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The basic issues of child rearing and child development as well as the application of knowledge about child development are addressed in this paper. It is noted that to date children, their families, and their subcultures have been studied and that advice has been given to parents and to teachers about the child's development. Yet it is suggested that the findings concerning the kind of relationship a family needs with institutions and the society in order to be able to rear a child to become a competent and humane adult have been ignored. Because little attention is paid to the relationships between families and society, there is no preparation to look carefully at the kind of institutional and societal changes needed to keep up with changing technology. It is noted that children continue to be reared for the nineteenth century rather than the twentieth, and the impact of technological change has been ignored. One problem has been the fact that the response to change and challenge is to collect new knowledge rather than to apply tried and true knowledge; to be concerned about the intellect rather than the effect and the resultant quality of human relationships. Although some movement towards the implementation of policies that favorably affect the lives of children is noted, there remains a long way to go in developing the kind of interest, knowledge, and organization necessary to affect social policy. (Author/AM)

This paper summarizes data and experience with child abuse pertinent to child health practice. It goal is to foster sound and rational medical management. Because of the complex origins of child abuse, however, and of the institutional and social changes which shall have to accompany excellent practice if child abuse is effectively to be treated and prevented, issues of program and policy development are also addressed. The knowledge base about child abuse is conceptually and methodically limited. Our understanding of the problem of child abuse is broadened by several recent descriptive reports which demonstrate that childhood accidents and child abuse are temporally associated, that the parents of abused children are rarely neurotic or psychotic, and that the developmental sequelae of child abuse and neglect are serious. Child abuse has also been observed to be associated with poverty, low birth weight, parental alcohol and drug abuse, crime, social isolation, marital stress, and unemployment. The coordinated, interdisciplinary management of child abuse may reduce the toll of reinjury while children stay in their own homes. A helpful integrating concept in the diagnosis and treatment of child abuse is the family's capacity to protect its child, either from the consequences of their own angry feelings toward him, or from the hazards of his nuturing environment. (Author/JM)

The child is scapegoat in the struggle between varying forces--political, professional, or ideological--in the effort to establish services on his behalf. Faddism, political mottoes, and professional cliches are overdetermining service planning for children. The child has become the victim of his rescuers. Illustrations are given from national and state levels concerning current conflicts regarding day care, the juvenile justice system, and judicial determination for voluntery placements. Also discussed are oriented social services and community control issues. (Author)

This conference address focuses on the social, ethical, and legal issues surrounding the role and function of the child in today's Western society. Topics discussed include: (1) The dynamic social system--changing social expectations for preschool and school children and establishments, (2) Moral/ethican/legal issues some currently critical concerns reflecting societal values re: children, (3) Sex-role stereotypes--how society is maintaining or changing them, (4) The school teacher/child interaction, (5) The family--a disintegrating and diminishing influence, and (6) Mother/infant reciprocity--the earliest formative social dyad. (CS)

This paper presents a discussion of recent and pending legislation dealing with day care, child advocacy, family services, juvenile delinquency, and maternal and child health care. Six suggestions are offered concerning legislation which needs to be enacted: (1) a child and family services program along the lines of the child development bill President Nixon vetoed in 1971; (2) an early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment program; (3) a social services bill; (4) a national health insurance program which includes full and adequate provisions for the care of young children; (5) tax reform legislation which provides tax relief to middle-income families; and (6) special attention to programs related to foster care and adoption. It is urged that political action on behalf of children's programs be significantly increased. Politicians should be held accountable for their actions, and their views on children's issues should be publicized. The members of the National Council of Organizations for Children and Youth are urged to lobby for key legislative issues and to issue report cards based on how members of Congress vote on issues of importance to children. (CS)

This paper discusses the research methodology used to determine the main dimensions of satisfaction-dissatisfaction (fertility values) associated with family size. A survey instrument was used to interview approximately 300 white women with none, one, two, or four children. Within the survey instrument, three different approaches were used to elicit the respondents' fertility values: (1) "why" questions which probe the motivational bases underlying answers to other structural questions, (2) an eight-part, open-ended question used to elicit fertility values for specific family sizes, and (3) a card-sorting task that measured respondent judgments on a pre-established list of potential fertility values. It was concluded that the administration of the three methods was worthwhile since the analysis of the data indicated each method produced some results in common as well as some unique results. The examination of the comparisons between methods, illustrated by three tables, include: (1) an outline of the fertility value coding scheme for content analysis, (2) the 10 top responses in each of the three approaches to revealing fertility values, and (3) a listing of the likes and dislikes of family sizes. Indications for future research are discussed. (SDH)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the many diverse activities going on under the child advocacy label in order to determine if there was anything new or different about this phenomenon and to attempt some conceptual ordering of the field. Interviews were conducted with a number of people knowledgeable in children's service, and an attempt was made to identify as many child advocacy programs as possible. Case studies of some 70 programs were conducted, and a total of 116 child advocacy programs were identified. On the basis of this survey, a number of themes which underlie current efforts in the child advocacy movement are elaborated, and implications for child welfare are presented. (CS)

This bulletin contains a translation of a recent account of the auxiliary schools of Germany. The problem of proper provision for exceptional children and especially for backward children in greater city systems of schools has long been recognized as one of great importance. It has to do not only with the welfare of the children immediately concerned, but with that of all other children in the same schools for the necessity of devoting extraordinary care and attention to a few backward members of the class not infrequently prevents the teacher from giving due care and attention to the larger number of normally endowed members. For both reasons, the city school authorities within the past few years have devoted much attention to ungraded classes and other special provision for these exceptional children. It is believed that an account of a parallel movement in Germany, where it has had a longer history and has reached a more advanced organization will be of use to those who are furthering this movement in America. The lectures of Doctor Maennel here presented in free translation, together with his bibliographies, constitute the best account which Commissioner Elmer Ellsworth Brown has yet seen of this phase of German education and as such he believes the publication will be widely useful in this country. Bibliography and index are included. [The lectures contained in this paper were translated by Fletcher Bascom Dresslar. Best copy available has been provided.]

