the ambient air, particularly those with diameters

With ever increasing paper machine speed, it has become desirable to minimize the sheet moisture content at the exit of press in order to maintain higher production efficiency and higher drying efficiency.For this purpose, elastoma cover materials for press rolls are to be kept as hard as possible and also nip pressure as high as possible, which is recent fundamental designing theme of high speed paper machine press part. This, however, constitutes a very severe condition for elastoma covered rolls and cover damages have taken place on press rolls in high speed paper machines. The reasons of these damages are mechanical problems and elastoma cover internal heat generation by hysteresis, both of which are caused by the above mentioned condition (i.e, high nip pressure at high speed). The hysteresis problem cam not be neglected as the machine speeds become higher. This paper shows results of analysis of this problem and calculates how much power is absorbed for internal heat generation in relatoin to total press section power consumption. These calculations were made on the basis of actual operating conditions on two machines. The calculations of actual amount of internal heat generation was also made by knowing the measurable factors for power consumption. Another investigation was performed by using experimental apparatus and a covered roll as a model at which point the generated internal heat damages the cover. It was found that the damage occurs when heat generating amount per rubber cover unit weight reaches up to 0.0840.087 kcal/kg/sec. In case of the two machines mentioned, nip pressure were 80 kg/cm, and machine speed was 600 m/min for one and 720 for the other. The generated heat was measured to be 0.0210.024 kcal/kg/sec. So, in these two cases, thermal safety factor is 34. In a machine of this size, however, if machine speed goes up to 1, 000 m/min, heat generation radically increased to 0.044 kcal/kg/sec (safety factor : 2), which will probably causes operation and maintenance trouble for elastoma covered rolls. Temperature distribution in the elastoma cover by internal heat generation appears higher from the surface to the inside. I would like, however, to leave this problem as a theme to be investigated in the future. The cover material tested in this report was polyurethane type synthetic material (hardness P & J 5).

Bottom fauna surveys of the Lower Sabine River in the vicinity of Orange, Texas were performed from 1967 to 1969. During this time samples were taken before and after effluent from a black-liquor paper mill was discharge into the Sabine River. Species diversity indices were determined for each station (one station above the discharge canal and four below it). The results obtained indicated that the paper mill effluent was not disturbing the river to a degree that it would cause damage. However, the proximity of Sabine Lake (an estuary) and the very low flow often encountered on the Sabine River makes it imperative that high standards be imposed in treatment of the waste water and that qualified personnel make periodic studies on the river.

Following reports from Australia and overseas countries of the benefits gained from the use of optical equipment in the erection of paper and other precisely erected machines (Reference Bibliography) it was decided by Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd. in September, 1959, to make use of the modern equipment available.

Attention is drawn to the greater optical uniformity of filter paper by reflected light than by transmitted light. The relative merits of employing reflected light and transmitted light, both on dry and transparent paper, are considered from the standpoints of ease of calculation, instrumental convenience and error. Under the conditions described here, in which an aperture of only 3 mm × 3 mm is used, the reflection method on dry paper is recommended. Measurements may also be taken on transparent paper. This causes an increase in error when transmission is used, but decreases the error when reflection is used.

February 14, 1968 Revenue — Selective employment tax — Qualifying activities — Waste paper sorted, graded, baled and sold to paper and board mills — Whether part of process of “manufacturing” — Whether “manufacture” — Waste paper merchants — Whether “dealers in waste paper” — Selective Employment Payments Act, 1966 (c32) s.1(2)(a) — Standard Industrial Classification Orders XV, XVI, XX.

