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The Occasional Paper is intended as a resource document and is designed to provide teachers of Asian studies with an authoritative study of education in the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1969 where educational effort focuses upon the needs of society rather than the individual. The first twenty years of the history of the People's Republic of China is categorized in terms of six distinct periods of educational reforms. Each of these six periods is analyzed by Dr. S. M. Hu according to its political emphases, educational policy and curriculum trends. The first period of 1949 to 1952 was a consolidation of the regime built, the second period of 1953 to 1957 concentrated on the Five-Year Plan with strong Soviet influence, the third period of 1958 to 1959 impressed the world with the movement of communes and the "Great Leap Forward," the fourth period of 1960 to 1963 proceeded cautiously with a "retrenchment" program, the fifth period of 1964 to 1965 marked by a sharp two-line Party struggle, and the sixth period of 1966 to 1969 alarmed the world with the "Great Cultural Revolution" which means to prepare a new breed of generation. (Author)

The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@westvirginia.libanswers.com or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 2617 M.H. Ross, Collector, Papers, 1930-1974. Broadsides, pamphlets, contracts, publications, ledgers, and letters on union activities and radical movements. Subjects included are mine safety, union organizing, and social justice.

In terms of Western political science or military doctrine it seems somewhat irrational that the leaders of Communist China should refer to great powers as “paper tigers.” It appears even more illogical that they should call atomic bombs “paper tigers,” especially when they themselves place the highest priority on the development of a nuclear capability. Yet, since the first Chinese nuclear explosion on October 16, 1964, the official Communist Press has again referred to the United States, Great Britain and the “revisionists” (both Khrushchev and the present leaders of the Soviet Union) as “paper tigers.” This same metaphor has also been applied to “imperialism” and “all reactionaries,” as well as to nuclear weapons, air-power and sea-power.

Students of Communism are often intrigued by the extremely "militant" line which the Chinese Communist leaders have taken in their international policies since the founding of the Chinese People's Republic in 1949.1 Although a good part of the aggressive policy of Communist China may be explained in traditional terms-the expansionism characteristic of any major nation at the height of its power-I have long entertained the belief that the foreign policy of a totalitarian regime such as Communist China is conditioned to a large extent by its internal problems.2 Yet because of the general inaccessibility of Chinese Communist source materials, the above hypothesis along with others relating to trends and developments on the Chinese mainland has long been impossible to test. On August 5, 1963, however, through the good offices of the U.S. Department of State, some secret Chinese Communist military papers labelled the "Bulletin of Activities," Kung-tso T'ung-hsln, hereafter referred to as K.T.T.H., were released to interested scholars. They have been accurately described as "one of the most important caches of material ever obtained from behind the Bamboo Curtain."3