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This paper describes an attempt to use a theoretical framework of social action to analyze and describe how a small community in the Lead Belt of Missouri acquired fire protection through volunteer group effort. The analysis showed that a theoretical social action model is a useful tool for studying the group processes involved in community development. The results indicate that a community development contest acts as a catalytic agent in stimulating volunteer group efforts toward the improvement of physical facilities in a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the preliminary program of the thirty-third annual meeting of the American Sociological Society to be held at Hotel Book Cadillac, Detroit, Michigan, from December 28-30, 1938. Papers to be presented on 28th include: "European Expansion and the Historical Process," by Robert E. Park, University of Chicago; and "The Negro in the State of Bahia, Brazil," by Donald Pierson, Fisk University. Papers to be presented on 29th include: "Social Participation and Social Intelligence," by F. Stuart Chapin, University of Minnesota; "Motivation of Human Actions in the Light of Time-Budget Data," by Pitirim A. Sorokin, Harvard University; and "Some Phases of Personality Development in Communities of White-Indian-Negro Mixture," by Guy B. Johnson, University of North Carolina. Papers to be presented on 30th include: "Objective Social Conditions, Social Status, and Corporate Organization," by Edward A. Shils, University of Chicago, and Herbert Goldhamer, Stanford University: and "The Professions and Social Structure," by Talcott Parsons, Harvard University.

The decade of the seventies thus far has witnessed a considerable amount of legislative attention directed at rural areas. Under the general heading or rural development no fewer than 48 bills were introduced in the first session of the 92nd Congress in the House of Representatives and 22 bills were introduced in the U.S. Senate. Few of these became law but the sheer numbers give some indication as to the political importance of the issues involved. The purpose of this paper is to focus on a portion of one of the most important pieces of rural development legislation, the Rural Development Act of 1972 (RDA-72). This article traces the legislative history and the philosophical assumptions of RDA-72 with particular regard to the provisions of rural industrialization in the U.S.

A regional development program will suggest different things to different individuals, and to all it is likely to suggest not a single program but a number of related programs focusing on a common objective. To a staff member of a development agency, a regional development program implies literally scores of individual programs ranging from those involving engineering projects to those basically educational in nature carried out co-operatively with educational and other regional institutions. Since these programs are neither comparable nor amenable to uniform methods of analysis, a complete discussion of criteria for their evaluation cannot be attempted in a paper such as this. Regional development purposes will be defined as a process resulting in a secular growth of regional output or real income. This, of course, is less than a comprehensive definition of regional development as many intangible aspects of development are not susceptible of measurement by a monetary yardstick. This growth can occur autonomously. It may be influenced also by the impact of national economic expansion imparted through the private sector of the economy. A regional development program, therefore, must be distinguished as an influence exogenous to the normal functioning of the private economy. For the purpose of this discussion, a regional development program will be defined as a public undertaking, most likely a governmental undertaking, one of whose primary objectives is to influence the underlying factors affecting regional output.

This paper describes and analyzes a field work experiment conducted by the Community Social Work Sequence, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, in which four graduate social work students worked in the offices of four legislators. The experiment was designed to test the general concept of the legislative Ombudsman as well as to determine whether social workers could fulfill this role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts of papers on community development and involvement in the U.S. are presented, including the article "The Forgottten Tiguas," by Betty MacNabb, "Problems of Community Action in Appalachia," by Robert W. Miller and Frederick Zeller and "Organizational Affiliation and Powerlessness: A Case Study of the Welfare Poor," by Helene Levens.

This article discusses Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) approach to sub-regional development. Tributary area development is essentially an approach which utilizes local interest and initiative, both governmental and private citizen, to carry forward a comprehensive resource development effort directed at uplifting the social and economic well-being of residents of sub-regions of the Tennessee Valley. The program concentrates on areas which have lagged behind the development pace of the rest of the Tennessee Valley, and TVA's role within this framework is to provide assistance to tributary organizations by building on and learning from experiences in earlier programs that were Valley-wide in scope. The purpose of this paper is to describe TVA's tributary area development program, review a few of its accomplishments, and suggest some problem areas for further consideration and research. TVA's first effort at working in the development of a multicounty tributary area began about 1939 in the Chestuee watershed in southeastern Tennessee.

