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A conference paper about the difficulties in reaching Latin American consumers through advertising is presented. The author believes that advertisers in the United States must be careful not to group Latin American countries together. He believes that in terms of advertising, countries should be dealt with on an individual basis due to differences in the availability of marketing information.

This article focuses on the trend of the birth rate in India between the period 1911 to 1950. The Government of India, in connection with the Census of 1951, has published a report entitled Estimation of Birth and Death Rates in India during 1941-50. In this report the actuaries associated with the census of 1951 have analysed a mass of material and have tried to arrive at firm estimates of the birth and death rates for different regions of India during 1941-50. Economist Kingsley Davis has also tried to compute birth estimates for the major provinces of India during 1926-30. These two publications thus enable you to examine two independently estimated rates of omission in the two decades, i.e. 1926-30 and 1941-50. In the present paper it will be shown that the formula devised for West Bengal is valid for a much larger area, comprising the provinces of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The rates of omission estimated by the author's formula for 1921-30 will be compared with the corresponding rates of omission for 1926-30 as estimated by Kingsley Davis, and it will be shown that in all the cases the two agree quite closely.

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The article presents author's comments on the research paper "Marital Stability and Patterns of Status Variables," by Jessie Bernard. According to the author, this paper has raised many intriguing questions concerning the relation of three master socioeconomic variables to marital stability, most interesting being the racial differences in marital stability. The author further hypothesize that an additional set of demographic variables not available in this census tabulation are very influential in relation to marital stability. The first has to do with fertility and family size and the other factor is the influence of social mobility. The author finally comments that, this paper deals with social systems variables and the writer has confined his comments to suggesting other social system variables which could help one understand the significance of race as a source of variance in marital stability. Other kinds of data, which unfortunately are not so neatly organized into tables, must be taken into account if one is to develop adequate models for the cultural and psychological levels of analysis of the great difference in marital stability between Whites and African Americans.

A systematic theory of the nature of suburban social structure within an organizational frame of reference is subjected to an empirical test. Major hypotheses derived from the general theory were supported by the analysis. A methodological contribution was achieved by combining analysis of census data with analysis of sample survey data. A chain of relationships between social structure and politics has been demonstrated through interposition of organizational theory between the regularities of mass data at the census tract level and of individual data at the sample survey level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with analyzing one structural source of pressure for wives to contribute to family income. This is the "life-cycle squeeze"--the situation where a man's resources are inadequate to meet the needs engendered by the number and ages of his children. Studies of how economic needs vary by family life-cycle stage indicate that one high point of need occurs when men are in their forties and early fifties. However, 1960 Census data on earnings patterns by age indicate that in only relatively high-level professional, managerial and sales occupations do average earnings peak at the same time family income needs are peaking. For most blue-collar and many medium- and low-level white collar occupations, median earnings are highest for younger men, and men at an age when family costs are at their maximum are earning somewhat less, on the average. As a consequence, the families of such men run the risk of a deterioration in their level of living unless an additional income is brought into the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies of American communities have found that status decentralization tends to be the dominant pattern for larger communities undergoing population growth and geographic expansion. Comparative research by Sjoberg and others indicates, however, that the dominant pattern in preindustrial societies has been for status to be centralized rather than decentralized fri the larger communities. An inverse Burgess zonal model thus appears to apply In preindustrial communities. The purpose of this paper Is to test the Sjoberg model of the preindustrial city using census data from Moscow in 1897, a major world city that has not been researched for Its implications on the theory of urban structure. Data on estates, literacy, education and occupation indicate a centralized status system. Indexes of "disorganization" that reflect a decentralized pattern are the sex ratio, percent with certain physical defects and emotional disorders, and the rate of divorce. The distributional patterns of the socioeconomic status and disorganization hi prerevolutionary Moscow were thus consistent with the Sjoberg model of the preindustrial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses that any attempt to coordinate or give an overview of three papers about the 1970 census would result in a very contrived product. They are three independent papers about three very different aspects of the forthcoming census. A prerequisite of a census is that it cover the entire population under study. Only after there is an assurance that this has been achieved does the importance of accurate information on any given subject loom large. By the measures now employed, the United States censuses have generally met the prerequisite. Techniques available for measuring completeness of the census count are limited. In 1950 and 1960 post-census evaluation sample surveys were conducted; checks were made against other sources of information, such as birth registration records; and demographic analyses were employed. The second coverage-improvement method already incorporated in the design of the 1970 census by 1966 was the use of an address register. In past censuses, enumerators were told to cover their assigned areas completely, but controls on their canvassing operation were less effective than they should have been. By comparison, the 1970 method has a number of sequential checks and built-in controls.

