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The papers in this document represent statements prepared by scholars involved in various stages of 4 multi-state regional research projects on rural community services and presented at a 1971 national workshop on research problems in delivery of community services. The 2 major foci of these papers are (1) problems of measurement and assessment of adequacy of community services and (2) organization of service delivery systems. The 8 papers included are Problems of Measurement and Assessment of the Adequacy of Community Services: A Naive Viewpoint; Adequacy of Community Services: A Measurement Problem; Theoretical Concerns in the Measurement of Adequacy of Community Services and How to Assess Them in the Rural Areas; Rural Development and the Quality of Life in the Rural South: Concepts and Indicators in the S-79 Regional Project; Some Methodological Considerations for Rural Community Services Research; Organization of Public Service Delivery Systems for Rural Areas; Some Relevant Concerns and Issues in Research on Personal Health Delivery Systems with Special Emphasis on Nonmetropolitan Areas; and, Housing Quality: Measurement and Assessment. (PS)

This issue is devoted to first language acquisition. It includes twelve papers concerning: the acquisition of liquids ("1" and "r"); creative errors in the written syntax of deaf children; theoretical and methodological problems in the acquisition of phonology, illustrated from Greek and English: the basis of articulation; the philosophy of science; and vowel nasalization. (Author/DD)

To establish its position concerning the differences between general, prevocational, and vocational education, the Division of Vocational Education for New Mexico defined each area and applied these definitions to agriculture, distributive education, health occupations, home economics, office education, and trade and industrial education programs at the secondary level. Charts of possible sequential courses for occupational training programs are used to clarify the relation between general, prevocational, and vocational education. (SB)

SUCH TRADITIONAL VISUAL MEDIA AS VILLAGE PLAYS, PUPPETRY, AND SHADOW PLAYS CAN BE CREATED LOCALLY WITH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION BY THE LEARNER AND USED EFFECTIVELY IN COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT. OTHER VISUAL MEDIA, SUCH AS FILMS, CAN BE BEST PRODUCED NATIONALLY IN VISUAL AIDS CENTERS IF GOOD COMMUNICATIONS ARE MAINTAINED WITH THE FIELD WORKERS AND IF AN AWARENESS IS KEPT OF SOCIAL SETTINGS AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. FILM SOCIETIES WITH WELL-STOCKED FILM LIBRARIES CAN HELP SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF DISTRIBUTION. SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION WITH BASELINE SURVEYS, PRE-RELEASE TESTING AND CONTROL GROUPS IS ESSENTIAL. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS OF UNESCO PUBLICATIONS OR FROM THE DIVISION OF FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION, UNESCO, PLACE DE FONTENOY, PARIS-7E, FRANCE, FOR $0.75. (MF)

This paper presents a study of Yanyula nouns and noun modifiers. Yanyula is the language spoken in parts of the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. In relation to noun modifiers, the paper discusses adjectives and numerals, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, prefix allomorphs, and noun modifier occurrence in noun phrases. Regarding nouns, the linguistic (semantic, grammatical, phonological) and anthropological aspects of development and current usage are discussed and a complex noun classification system is outlined. (DD)

Validation in curriculum development is the "check-and-balance" dimension of any instructional system, in the broadest sense almost synonymous with evaluation and accountability. This paper relates validation to individual, formative, and summative evaluation. Validation measures to be applied to instructional systems are outlined according to a 12-point model reported by F. Coit Butler. Curriculum development is concerned with criterion-referenced tests (CRT) and the CRT is central to all validation efforts. The paper discusses validity of the curriculum generally and of the CRT specifically with reference to reliability and other factors. The appendix consists of instructional systems development charts from various sources. (MF)