The article presents information on various developments related to the field of rural sociology. The annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society will be held in New York City, during December 27-30, 1941, with headquarters at the Roosevelt Hotel. In another development, "The Southeastern Workshop in Community Development," will be held on the University Campus from June 9 to July 15, 1941. This workshop, directed by C.B. Loomis, will attempt to analyze and evaluate the five years experience of the Greenville County Council for Community Development. The main emphasis of the workshop will be on rural community development. The first two weeks will be spent in visitation and study of Greenville County and the work of the County Council. The next week is planned for a critical evaluation of the Council's work undertaken by several special subject committees on community, education, welfare, etc.

The article criticizes the book "Fear, War and the Bomb," written by P.M. S. Blackett which centers on how the economic status of various nation, specifically Russia and United States, will be affected by the advent of atomic power. According to the authors, Blackett's book points social scientists' inadequate attention on the economic implications of atomic power. They further state that the existing analyses on atomic power's economic consequences made them realize that they lack a clear understanding of regional economic development process which would have allowed them to examine the effect of technological change on specific economies.

The article focuses on the regional report "Population of the Northeast: Growth, Composition and Distribution, 1900-1950." The analysis is divided into three major sections: (1) changes in population and agriculture, 1900-1950; (2) selected population changes of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties, 1940-1950; (3) Characteristics of the population residence in urban and rural areas, 1950. Each of the sections of the report is accompanied by helpful tables and illustrated by well-designed charts. During this significant fifty years the percentage of population in urban centers increased from 63 to 77. The report is an excellent statistical and research reference for an area of the United States that includes very large urban centers, large mineral resources, forests with paper pulp, and lumber products, other large industries, and resort and vacation service centers. It will provide a significant basis for future research of regional population changes for many other areas in the country.

The article focuses on the message of the World Health Organization (WHO) which calls the greater participation of the people in health education in the U.S. for the past 25 years of service. WHO emphasized that health education is not a place only for few practitioners with a given skill but it is an area that needs people from all walks of life in the field of health activities and community developments. WHO had brought so many resolutions prepared by the WHO Executive Board and WHO Assembly that were recommended to all WHO programs and in the strengthening of the health education programs. The U.S. is a member of the organization and is therefore has a serious responsibility of the program.

This article looks into the significant growth in many small towns and rural areas adjacent to metropolitan regions in the U.S. The 1970 U.S. Census figures reveal that 17 states had nonmetropolitan growth rates in excess of 10 percent during the decade of the 1960s. Of these, seven are Western states namely Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, Colorado, Alaska and Nevada and eight are in the Northeast, which include Maryland, Delaware, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Connecticut. The two remaining states are Florida and Michigan. In addition to the objective indication of a resurgence of certain growth in rural areas, there is a stated subjective preference on the part of many Americans for small town and rural life.

Changes in relationships between the government and voluntary agencies as well as the organizational milieu will shape the future of voluntary service organizations in the United States. The author predicts the probable development of four different types of organizations that have emerged in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plans for an inventory of current social science research projects in community development were made at the 1960 meetings of the Committee on Community Research and Development of the Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP) in New York City. Morton Rubin, of Northeastern University, is in charge of the project. He is the vice-chairman and chairman-elect of the Committee. The principal programmed session at the meeting consisted of a research paper on the topic "Toward A Theory of Community Development," by Roland L. Warren, of the New York State Charities Aid Association. Marvin B. Sussman of Ohio State University, was the discussant. At another workshop meeting, Harold F. Kaufman, of Mississippi State University, led a discussion on the need for a book of readings in the community development field. It was agreed that such a book would serve a useful purpose and it was decided to consider a possible outline for such a book as a basis for one of the workshop sessions next year.

This article presents information on activities of the Committee on Community Development and Research of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, whose acting chairman is Alvin Scaff. At the Washington meetings of the Society the Committee reviewed paper of Robert Janes of University of Illinois, on factors related to successful action programs. The results will be published and circulated among committee members and others working in the community field. For the Seattle, Washington meetings the committee is reviewing a program on the general theme, "Implications of Government Spending" as it affects various types and sizes of communities. Robert Janes, was elected chairman and Alvin Scaff of Pomona College, vice-chairman.