A special insulating paper, developed for use in EHV power cable, is described. Generally speaking, where the insulating paper is made of the same pulp, the thinner the paper, the higher the impulse breakdown strength, and the lower the power factor. In view of this fact, a special insulating paper (combination paper), with a high-impulse breakdown strength, low power factor, and great mechanical strength has been developed by making thin insulating paper and cementing a plurality of sheets together with a suitable adhesive. 275-kV, 1 ×1200 mm2 oil-filled cable and 275-kV, 3 ×1400 mm2 pipe-type oil-filled cable using this combination insulating paper have been proved to possess excellent properties, such as shown in Table IV and Fig. 10, respectively, and the special characteristics of the insulating paper are fully displayed in the finished cable. The motive for the development of the combination paper, its theoretical background, and the properties of the insulating paper and of the cable using that insulating paper are reported.

The collection efficiency of nine types of filter papers for air sampling was determined for monodispersed polystyrene latex aerosols by using a forward light scattering photometer. The aerosols were 0.091, 0.198, 0.365, 0.500 and 1.099 mu m in dia., which flowed through a test filter paper at a face velocity from 4.2 to 200 cm/sec. Toyo No. 660, No. 60 and No. LP filter papers exhibited minimum efficiencies at the face velocity range between 10 and 80 cm/ sec, and in the particle size range between 0.1 and 0.5 mu m. The collection efficiencies of Toyo No. 5A and Whatman No. 41 filter papers were over 95% for all the particle sizes at a face velocity higher than 100 cm/sec. Toyo HE-40, HV- 70, Toyo GB-100 and Gelman E filter papers showed collection efficiencies higher than 99%. The theoretical filter efficiency based on single fiber filtering mechanisms and the effect of neighboring fiber interference on the collection efficiency are also discussed. (auth)

The various uses for which steam is required in paper manufacture are first discussed.Then follow particulars of the various classes of machinery to be driven, and comments on the selection of suitable electrical gear. The heating requirements for heat economy, and the various types of power plant by which this can be attained are discussed in detail, together with recommendations on how each type of plant will be used for the different types of paper mills.The utilization of existing prime movers on “heateconomy” lines is specially shown.The factors governing the choice of electric supply are then dealt with.Finally, the driving of the variable-speed end of the paper machine proper is discussed in detail. The requirements for a successful drive are first enumerated, then various means of attaining that drive, not only with a single motor, but alternatively with several motors, both electrically and mechanically interlocked, are investigated.A Table at the conclusion of the paper gives particulars of machines which have been converted for electrical working in the United Kingdom, and the total number of machines in the country.

A theory previously developed by the author to describe the horizontal spreading of liquids in paper has been applied to the case of a liquid rising by capillary action in a vertical strip of filter paper. The phenomenon is complicated by a surface roughness effect which had to be taken into account. The theory leads to simple expressions for the rate of rise and the distribution of liquid which are in agreement with experiment. When gravity can be neglected, the height of rise is proportional to the square root of the time. When gravity is important, the height of rise is a more complex function of time than the simple square root dependence. In addition, the liquid approaches a limiting height.

Various oil-soluble dyes have been used in many petroleum products. The structural analysis of oil-soluble dyes is essential for identification of commercial dyes and detection of their impurities.This paper deals with the separation and identification of azo and anthraquinone oil-soluble dyes, and fluorescent oil-soluble dyes by paper chromatography.Peculiar Rf value was given to each oil-soluble dye by partition paper crhomatography using liquid paraffin or n-cetane as the the stationary phase and 80% ethyl alcohol as the mobile phase. The author found it is possible to discriminate p-dimethylamino-azobenzene having carcinogenic properties from p-diethylamino-azobenzene and to detect impurities in commercial dyes by these solvent systems.

Reflection factor curves for gaslight photographic papers with matt and glossy surfaces have been obtained for a fixed direction of view of 30°, this direction lying in the plane of incidence. The papers give not only a specular peak, but also a "throwback" peak whose maximum occurs when the directions of incidence and view coincide. The height of the throwback peak is related to the reflection factor of the paper at the angle of the throwback peak by a linear law. By considering in turn the different components of the photographic paper, the throwback peak has been shown to have its origin in the baryta layer. The complete reflection factor surfaces for a fixed direction of view of 30° have been built up for two pieces of matt surface paper from the reflection factor curves in different planes. As various liquid suspensions also give a throwback peak, the peak may have its origin in some kind of scattering effect.