A project was conducted to develop a series of studies that will enable one to measure attitudes with reasonable accuracy. Nine stages of project activity were identified: design optical scanning form; write computer program to analyze data; determine adjective pairs; factor scales on elementary pupils; factor scales on high school students and adults; study psychometric properties of the instrument; factor graphic scales on elementary pupils; develop semantic atlas; and study relationships between attitudes and school performance. Identification of adjective pairs and factoring of scales followed the basic techniques used by Osgood. There are three sources of student data: a random sample drawn for factoring purposes, the pupil populations of projects in which an examination of attitudes is a part of the evaluation, and the pupil populations of small studies conducted in individual schools. The ultimate impact of the project is intended to be educational, i.e., it will permit the investigation of relationships between attitudes and school performance. Nine charts are included. (CK)

This teacher's guide for a ninth grade course on the American economic system includes description of six units of study: 1) The United States: An Affluent Society; 2) The American Economy: How Our Economic System Works; 3) Farm Problems; 4) The Auto Industry; 5) Poverty in the United States; and 6) units on Political Campaigns and Elections and The Middle East: An Area Study which alternate in election and non-election years. Behavioral goals, skills, objectives and goals related to concepts and generalizations are identified. Charts appended to the guide indicate specifically the way in which all goals are developed in the different units. Suggested teaching strategies based on the inquiry approach to teaching are included together with references to background papers on inquiry techniques. The guide is concluded with description of adapting the resource units to specific courses. Related documents are: SO 005 452 through SO 005 457. (SHM)

At vowel onset following unvoiced consonants in /h-cvc/ utterances spoken by two talkers, Fo began high and fell about seven percent in the first five centiseconds. At closure of voiced oral obstruents, Fo suddenly dipped about ten percent, remained flat, suddenly rose about twenty five percent at opening of closure, and, after vowel onset, gradually rose. The high/low feature of the vowel, and manner and place of prevocalic consonant articulation had progressively less effects on vowel Fo values. The final consonant had no apparent effect on Fo values in the vowel. As previous synthesis work has suggested, the fall or rise of Fo in the initial portion of a vowel appears to be a cue to the state of voicing of previous consonants. Initial and peak Fo values in the vowel also can indicate state of consonant voicing. However, Fo contours in bisyllabic words with contrasting stress patterns and similar phonemic sequences showed that: (1) an initially-falling Fo in a vowel may indicate either previous unvoiced consonant or an unstressed vowel, and (2) a rising Fo contour may indicate either a word-initial vowel, a preceding voiced consonant, or a stressed vowel. (Author/DD)

In this analysis of cases and clauses in Vietnamese, an attempt is made to make use of tagmemics and a case grammar model called lexicase. Such an eclectic combination of the two theories is not new either in the field of general linguistics or in Vietnamese. This paper recognizes the hierarchical levels in syntax and the grammatical unit or tagmeme as composed of a slot and a filler class; it recognizes the case relations between various nouns and the predicative verb in the clause; and it also recognizes the centrality of the verb. Lexicase introduces both overt case realizations and covert case relations into the grammar as syntactic features assigned to nouns by verbs. The data presented here include: 12 covert case relations in Vietnamese; 11 overt case realizations; a two-dimensional matrix yielding 25 possible combinations of covert case relations and overt case realizations (25 tagmemic slots); 14 verb groupings classed according to their hospitality to case-marked tagmemic slots; five clause types classed according to their identificational-contrastive features such as the nuclear tagmemic slots; 13 clause classes; and a bi-dimensional matrix of the clause types and the clause classes giving 64 possibilities or clause units, of which only 51 are grammatical in Vietnamese. The intention is to present the data rather than to defend the linguistic models used. (Author)

Contributions from job-cluster research include greater understanding of the desired end-product of vocational education, potential for curriculum development, and better understanding of job analysis. Presentations by specialists who are presently active in research on the problems of job-clustering include: (1) "A Functional Approach to Curriculum Development" by D. Sjogren, (2) "A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Job Similarities" by J. W. Cunningham, (3) "Application of Cluster Research to Curriculum Development" by H. F. Rahmlow, and (4) "The Development, Implementation, and Field Evaluation of the Cluster Concept Program in Vocational Education at the Secondary School Level" by W. S. Mietus. Critiques of the papers are provided by E. J. Morrison and Dale G. Hamreus. (SB)