The article presents information on the seminar on Community Development in Foreign Areas, which was held at Chapel Hill, North Carolina on December 27- 29, 1954. Some fifty specialists from many agencies and universities were in attendance to discuss this important aspect of assistance to underdeveloped areas of the world. Some of the papers presented in the seminar were: "Underlying Assumptions in Foreign Community Development," by Afif L. Tannous of Foreign Agricultural Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture; "The Scope of Development Work in Foreign Areas," by Arthur Raper, Foreign Operations Administration; "Physical Planning Aspects of Community Development in Foreign Areas," by Ernest Weissman, Housing and Town & Country Planning Section of the United Nations.

The article focuses on psychological aspects of civil defense. The concept of a "cold war" was a colorful one but it is not particularly definitive. Under ordinary, peacetime conditions the American public is not particularly concerned about major social issues. Review of literature suggest that as soon as a locality has a civil defense program there should be a definition of the various tasks and a system for screening volunteers should be set up with the advice of competent specialists. Programs of realistic public information, within the limits of national security, should be encouraged. These should be planned with the guidance of the U.S. Departments of State and Defence, the National Security Resources Board, the Atomic Energy Commission, and other responsible national and local agencies. All programs for mental hygiene and recreation should be encouraged. Officials, and others, who try to influence public opinion should first ascertain the state of current opinion. It is then possible to know where to start in order to have a chance to be effective.

Presents examples on how the local government and civic leaders work together in encouraging businesses to relocate in their communities. Benefits of the assistance received from the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce; Establishment of education, retraining programs; Problems encountered by companies who relocate to the suburbs.

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study according to which a rather clear-cut segregation of color groups is a "fact of life" within large cities in all parts of the U.S. The framework for this study was supplied some forty years ago by a group of sociologists working at the University of Chicago. One of these men--Professor Ernest W. Burgess set out an account of urban community development that came to be known as the concentric-zonal hypothesis. His hypothesis represented an attempt to describe so inc consequences of growth and radial expansion for changing land uses, residential and nonresidential, and his stylized map of Chicago has been frequently reproduced, appearing again and again in social science textbooks. In part, of course, the residential segregation of color groups is a class phenomenon. Despite recent advances in income, for example, most Negroes simply cannot afford life in "suburbia," no matter how much they might like to move out of the crowded ghettos of the metropolitan centers.

American sociologists, in the last half century, have devoted increasing attention to the empirical study of socio-cultural phenomena in localized areas, variously referred to as neighborhoods, towns, cities, communities, regions. No matter what the unit, it was assumed to be an organized structural and functional entity with spatial, temporal, and sociological dimensions. The development of research within this general framework may be divided into three main periods. The first lasted from about 1895 to 1915, the second from 1915 to 1930, and the third from 1930 to the present. The first period was marked by an emergent interest in the city as the natural laboratory of social science. The character of this interest was essentially normative. Consequently, students approached their problems with a set of implicit assumptions as a guide to what they thought community life ought to be; they compared what they saw in the living community with an ideal construct and found that the concrete realities were not congruous with their cherished abstractions. Therefore, since the ideal was assumed to be the normal, the real must be abnormal. Value judgments were implicit in this frame of reference, one of which was the assumption that the role of the investigator was to expose the situation he investigated and to improve it; that is, to make the real like the ideal community.

Houses, roads and telephone lines can be built and rebuilt. Communities cannot. Construction engineers, efficiency experts, classical economists and others who are accustomed to orienting their thinking in terms of logically developed formulas, plans and specifications have been justly accused of thinking of people in very unrealistic terms. The fact that communities cannot be built need not mean resignation to the status quo. Social processes and change can be nurtured. The distinction between plans and quick building or construction, on the one hand and ideas and their slow nurture and unfolding, on the other, is fundamental because experience and history have shown that it is usually lost sight of by impatient people who attempt to change society. Planned revitalizing of community life must take into consideration the cultural backgrounds of the people involved. Existing cultural traits or processes should be used where possible in the nurturing of community development. Cooperatives and other group programs must be developed gradually if the patterns and required group integration for such action are not already in existence.

Focuses on the regional development of the West Shawano Upland of Wisconsin. Geographical location of the West Shawano Upland; Reasons for settlement of the West Shawano Upland; Relationships of cultural and natural forms to bordering regions.