The frequency of occurrence of defects in electrical insulation can be shown to follow the Poisson law of probability. One of the more important defects in thin paper insulation is conducting particles. In this paper expressions are derived for the probable breakdown voltage as a function of conducting particle occurrence. It is shown by statistical evidence that large conducting particles exist in the insulating paper and bridge one or more layers of paper in the finished capacitor through chance reorientation caused by manufacturing processes and operation. The degree and frequency of reorientation of particles with a typical grade of paper is determined experimentally, and the probable insulation thickness and consequent voltage strength of various size capacitors is calculated. A method of determining the optimum voltage strength of this insulation is illustrated. It is concluded that conducting particles are a predominant factor in determining the voltage strength of present day capacitors and that one of the greatest opportunities for improvement lies in the reduction of the conducting particle content in the paper.

Detailed engineering studies on the energy balance profile, which resulted in the establishment of related per area energy costs in the drier section of a hypothetical 300-ton-per-day paper machine, have been converted into an economic model. Based upon these data, a conceptual design on of an equivalent paper machine in which microwave energy is substitued for more con ventional energy in selected areas has been made and an equivalent economic model developed. The comparison of these economic models is then used to demonstrate the relative merits of microwave energy as a useful source of power in paper manufacture. This comparison shows that while capital cost is somewhat increased, the overalI operating cost is decreased. Significant advantages include a more uniform moisture profile, and a substantially shortened paper machine length.

THE WINDER is one of the more important machines in the paper industry. In general, every paper machine has a winder intimately associated with it and there are many others used in the finishing room.

The MANUFACTURE OF PAPER is an art as old as civilisation. Until comparatively lately in the world's history, demand for paper could be satisfied by hand manufacture; however, the invention of printing, allied with a steady growth in literacy have necessitated the development of mechanical means of paper‐making.

To an increasing degree, large machines designed for quantity production are being subdivided into their elements, each section being driven by a separate motor as contrasted with former practise of driving these machines, as a whole, from a single unit. With the paper machine, this is called the sectional-electric drive. In this paper, the author has confined himself largely to the history and development of the several types of the sectional drive and the relative merits of each particular type. An attempt has been made to set forth clearly the advantages of the sectional drive and to show that its field of application should increase with a fuller understanding of its advantages as to increased production, improved product and lower operating cost.

Filter paper electrophoretic analyses of serum were carried out in a series of eighteen proved cases of multiple myeloma, twenty-three normal controls and 130 patients with non-myelomatous diseases, and compared with the results of classical Tiselius electrophoresis and chemical fractionation. Abnormal electrophoretic patterns were found in all of the cases of multiple myeloma studied, and tall narrow spikes representing abnormal proteins with varying mobilities in the globulin range were demonstrated in 78 per cent. The latter were considered diagnostic of myelomatosis since similar patterns have not been described in any other disease and since none were observed in any of the present controls. In six of the eighteen cases the diagnosis was first established on the basis of these electrophoretic patterns and subsequently confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. In eight others they were merely confirmatory in previously diagnosed cases. Of special interest were the diagnostic patterns found in four patients in whom myelomatosis was not suspected. There were significant quantitative differences between the results obtained by filter paper and classical electrophoresis, and the results of both differed from those of chemical fractionation. However, the diagnostic peaks of myelomatosis were equally well demonstrated by both electrophoretic methods. It is concluded (1) that the electrophoretic patterns of serum obtained by both the filter paper and Tiselius methods exhibit highly characteristic peaks in a high proportion of individuals with multiple myeloma, (2) that such patterns are of great diagnostic value and (3) that the filter paper method offers the advantages of simplicity, low cost and speed, without any loss in sensitivity or specificity, which make it especially valuable for screening large numbers of specimens in patients suspected of having myelomatosis.