This paper presents a two dimensional chart of student behavior and subject matter content for facilitating the development of the Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) science curriculum, or any science curriculum. Within this framework, behavioral objectives are formulated, science subject matter content is selected, student learning experiences are designed, and evaluation procedures are planned. Incorporated in the schema is a unique delineation of student behaviors with respect to the processes of scientific inquiry and these are integrated with categories of the student's cognitive behavior as it pertains to science learning. Included also in the behaviors dimension are the student's attitudes and interests and his orientation to the relationships between science and other aspects of culture. In the content dimension, the discussion includes new explications of the nature of scientific inquiry and the social aspects of science. (Author/EK)

This paper provides the description, documentation and users' and programmers' guide for the keyword out of context (KWOC) library indexing system, with coding references, program flow charts, program listings, procedure flow charts and instructions for maintenance and operation. (Author)

This paper is intended to assist school administrators in improving existing school organizations. It discusses the nature of organizations, provides indicators of reorganization timing, and discusses the task of reorganization. A matrix chart, used to analyze and compare different organizational structures, is provided with explanations. Flowcharts for 15 different types of school administrative structures are provided and explained. A 25-entry bibliography is included. (DE)

This paper presents an overview of a project concerned with the design and development of a comprehensive career education curriculum with sufficient detail and flexibility to be used in the majority of elementary and junior high schools throughout the nation. The principal products to be developed include a catalog of instructional objectives, a series of curriculum guides, and a series of sample teaching-learning units. Other products will be an instructional systems model, a dissemination model, a local evaluation instrument, and various training materials and project reports. To date, the scope of the project and the domain of behavioral objectives for the program have been defined. The economic constraint in the implementation of career education is commented on. Charts developed to reflect the curriculum topics and content coverage are appended. (MF)

This second in a series of three papers on the Associated Staff Training Program of the Foreign Language Innovative Curriculum Study concentrates on the problem solving strategy employed by the program's specially trained innovative agents--the Instructional Systems Consultants (ISC). The problem-solving method used is first illustrated by citing the experiences of a Spanish teacher and an ISC in a Michigan high school. It is then further described by a summary of the ten stages involved in the problem-solving process (Table 1 in the appendix), and by a flowchart of necessary ISC decisions and actions according to the sequence in which they would be performed (Figures 1, 2, and 3 in the appendix). For related discussions see FL 001 009 and FL 000 915. (AF)

THIS PAPER IS A REPORT ON A RESEARCH PROJECT UNDERTAKEN TO DEVELOP A COMPUTER PROGRAM WHICH WOULD PROVIDE PERIOD-BY-PERIOD ESTIMATES OF FUTURE LAND, BUILDING, AND STAFF REQUIREMENTS UNDER VARIOUS ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE CHARACTER OF THE STUDENT BODY, EDUCATIONAL POLICIES, LEVEL OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY, LEVEL OF SERVICE TO THE COMMUNITY, AND CHARACTER OF BUILDINGS. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DESIGNED TO HANDLE PROJECTION OF VARIABLES WHICH AFFECT STAFF AND FACILITIES REQUIREMENTS AND PRODUCE ESTIMATES OF REQUIREMENTS AT ANY PROJECTED TIME IN THE FUTURE. THREE MAJOR ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN DURING THE PROJECT INCLUDED--(1) CODING AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPUTER PROGRAM, (2) CODING THE MAIN COMPUTER PROGRAM, AND (3) ASSEMBLING INPUT DATA FOR THE PROGRAM. THE GOAL OF WRITING A COMPLETE AND FINISHED COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS NOT ACHIEVED AT THE TIME THIS REPORT WAS WRITTEN. (HW)