This paper studies the design effect of counting rules, for linking deaths to housing units where they are enumerated in the survey, on the sampling variance of dual system and single system estimators of death registration completeness. It investigates estimators based on conventional rules that uniquely link each death to a single housing unit as well as estimators based on multiplicity rules which permit deaths to be linked to more than one housing unit. Sampling variance formulas are derived containing parameters that reflect the efficiency of the counting rule. Estimates of these parameters for different counting rules are compared utilizing information that was collected in a mortality survey experiment. Finally, the design of a national death registration test is considered and the sample size implications of different counting rules are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anthropologists have begun to realize the importance of demographic data for their inquiries, especially in the study of primitive economics. But the knowledge of primitive population structures is most inadequate. In the case of Africa, official statistics are of little help. Thus anthropologists have had to be their own demographers, in however rough-and-ready a fashion. From the demographer's point of view such amateur investigations have serious defects. As sociologists Enid Charles and C. Daryll Forde point out in a paper analyzing some population data from the village of Umor in Southeastern Nigeria, an anthropologist's demographic data. are usually derived from an unofficial census limited to a single occasion. Their reliability is further, limited by the smallness of the samples and the difficulty of ascertaining exact ages, or birth and mortality rates. The data leave little doubt that the Tallensi have been maintaining their numbers during the past fifty years or so, and have probably been increasing moderately. The data show, also, that other things remaining equal, the provision of medical add hygienic services that would rapidly reduce the mortality rates would lead to a rapid increase of population on a considerable scale. Unless the present very low level of food production is simultaneously raised or other economic outlets than the native subsistence farming are provided, a rapid reduction in mortality rates in this area would soon produce a crisis of over-population.

This paper demonstrates that in Malaya the results of testing birth registration completeness according to the conventional method which involves a comparison of an independently estimated child population with the corresponding census population does not yield satisfactory results. This is because the assumptions underlying this method are not quite tenable under Malayan conditions. A minor modification of the method by taking into consideration Singapore-Malaya migration does not seem to have completely eliminated the shortcomings of the method. A new method utilizing data on the number of children ever born to women in the two post-war censuses taken in 1947 and 1957 is presented in this paper. It is ascertained that marked variation in the extent of under registration of births existed between the three principal races, viz. Malays, Chinese and Indians, and between the eleven States. Some of the important reasons for this variation may be traced to the differences in the rate of literacy, the number of years spent in school, the degree of urbanization and the proportion of the population residing in estates.

In this paper, the author sketches one time segment of an adjustment history. An earlier paper in the periodical "American Sociological Review," surveyed the background of the problem and indicated the methodological and circumstantial justifications for orienting the study to an examination of the familial complex in the U.S. The period to be discussed here begins with the establishment of the population in relocation centers which was completed on November 1, 1942, eleven months after Pearl Harbor and seven months alter the evacuation began. It ends in January 1945 with the opening of the Pacific Coast to relocation. Subsequent events will merely be touched upon. The data upon which this study is based are chiefly of two sorts. The first is a structural analysis of the records of 3000 families, one tenth of those registered at the time of evacuation. Seventy per cent of these family records were extensively supplemented in the field from the files of the War Relocation Authority, and provide the quantitative documentation.

The article focuses on the social and cultural change in the plantation area in the U.S. While quantitative evidence of change in demographic, economic, educational, religious, and political aspects of plantation area culture and society can be studied through census reports and other documents, this paper focuses on the functional interrelationships in a period of change, through qualitative analysis based on participant observation field study, interviews, and the study of documents. The author spent the year 1947-48 in a typical plantation county and has revisited there several times since, once as recently as the fall of 1953. While the case method approach yields rich functional evidence of change, still it is one-dimensional ecologically. It is hoped to undertake further case research in the Plantation Area, so as to gain perspectives of both space and time. Socio-cultural change is functionally interrelated with ecological, demographic, social structural, and foreign or culture contact components of a situation. Culture is the way by which men adjust to the components of their situation. Changes in the components of situations give rise to new needs for human adjustment via cultural change.