A theoretical proposal for a government-sponsored system of licensed parenthood is suggested, based on the premise that overpopulation, child abuse, and emotional, intellectual, and physical handicaps in children could be controlled through legislation. The three-part legislative proposal for licensed parenthood outlined would include: (1) mandatory birth control, (2) application for parenthood, and (3) a screening process for license applicants. Screening procedures would be based on providing an optimal environment for children, and include an evaluation of the prospective parents on the following criteria: genetic make-up, emotional readiness, motivation, intellectual capacity, financial security, knowledge of parent-craft skills, and the nutritional and physiological fitness of the mother. The feasibility of this proposal is discussed and an alternative plan which allows final decisions to be made by prospective parents themselves after counseling is included. (CS)

The Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene, held at Buffalo, New York, August 25-30, was a notable event in the progress of health supervision as a part of public education. Because of its importance, the author was detailed to attend this conference and prepare a report of it. This report contains three parts: (1) An introduction giving a brief summary of proceedings of the congress; (2) A summary of some of the most important papers; and (3) Concrete date of the school hygiene movement as shown in the scientific exhibit made under the direction of the congress and in connection with it. This bulletin contains the following abstracts: (1) School hygiene and child life (James Grant); (2) The State's duty in health supervision (Eugene H. Porter); (3) Some health needs of school children (Joseph Lee); (4) Some important factors preventing normal growth and development in school life (D. P. MacMillan); (5) Notes on the health care of school children (S. Adolphus Knopf); (6) A working plan of securing medical inspection (Alfred B. Morrill); (7) Medical inspection in Rochester (George W. Goler); (8) Medical inspection in cities of 100,000 or less (Clinton P. McCord); (9) Medical inspection in Massachusetts: Correlation of work of school physicians and local and State health officers (W. C. Hanson); (10) The hygienic construction of schoolhouses from an architect's standpoint (W. H. Kilham); (11) Ventilation and recirculation (Luther H. Gulick); (12) Air washing as a means of obtaining clean air in buildings (George C. Whipple and Melville C. Whipple); (13) The hygiene of the janitor (Homer H. Seerley); (14) The ideal school site (William H. Brainerd); (15) Open-air school architecture (John H. Van Pelt); (16) Vitalizing school children (Walter W. Roach); (17) Resolutions on open-air schools adopted by the Fourth International Congress on School Hygiene; (18) Objects of the National Mouth Hygiene Association (W. G. Ebessole); (19) Methods of spreading the oralygiene propaganda (George F. Burke); (20) Control of dental caries in school children (P. B. McCullough); (21) Sight saving and brain building (F. Park Lewis); (22) School lighting (James Kerr); (23) Defective vision from the economic standpoint (Lewis C. Wessels); (24) History and present status of the movement (Louise Stevens Bryant); (25) The nutrition of school children (Ira S. Wile); (26) Teaching nutrition values through penny lunches (Mabel H. Kittredge); (27) Public opinion and sex hygiene (Charles W. Eliot); (28) The social emergency (William T. Foster); (29) Education versus punishment as a remedy for social evils (Hugh Cabot); (30) Points of attack in sex education (Thomas W. Balliet); (31) Character and the sex problem (Richard J. Tierney); (32) Some methods of teaching sex hygiene (Laura B. Garrett); (33) Child classification and child hygiene (Arnold Gesell); (34) The distinctive contribution of the psychoeducational clinic to the school hygiene movement (J. E. W. Wallin); (35) Mental hygiene in the school (William H. Burnham); (36) Effects of athletics upon health (C. F. Stokes); (37) School athletics from a medical standpoint (J. W. Kime); (38) Athletics of elementary schoolboys in Boston (Edgar L. Raub); (39) Problems of the teaching of hygiene (Lillian M. Towne); (40) Protection of student health in the College f the City of New York (Thomas A. Storey); (41) School health work in Mississippi (Susie V. Powell); (42) Museum cooperation in the teaching of hygiene and sanitation (C. E. A. Winslow); (43) An experiment in student control of school sanitation and hygiene (G. W. Hunter); (44) Improving hygiene conditions among the native school children of Alaska (William Hamilton); (45) Hygiene in the Philippine schools (A. J. McLaughlin); (46) How women's clubs can aid the hygiene movement (Elsa Denison); (47) The school and vital statistics (Franklin C. Gram); (48) Accident prevention as relating to child welfare (Marcus A. Dow); and (49) Intestinal parasites and the rural school (John A. Ferreli). An index is included. Individual sections contain footnotes. [Best copy available has been provided.]