THE COMBINED APPLICATION OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IS DESCRIBED AS AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO ACHIEVE OPTIMUM RESULTS IN THE PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF PROJECTS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION. PROJECTS OF THIS TYPE ARE GENERALLY FINITE, COMPLEX, HOMOGENOUS, AND NONREPETITIVE. SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF A PROJECT INCLUDES ITS DISASSEMBLY INTO COMPONENTS AND ITS REASSEMBLY THROUGH A SYNTHESIS BASED UPON A LINEAR FLOW CHART APPROACH INCORPORATING TIME, COST, AND PERFORMANCE VARIABLES. SUGGESTIONS INCLUDE HOW TO THINK OF A PROJECT AS A SYSTEM, THE IMPORTANCE OF ESTABLISHING SPECIFIC GOALS, TYPES OF PROJECT CONTROL, AND THE CONTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS CAN MAKE TO THE FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE SYMPOSIUM ON OPERATIONS ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION, SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS (WASHINGTON, D.C., NOVEMBER 20-22, 1967). (JK)

A MODEL OF HIERARCHICAL GROUPING IS APPLIED TO 24 INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION. THE GROUPING IS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENCES AMONG THE INSTITUTIONS' CHARACTERISTICS. THE THREE HIERARCHICAL GROUPINGS SHOWN ARE BASED ON (1) 10 USOE CATEGORIES OF INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, (2) 14 INPUT AND ORIENTATION VARIABLES, AND (3) 36 COLLEGE ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES. THE FINDINGS SHOW THAT AN INCREASE IN EITHER THE NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS OR THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES MAY RESULT IN MORE GROUPS BEING DEFINED AT THE CRITERION LEVEL. FURTHER METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES RAISED INCLUDE THE EXTENDED GROUPING OF 245 INSTITUTIONS. THE SIZE OF THE STUDY POPULATION IS LIMITED ONLY BY COMPUTER CAPACITY AND AVAILABLE DATA. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEETING (NEW YORK, FEBRUARY 16-18, 1967). (HW)

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE OBJECTIVES AND NECESSARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM OF OPERATION PEP. THERE ARE NINE ELEMENTS WHICH THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM OF OPERATION PEP MUST CONSIDER--(1) PRIMACY OF IMPROVED PARTICIPANT PERFORMANCE, (2) CRITICALNESS OF TIME, (3) DETERMINATION OF PRIORITIES AMONG RELEVANT EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING CONCEPTS, (4) FOCUS UPON IMPROVED EDUCATION FOR K-12 STUDENTS, (5) REALIZATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF CONTROLLED INVESTIGATION, (6) RECOGNITION OF THE ROLE OF PARTICIPANTS IN INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM DESIGN, (7) SET AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS, (8) TERMINAL PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS, AND (9) DERIVATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DESIGN MODEL. ELEMENTS FOR CONSIDERATION IN INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT DESIGN AND LESSON DESIGN ARE OUTLINED. FINALLY, VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INFORMATION HANDLING PROCESSES ARE CONSIDERED--(1) THE ROLE OF OPERATION PEP PARTICIPANTS IN INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM DESIGN, (2) FACILITATING PARTICIPANT ROLE FULFILLMENT, AND (3) SOLICITING AND RECORDING PARTICIPANTS' RESPONSES AND SUGGESTIONS. (HW)

THIS PAPER INVESTIGATES VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR SOLVING EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS--(1) THE SYSTEMS CONCEPT, (2) THE RELIABILITY OF THE ASSUMPTIONS ON WHICH THE SYSTEMS APPROACH IS BASED, (3) THE LIMITATIONS INHERENT IN THE SYSTEMS APPROACH, (4) THE HUMAN ELEMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SYSTEMS APPROACH, (5) THE WAYS THE SYSTEMS APPROACH HAS BEEN USED TO EFFECTIVELY SOLVE PROBLEMS, (6) WHAT IS MEANT BY A SYSTEM, SYSTEM ANALYSIS, SYSTEM SYNTHESIS, AND SYSTEM APPROACH, AND (7) THE BENEFITS THE SYSTEMS APPROACH OFFERS TO EDUCATION. ALSO INCLUDED IS A MODEL OF A SYSTEM APPROACH AS A LOGICAL TOOL FOR PROBLEM SOLVING AND A RATIONALE AND FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING WITHIN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. (HW)