In early 1973, the Bureau of the Census announced the discontinuation of the Survey of Consumer Buying Expectations. The Bureau of the Census had conducted quarterly surveys of buying plans since January 1959; first, through the Quarterly Survey of Consumer Buying Intentions (QSI) and, since 1967, through the Survey of Consumer Buying Expectations (CBE). This article describes the development of the Federal program and summarizes the evidence that led to the decision to discontinue the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on installment credit sales for durable consumer goods in the U.S. The author focuses on analyzing statistics, associated with installment selling, provided by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Commerce. It is suggested that durable consumer goods account for the largest percentage of installment credit sales because they maintain their resale value long after their initial purchase. It is further proposed that installment plans have made expensive commercials goods, such as automobiles, accessible to lower income consumers.

As a follow-up on the studies by Dorn and Beale, this paper examines differences between Iowa counties with natural decrease and those with natural increase and analyzes the part that migration and fertility played in bringing about an excess of deaths over births in Iowa counties. The county groups are distinctly different in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Out-migration as a mode of response adopted by the rural population in Iowa is by far the most dominant factor leading to natural decrease. Sustained net out-migration is more likely to touch off natural decrease in counties of comparatively low fertility than in those with higher fertility. Low fertility is, therefore, a contributing factor to the imbalance between births and deaths, but the amount of influence of fertility adjustment over the fertility differentials among county groups cannot be ascertained in this study because of the correlation between fertility and Catholic Church membership in counties. The data of this study were obtained from the population censuses and vital statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests a set of hypotheses about the impact of urbanization and geographical mobility on the linguistic Russification of 46 Soviet nationalities. The hypotheses are based on theoretical literature regarding the differing career aspirations of urban and rural residents, Soviet policies of providing native-language cultural facilities to non-Russian groups, and the probable levels of contact between non-Russians and Russians in specific residential settings. The data are aggregate data on place of residence, nationality, and native language derived from the 1959 Soviet Census. It is shown that (a) both urbanization and geographical dispersion have substantial Russificatory effects, (b) geographical dispersion (residence outside the official national area of the group) alone has a stronger impact on Russification than does urban residence, and (c) residence inside the official national territory partially suppresses what might otherwise be an even stronger Russificatory effect of urbanization, so that (d) urban residence and residence outside the official national area interact to produce a higher level of Russification than one might predict on the basis of the simple additive effects of urban and outside residence. It is a]so shown that males are more highly Russified than females in all of the residential settings examined but that these differences are quite small, especially for urbanites and residents outside the official national area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the effects on future occupational achievement and mobility levels of maintaining current class differences in fertility. Separate computations are made for the white and non-white populations, under the assumption that both groups are henceforth subject to the mobility regime of all men recorded in the 1962 Current Population Survey. Because fertility differentials are larger in the non-white population, maintaining them has a greater impact on this group. Differential fertility reduces the proportion of non-white men in the top three occupational groups by 10-11% in the second generation and beyond, and raises the. proportion in the bottom three groups by 21-23%. Eliminating unwanted fertility from recorded class differences largely removes the effect of differential fertility on occupational distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the use of the Current Population Survey, or CPS, for the evaluation of income support programs. Problems and drawbacks with use of CPS; Description of the system of federal income support as of 1974; Improvements of the CPS. INSET: BIOGRAPHY.

This paper describes a method of estimating the number of marriages during an inter-censal period among a group of never-married persons. Two alternative procedures are suggested: the first based on data on the never-married category and the second based on data on the ever-married category. The essential data needed are marital distributions by quinquennial age-groups from two successive censuses. The marital data from the 1951 and 1961 censuses of India are used to discuss the methodological problems involved in the estimation of marriage frequencies and in the construction of nuptiality tables based on them. Marriage and death are taken as the two attrition factors for decrement of single population. Gross and Net Attrition Tables for the single population of India are constructed for each sex. Section 5 describes various nuptiality measures derived from the Attrition Tables. It is suggested that the approach developed in this paper can be utilized for reliable marital and, subsequently, fertility projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the status of population growth in the Visayan region in the Philippines in 1960. The article uses the results of the 1960 population census, by provinces, to show the relevant uses of statistical techniques in the estimation of population. One of the most important statistical uses of census results is to provide a sampling frame for surveys. The Visayan region includes the provinces of Aklan, Antique, Bohol, Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte, Masbate, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Palawan, Romblon, and Samar. The 1960 population census is tabulated by barrios in each municipality. Municipalities can be considered as strata and the barrios as the units in each stratum. One statistical tool that is effective in the preparation of homogenous strata is the use of paper strata. This technique consists of arranging the barrios according to increasing or decreasing population count. The strata with the smallest and the largest mean population count and the strata for the provinces of Palawan and Romblon have high coefficient of variation. For the rest of the strata, the range of the coefficient of variation is between 6 per cent and 13 per cent. The use of paper strata definitely will increase statistical efficiency in the estimation of total population count of a province.

