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The article presents abstracts of the papers presented at the 63rd annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Saint. Louis, Missouri. The meeting took place in April 1967. The paper "Defense and the Morphology of Certain Settlements in the Western Mediterranean," discusses economic growth. Another paper "Approach to a Generating Model for Climatic Statistics," discusses a set of probability models for generating climatic statistics. After a brief review of previous work on this subject, a model based on moving waves superimposed, on standing waves in the zonal winds is outlined.

The primary purpose of this paper is to analyze the "determinants" of migration between Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) in the United States. The magnitudes in which various factors have influenced inter-SMSA migration are estimated both for the country as a whole and for individual SMSA's. The "migration elasticities" estimated for individual SMSA's are in turn used to test several additional hypo- theses concerning migrant behavior. Other similar migration studies have found "wrong" signs or insignificant coefficients on certain variables a priori thought to play a crucial role in the migration process. Finally, we present clues to the causes of such "surprising" results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colluvial mantles on the mountains of southwestern United States are believed to have formed during colder climates associated with the last glaciation. They imply mean temperatures 10-11°C. lower than those of today and a depression of the timber line by 1,300-1,400 meters. Evaporation rates were about half the present values and by estimating runoff it is possible to reconstruct the full-glacial hydrologic budget of Pleistocene closed lakes. Precipitation was eighty to ninety percent of present values and there was no glacial pluvial. Pollen data can be reconciled with the proposed cold dry climate which has modem homoclimes at higher altitudes and latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the role of U.S. government the development of weather modification programs. The federal government should enunciate national policies concerning weather modification activities within the country. The ultimate goal of weather modification would be the ability to control weather phenomena affecting the safety and economy of national activities. In addition, the government should promote research leaning to the description, prediction, and development of capabilities in modification of the atmosphere.

Continentality can be incorporated into traditional climatic classifications on a basis that is comprehensive, sensitive, consistent in its criteria, and orthogonal with respect to other classificatory criteria. Two oceanic (ultraoceanic and oceanic) and three continental (subcontinental, continental, and ultracontinental) subdivisions provide effective, yet efficient, resolution of the continentality spectrum. The major groups or extratropical climates, the global distributions of sea ice and permafrost, and the distribution of major vegetation types in Alaska are related to climate in traditional terms and in terms of continentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to present an explanation of the interstate migratory movements of white and nonwhite persons which occurred over the period 1955-1960. The study is similar to several other recent studies in that we estimate the magnitudes in which various factors have influenced interstate or interregional migration in the United States. It differs from earlier studies in two important respects. First, we estimate and compare the magnitudes in which certain factors have influenced both white and nonwhite interstate migration. Second, unlike previous studies, many of which have made "country-wide" estimates of the determinants of migration, we have disaggregated data to the state level and obtained white and nonwhite "migration elasticities" for every state. These elasticities are in turn used to test several additional hypotheses relating to racial and regional differences in the elasticities themselves. We argue that discrimination against nonwhites and/or differences in "social milieu" between South and nonsouth provide a unifying explanation for most of the observed differences in white and nonwhite migration elasticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the geography of southern Idaho. Location and salient features; Early exploration and settlement; Physiographic development and stages; Climate; Vegetation; Animal life; Natural resources; Transportation facilities; Industries; Physiographic work of man.

Focuses on the regional geography of southeastern Wyoming from the viewpoint of land classification. Drainage; Temperature; Wind; Precipitation; Other climatic elements; Soils; Water supply; Vegetation; Agricultural industries.

The article focuses on the prevailing winds of the U.S. The continental area of the U.S. lies almost entirely within what is generally known as a belt of prevailing westerly wind. These are members of the general atmospheric circulation. They would, however, blow from a general westerly direction much more distinctly if there were no North American continent with its seasonal changes of temperature and of pressure. The local influences of the changing seasonal pressures over the continent and over the adjacent oceans are, to a large extent, paramount to the general control over air movement exercised by the differences of pressure between the equator and the higher latitudes.

The article discusses the climatic cycles and treegrowths in the U.S. It highlights the ecologist interest in the correlation of treegrowth rainfall. According to that author, in dry climates, the ring thickness is proportional to the amount of rainfall in the year with an accuracy of seventy percent. It says that the trees were tabulated in groups of 10 or more, but a remarkable correspondence exists between individual trees of each group. It also says that double rings in the arid regions were found to be correlated with deficient winter snowfall, so that the tree had not enough water to continue forming its summer wood, and passed to forming autumn wood before the summer rains enabled it to start a fresh zone of wide elements.

The Purpose of this article is to point to some of the relations between structure, climate, and basin land forms in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona and to raise the question of the adequacy of the erosional-cycle concept as a tool in interpreting its geomorphic history. The San Pedro Valley in southeastern Arizona is about 120 miles long. The lower basins of the valley are relatively narrow, the surrounding mountain ranges being higher and closer together north of a constriction known as the Narrows than to the south. Deformation in the basins of the lower San Pedro Valley is indicated by the stratigraphic record and by topography.

Focuses on the riparian forests in Sacramento Valley, California. Plant associations consisting the pristine vegetation of the valley floor; Elimination of marsh vegetation from the valley by drainage and flood control; Conduciveness of the climate to flooding.

Focuses on the applicability of harmonic analysis on the study of precipitation patterns in the United States. Description of certain features of the precipitation climatology; Manner of transition from one rainfall type to another; Variations superimposed on the annual or semiannual terms.

Focuses on the study of Pleistocene glaciation of the high mountain ranges and of glacio-pluvial lakes in Colorado. Effect of past climates upon the development of landforms in the semiarid southwest; Investigation of landslides; Designation of stratigraphical scarps.

Focuses on the life and works of Charles F. Brooks, geographer in Minnesota. Educational background; Career history; Contributions of Charles F. Brooks in the study of climates.

Analyzes temperature data for Hawaii with respect to annual range of temperature, lag of the seasons after the solstices, shape of the annual temperature curve, and daily range of temperature and its annual variation. Marked temperature regions shown by each of the Hawaiian Islands; Annual curves of maximum and minimum temperatures; Measurements of sunshine and cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines laterite in relation to soils of the tropics by researchers from the U.S. Variance of soils in perennially hot and warm regions of low altitudes; Geographic line of division between soils of tropical regions and those of temperate climates; Control of precipitation effectiveness on the general type of vegetation.

That the Hawaiian climate is dominated by trade winds and orographic rainfall is a more than twice told tale. Averages with which climate is usually described fully bear out this simplicity. Northeasterly and easterly winds blow more than eighty per cent of the time in lower levels of the free air. Temperatures are so uniform that records are broken by a tenth of a Fahrenheit degree. lsohyets show a general pattern obviously related to relief. Windward and leeward station differ profoundly in precipitation and noticeably in temperatures. But averages by no means tell the whole story. Minor changes of weather are frequent. Though ignored by travelers used to middle latitude winters, they present problems as obscure as those of stormier climes.

Discusses the geographical aspects of the Ithaca Region, which is located in western, central New York at the southern end of Cayuga Lake. Physiographic development of the region; Climate; Settlements.