OPERATION PEP REPRESENTS A DESIGNFUL ATTEMPT ON THE PART OF THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY IN CALIFORNIA TO PLAN, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENT A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PLANNERS AND MANAGERS. THE BASIC CONTENT OF INSTRUCTION WILL BE DERIVED THROUGH THE ADAPTIVE TRANSLATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TO THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATION. THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN SOME OF THE COMPONENT PARTS AND BACKGROUND OF OPERATION PEP--(1) THE PHILOSOPHY, (2) THE AREAS OF TECHNOLOGY TO BE ANALYZED AND EVALUATED DURING 1967-68, (3) THE LONG-RANGE GOALS, (4) THE TYPE OF INSTRUCTIONAL ATMOSPHERE TO BE MAINTAINED, AND (6) THE BASIC FEATURES OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY. (HW)

THIS PAPER IS CONCERNED WITH GRAPHIC PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF GROUPED OBSERVATIONS. IT PRESENTS A METHOD AND SUPPORTING THEORY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN AREA-CONSERVING, MINIMAL LENGTH FREQUENCY POLYGON CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN HISTOGRAM. TRADITIONALLY, THE CONCEPT OF A FREQUENCY POLYGON CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN HISTOGRAM HAS REFERRED TO THAT POLYGON FORMED BY CONNECTING THE MIDPOINTS OF THE TOPS OF THE RECTANGLES MAKING UP THE HISTOGRAM. THE MOST IMPORTANT DEFICIENCY IN THE TRADITIONAL FREQUENCY POLYGON IS THAT THE AREA OF ANY SPECIFIC RECTANGLE IN THE UNDERLYING HISTOGRAM IS GENERALLY NOT EQUAL TO THE AREA UNDER THE FREQUENCY POLYGON OVER THE SAME INTERVAL. DUE TO THIS DEFICIENCY, DATA ARE SELDOM PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF A FREQUENCY POLYGON. (HW)

THIS COLLECTION CONTAINS SEVEN PAPERS OF ANALYSES OF WHITE-NONWHITE DIFFERENTIALS IN HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE. NONWHITES MAKE UP ALMOST 12 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION, 92 PERCENT OF WHOM ARE NEGROES. THE FERTILITY OF NONWHITES IS HIGHER, ESPECIALLY AMONG THE RURAL, LESS EDUCATED GROUP, BUT THE BIRTH RATE SEEMS TO BE FALLING FASTER, MOST NOTICEABLY IN URBAN AREAS. THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTENT OF EDUCATION AND BIRTH RATE AMONG BOTH RACES, WHO HAVE COMPARABLE RATES WHEN THEIR EDUCATIONAL STATUS IS THE SAME. THE GAP BETWEEN NONWHITE AND WHITE LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS NARROWED TO 10 PERCENT, ALTHOUGH THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATERNAL AND INFANT DEATH RATES REMAIN QUITE HIGH. THIS DIFFERENTIAL MAY BE EXPLAINED BY HEREDITARY FACTORS, THE AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF MEDICAL SERVICES, WHICH IN TURN IS RELATED TO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND PERSONAL MOTIVATION. DATA ALSO SHOW THAT THE RATE OF MEDICAL SERVICES AMONG NONWHITES IS LOWER THAN AMONG WHITES AND THAT FAMILY INCOME HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE. MORE NONWHITES THAN WHITES ARE BELOW GRADE LEVEL, DROP OUT MORE FREQUENTLY, ACHIEVE LESS ACADEMICALLY, AND COMPLETE FEWER YEARS OF SCHOOLING. NEGROES ARE ONLY 5.7 PERCENT OF THOSE RECEIVING HIGHER EDUCATION. THREE TIMES AS MANY NONWHITES AS WHITES HAVE AN INCOME LESS THAN $3,000 ANNUALLY. HOUSING CONDITIONS ARE TWICE AS GOOD FOR WHITES THAN FOR NONWHITES. THIS REPRINT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE INDICATORS, FEBRUARY-OCTOBER, 1965 IS AVAILABLE FROM SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, D.C., 20402 FOR $0.50. (NH)