This paper presents some previously unpublished data from the Current Population Survey's 1957 interview sample on religion. All of the available data from this sample have now been published. Our review of these data indicates that there has been a structural convergence between white Protestants and Catholics, but that the Jews and blacks have not been parties to this convergence. The necessity for future questions on religion on both the monthly Current Population Survey and the decennial census is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine, with the use of census data, the extent to which variables associated with income and with ecological aspects of urbanism or rurality determine migration. Because most relationships between such variables and migration have been examined previously, and because these variables are known to be related to each other, then the influence of each variable on migration in the light of the remaining variables will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the growth of metropolitan central cities and rings in the United States, 1960-1970, according to preliminary 1970 census data. The present study undertakes an analysis of 1960 and "preliminary" 1970 census data for 230 Standard Metropolitian Statistical Areas in the United States. Prior research on the 1950's showed the extent to which the suburban "ring" -that part of the SMSA outside the politically-bounded central city-was capturing an overwhelming share of metropolitian growth. This was especially evident when the effect of city annexation of ring territory was taken into account. This paper examines the growth and redistribution of metropolitian population, comparing the 1950's with the 1960's, using data that have not been adjusted for annexation. All present indications of the extent. s.uburbanization in the 60's are thus conservative estimates. When data on the territory and population annexed between 1950 and 1960 become available, the already substantial suburbanization in the 1960's will be more. evident. The 1960's were marked by the lowest rates of metropolitian and nonmetropolitan growth since the 1930's, but the process of suburbanization continued apace. Indexes of (1) metropolitian and nonmetropolitian growth and (2) central city and ring growth were presented for the 1950's and 1960's. Despite the lower rates of overall metropolitian growth in the 1960's, suburbanization was a persistent trend.. Moreover, suburbanization continued to show variation in accordance with three key variables: (1) regional and divisional location, (2) size of the SMSA, and (3) age of the central city (as indicated by the date at which the city first contained 50,000 inhabitants). Analyst of other variables of interest will have to await the availability of the requisite "final" counts of numbers and characteristics of the 1970 population from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a socioeconomic occupational grouping of the foreign-born gainful workers of the United States at each census from 1870 through 1930. This series is then used to estimate the net immigration of gainful workers into the United States during each of the six decades from 1870 to 1930 cross classified by occupational group and sex. The following three conclusions are then drawn from the above two series. First, the socioeconomic position of the foreign-born population of the United States remained relatively stable from 1870 to 1910 but then increased appreciably from 1910 to 1930. Second, although most of the contribution that immigration made to the United States labor force was in the form of semiskilled and unskilled workers, the relative importance of professional, clerical, and skilled workers increased almost continuously from 1870 to 1930. Third, the "new immigration" was not less skilled than the "old immigration". On the contrary it was actually more skilled than the "old immigration". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers social and economic correlates of age-specific 1950-1960 net migration of Negro males from a sample of 150 southern counties. A model is developed with five components: (1) economic activity and urbanization, (2) white traditionalism, (3) demographic and ecological pressure, (4) nonwhite poverty, and (5) nonwhite home ownership. The dominant migration forces, as evidenced by correlations with component indicator variables, are the "pull" factor of change in non-primary industrial employment, the "push" factor of population pressure in the nonwhite rural-farm sector, and the "push" of white traditionalism. However, the significance of model components varied when analyzed along age and industrial development continua. In the younger age groupings, industrial employment growth, population pressure, and white traditionalism were dominant migratory forces while in the older age groupings, industrial employment growth and non-home ownership were most significant. For Negro males in agricultural counties, the major migration propellents appeared to be the "push" of population pressure in the rural farm sector and non-ownership of homes. On the other hand the statistical explanation for Negro migration in more industrialized southern counties rests primarily with the "pull" of increased employment in non-primary industries along with population pressure. The importance of the findings for migration theory is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical development of the live born infant is the single most important variable governing its survival: infant mortality among those weighing 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds) or less at birth is 17 times the mortality among those weighing more than 2,500 grams at birth. The variation in mortality according to birth weight (or gestation) is greater than for subclasses of color, sex, maternal age, or birth order. Infant mortality in the United States is significantly higher than in a number of other countries e.g., Sweden, Netherlands, Norway. The difference is thought, by some, to be due to underregistration of low birth weight infants in other countries. In this paper, distributions of live births by birth weight for Denmark, England and Wales, New Zealand, and the United States, and infant mortality data for Denmark and the United States are examined. The data do not support a hypothesis of gross underregistration of live born infants in other countries. The results indicate that some index of physical development (birth weight, gestation, or a combination of both) should be included in any appraisal of infant mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article summarizes findings on the nature of long swings or Kuznets cycles in the growth of U.S. population and labor force and on their apparent cause-effect relations in the period prior to World War I to similar movements in the rate of economic development. Many of the findings for population and labor force are based on the decennial population censuses of 1870 to 1950. The timing of the censuses during this period occurred sufficiently close to turning points in the demographic swings to permit use of this valuable detailed source. The growth of both population and labor force has been characterized by roughly synchronous long swings since at least 1870 and probably since early in the nineteenth century. The swings were typically of substantial amplitude and averaged around 15-25 years in duration. The color-nativity components of population and labor force reflect the predominant influence that immigration has typically played in the swings. Historically the swings are most apparent in the growth of the foreign born population and labor force.