The article discusses studies conducted by the author related to the development of Rural Sociology outside the United States. The author had used the American model on which he had based his study and found it the legitimate approach. He focuses on the case of India, where the Rural Development Program was launched in the 1950s. The author presents views of an Indian Sociologist, who clarified the non-participation of sociologists in rural development in the country. The author then goes on to discuss the Purnell Bill to provide funds for social research. The author found out in his studies that the development of rural sociology, whether in the United States, in other countries where rural sociology is emerging as a scientific discipline, or in countries where it has not emerged at all, the one basic reason for the phenomena is the difference between the societies and not the difference between the task and the function of rural sociology. In the developing nations the operating programs of reform are revealing to the elites whereas identification with the rural people is required.

The article presents information on various workshops, meetings and announcements. The Department of Sociology and Anthropology at University Laval has initiated a two-year doctoral program in regional planning and community development. The National Agricultural Extension Center for Advanced Study cooperated with the State Extension Services and the Federal Extension Service, USDA, in planning and conducting the Eighth National Cooperative Extension Administrative Seminar held at the University of Wisconsin on May 3-6, 1965. The Office of Economic Opportunity and the Cooperative State Research Service held a joint meeting February 26-27. Washington State University has established a new position of Family Life Education Specialist. A new permanent position at the Assistant Professor level has been created at Texas A & M University. Volunteers in Service to America seeks persons over 18 years of age who are willing to spend a year living and working in poverty areas of the U.S. and its territories.

Rural sociology came into existence in response to a need for understanding the conditions and problems of rural life. The early textbooks in the subject emphasized a wide variety of social problems in rural areas, but the main topics in these, and in the later textbooks as well, dealt with population composition and population change, the influence of occupation (farming), group relations, and rural social institutions. Research in rural sociology has evolved through various periods of development. They are: (1) the pre-Purnell period which ended in 1925, (2) the depression period in the nineteen-thirties, (3) the war period, and (4) the postwar period. The latter period is characterized by more intensive research in various areas and by the addition of new areas such as social action and the socioeconomic aspects of farming. Extension work in rural sociology is increasing in importance. In addition to work in conferences and short courses, consultation with community leaders and extension personnel is becoming an important part of rural sociology extension. In many ways extension work is in the vanguard of all work in rural sociology. This is illustrated by rural development programs in the United States and by community development programs in foreign countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elements of a social system are also, in a sense, the components of change. The Loomis and Beegle listing of "elements" is adopted here: end, norm, status-role, power, rank, sanction, facility, and territoriality. Suggested applications to Pakistanian culture of observed situations and practices in the United States are discussed with respect to their involvement of these designated components. The changes proposed relate to the "dignity of labor," use of mosques, volunteer leadership, water-storage ponds, developing "village businessmen," family planning, kitchen improvement, land division, health education, and farm supply co-operatives. The purpose of the discussion is to illustrate and emphasize the crucial importance of social components in whatever changes are proposed under the aegis of "community development." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Great Plains there is a clustering of social and economic activity around two major situations--the Sutland and the Yonland--which give character and identity to adjacent parts. To understand social phenomena in the region, to plan and guide social activities and processes, it is necessary to consider these two situations. In addition, because space is so great in the Plains, it represents a cost--a social cost. To keep this social cost within reason, it is necessary to have the Sutland and the Yonland function as separate entities for some things, but to have a high degree of interdependence in other things. To accomplish this, certain new institutional patterns and forms of social organization are emerging and must be improved upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One purpose of a recent study of the acceptance of farm practices and programs in the Piedmont community of North Carolina was to determine the personal-social characteristics of those who were the first to adopt improved practices in the community. But the original hypothesis of the study seemed to be an inadequate explanation of the initial adoption of improved practices in the community. Hence, an attempt was made to identify those farmers who were the first to adopt certain practices in the community. The result was a group of community innovators and a group of neighborhood innovators. An important distinguishing characteristic of the community innovators was their contact outside the community. A distinctive feature of the neighborhood innovators was that they almost always gave agricultural agencies, farm magazines or other extra-community sources for information about improved farm practices. The stability of the two groups in the community was regarded as their most important distinction.