The article focuses on the farm population and differential fertility. Recent studies have suggested that within the non-farm population the classic pattern of differential fertility is confined to couples in which one or both spouses grew up on the farm. Neither study provides national data on couples with completed fertility. The present paper fills these gaps of demographic information. The data come from the March 1962 Current Population Survey of the Bureau of the Census, in which standard information on cumulative fertility was collected. The Occupational Changes in Generation (OCG), which asked each male respondent 20-64 years old to state the occupation of his father and his father-in-law. Questionnaires were completed by five-sixths of the eligible respondents, after a sub-sample of initial non-respondents was followed up so that unbiased estimates could be calculated. The OCG questionnaire asked the respondents to indicate the kind of work their father or other person who was the head of the family did when they were about 16 years old.

The article presents a paper that attempts to summarize briefly and appraise the available information on educational achievement and family stability, with particular attention to divorce, and in addition offers some new findings drawn from a study of 4,648 divorces recorded in Atlanta and Macon, Georgia. The idea of family stability fundamentally refers to the unity of the family as a going concern. Although population census data have been widely used to show a relationship between family stability and education, very few researchers and textbook writers have inquired into the serious limitations and deficiencies of census data in this regard. The events themselves--namely divorce and desertion--have not been studied directly from official registrations. In line with the pattern of birth and death registration, the practice is not to ask for educational background in marriage and divorce registration in the United States. Academicians and other professional persons favor getting such information, but the state and local registrars are opposed to the idea because of anticipated resistance and resentment from the parties concerned.

The registration of births and deaths in India, even at present, is too inadequate to be of much help in estimating fertility and mortality conditions in the country. From time to time, Indian census actuaries have constructed life tables indirectly by comparing one census age distribution with the preceding one. Because of inaccurate age reporting in Indian censuses, it was essential for those who constructed life tables to smooth the age distributions. The results obtained depended to a large extent on the method chosen for smoothing. This paper is an attempt to estimate some demographic measures for the nine census years between 1881 and 1961 by applying uniform computational methods to the data of all years. The measures, by sex, include an abridged life table, the growth rate, birth rate and death rate and as a by-product of, rather than a prerequisite for, obtaining other measures, the smoothed age distribution. The basic assumption underlying this paper is that, for all practical purposes, the Indian population can be considered as stable or quasi-stable for a period of 100 years in the immediate past.

This paper deals with certain problems in fertility analysis in the West Indies that has their origin in two characteristics of the populations involved: the diversity of family forms and the imbalance between the sexes. Considerations of the main features of these family types, in terms of a fourfold classification as well as in terms of the threefold classification adopted at recent censuses, single, common law and married, show that many techniques relied on in the study of fertility among European populations are inapplicable to West Indian populations. The limited data available permit only rough estimates of the rates of formation of different types of unions: but these emphasize that formal marriage usually takes place late in the childbearing period, generally after the couple has had one or more children, that the formation of keeper unions begins considerably earlier and that the common law type is a transitional state between the looser keeper union and the state of formal marriage. There seems to be no chance of studying fertility differentials among the several family types in terms of reproduction rates.