The article sets down some of the unanswered social questions that arise in the present day process of housing and community development in America. It incorporates the suggestions of a fairly representative group of people professionally concerned with housing and city planning. Although the detailed form and emphasis are necessarily the author's, there was remarkable unanimity as to the main issues that puzzle us. A number of recent proposals for research programs in the general field of housing and urbanism provide substantial added support. In presenting this survey, which is essentially a plea for help from social scientists, certain qualifications should be stressed. First, the "social" issues here thoroughly outlined are by no means the only unanswered questions that confront housing and planning practitioners. Second, what seems is not just another group of independent specialists, a priesthood of "advanced social research," to get off by themselves and try to produce "answers" in this regard.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the thesis that African Americans are effectively excluded from the decision making process in the community level. The study focuses on a research of black powerlessness in Chicago that evaluates the extent to which Blacks are excluded from positions of influence in major institutional sectors. Their findings indicated that Negroes occupied only 2.6 percent of the top making policy-making decisions in the Chicago area. Black representation in Chicago was greatest in the elected public sector, welfare and religious voluntary organization and industrial unions. There was a virtual absence of Black representation in the policy-making positions of the private institutions such as business corporations, banks, insurance companies and universities. The research tests the hypothesis by examining the degree to which Blacks are found in key policy-making positions in the Milwaukee and Wisconsin metropolitan areas. A total of 4.930 policy-making positions in the business, public government ,academic and voluntary sectors were identified including the number of blacks holding the policy-making positions.

This article presents news related to public administration in the U.S., as of April 2001. The rapid proliferation of federally sponsored programs to assist communities in many ways has been accompanied by administrative confusion in Washington and in the communities being helped. The article examines problems of community planning and development. If there is to be a single system of coordination at the community level, embracing the multicounty organizations for non-metropolitan areas and the model cities mechanism for urban programs, then there must be a single point of leadership and coordination in the federal government. The inability of state governments to assume their necessary role in the solution of national problems must itself be recognized as a national problem, and one that must be approached and solved through national action like any other national problem. The article also presents comments on the reorganization plan of 1970 proposed by U.S. President Richard Nixon. Reorganization plan has the merit of ending a prolonged and costly inertia in the development of the presidential office.

The article discusses the nature of the citizens' action in the United States. A great many people of the United States are ready and eager to devote some of their time and energy to dealing with governmental and other community problems. Through the years the National Municipal League and other organizations devoted to specific fields of civic concern planning, the merit system, community development, and the like have enlisted the talents of many distinguished men and women. The League, through the National Municipal Review and other publications, through The American City magazine, have for many years reported important citizen as well as official action for finer cities. Baltimore, Maryland, spent seven years developing a new approach to the elimination of poor housing. In Chicago, Illinois, thousands of volunteers made detailed surveys of the neighborhood around the University of Chicago area to develop a plan to fight the decay caused by creeping slums. Citizen action brought new industry to Richmond, California, began the process of replacing the temporary wartime housing with permanent structures, built schools and a civic center, and strengthened the merit system and administrative structure under their 1920 council- manager charter.

The article discusses about the image of the social worker in the community and in the profession. As far as the community is concerned, it should be pointed out that, whatever variations may exist among subgroups, most of them are composed of people who have never received the services that social workers render. The first element of tradition about social workers is that they transmit to their clients tangible goods. They are visualized as delegates of the community trusted with dispensing charity. Another interesting phenomenon in American life is the evaluation of professional prestige in accordance with the status of the clients served. As to the self-image of the profession, it is fair to say that it is more negative than the self-image of most other professions. There is, first of all, complaint by leaders in the field about the inability of the profession to state clearly what knowledge, skill and values are needed for every social worker for basic competence and practice. Although social workers may have a poor image of their professional status and performance, rare indeed is the social worker who does not know that there is a personnel shortage in this field. No matter how unsatisfactory public appropriations or the results of fund-raising campaigns may be, social workers know that there are several jobs waiting for every one in the field.

The article focuses on the Family-centered Project of the Greater St. Paul Community Chest and Council in St. Paul, Minnesota. The story of the project is more than a story about research and treatment of multi-problem families. It is the story of how a community was stimulated and organized to retain its focus for a period of ten years on one project in competition with the regular duties of the day and other important community programs. The story reveals a community's concern about those families in its midst who were so beset by a multiplicity of problems that, despite the best efforts of both voluntary and public social agencies over a period of years, they still required a large share of the total community welfare services. It is also the story of a community's search for some better plan of treatment for these families. The story of the project has been the story of a co-operative enterprise undertaken by all the agencies that had been concerned about these families in an effort to work out together a better plan for treating them.

The article presents a discussion on the experience of the Office of Community War Services (OCWS) of the U.S. during the war years. The OCWS was created by Executive Order on April 29, 1943. The first work of this office had been with problems of recreation, health, and welfare created in communities by the nearness to military encampments. Later, as war production increased, there was a strain on some communities because of population congestion in both established cities and boom towns. Regarding the roles that were played in relations with other agencies and with local communities by OCWS, first was that of the secretariat or clearing house. Another role was that of convenor or mediator. Yet another type of function can be described as that of attorney or advocate on behalf of local communities. A final role was that of consultant or adviser. The OCWS experience indicates the values of coordination at the regional level of Federal agency operations, where special devices for circulating information and for consultation between Federal and State agencies on plans affecting local communities not only made for a greater degree of administrative smoothness but also resulted in the pooling of experience and combination of intelligence on the part of various technical specialists.

When a college adopts analysis and development of the surrounding community as one of its functions, the sociologist has a social laboratory to enrich his teaching, a laboratory not merely for theoretical research but for analysis which can be immediately tested for its soundness and effectiveness in resultant social action, a laboratory in which social action itself can be studied with variables controlled in so far as this is possible in social research. Few attempts by a college to become a force in its community have been as seriously undertaken as that by Furman University through the Greenville County Council for Community Development in South Carolina. There has been considerable activity in the field of education. Through the council and its contacts with national educational foundations, the Parker District schools, already nationally recognized, have further developed a progressive education program and the Greenville City schools have concentrated on a thorough evaluation and reorientation of their work. Improvement of the rural schools of the county has been outstanding and is now under the guidance of a rural school supervisor.

This article focuses on the interrelationship of adult education and community development in the U.S. The Adult Education Association of the U.S.A. has made a central point of the place of the local community in adult education. The report of the Association's Committee on Social Philosophy and Direct Finding stated as its main principle that the focus of adult education is the local community. A similar emphasis characterized the earlier report of a Committee of the American Association for Adult Education. The radio program, "The People Act," financed by the Fund for Adult Education of the Ford Foundation, gave wide publicity to the importance of community development.

This article focuses on selected factors associated with population growth due to net migration in the United States. Study of spatial aspects of migration is an important component of population geography. Geographers, as well as other social scientists, have used many different approaches in attempting to explain the observed movement of people. The study of net migration, rather than of actual in and out migration, is, in part, necessitated by the nature of the existing data. The findings from this analysis revealed that the amount of spatial variation in population growth due to net migration which was accounted for by the use of the regional grouping increased from 47.4 to 52.8 percent.

Focuses on the circulation and land settlement patterns of the Calumet Region of Northwest Indiana and Northeast Illinois. Method used to gain intelligible time and space perspective of Calumet pioneer for regional development; Implication of environmental elements and their relationships for the study; Factors regarding pioneer circulation and settlement.

The article discusses the factors inhibiting the development of the Appalachian region. Appalachia, as defined by the Appalachian Regional Commission, is to some extent a political conglomeration of Appalachias. The annual rate of employment change for Appalachia between 1962 and 1965 was 2.3 percent as opposed to 3.2 percent for the U.S with the Appalachian portions of Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia registering slower growth rates than the U.S. The total population in the Appalachian region in 1960 exceeded 15 million, but only 47.5 percent of this population was classified as being urban. The region suffered an absolute population decline of 3.1 percent in metropolitan areas and 5.1 percent in non metropolitan areas during the 1950 to 1960 census for persons 18 to 64 years of age, the economically-productive age group. Factors such as non-standard transportation system, paucity of public investment, the antiquated governmental structure and the industrial structure inhibited the growth of West Virginia. The transportation and communication systems constitute the major integrating factors in a market system. It is largely the development of the transportation system that furnishes the more important location factors in a market-directed economy. The close relationship between the transportation and communication systems and industrial location reflects the impact of national transportation policy on regional growth.