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Concepts regarding the causes of strokes have undergone marked evolution during the past several years. Treatment has been revised accordingly. Development of safe cervical-cerebral angiography has been a potent factor in bringing about these changes, for it is through increasing use of angiography that accurate evaluation of the cerebrovascular system has been made possible, and a focal anatomical diagnosis the rule. Segmental arterial disease in the neck has emerged as an important cause of hemiplegia. Surgical restoration of blood flow through or around vertebral artery and carotid artery occlusions may, in certain cases, cure the patient with stroke or prevent further attacks, whereas anticoagulant medication has been shown to be beneficial for many of those with proved cerebral artery occlusions. Clinical neurologic evaluation of the patient with cerebrovascular disease may point with considerable accuracy to the zone or zones of cerebral dysfunction, but may often fail to indicate the precise location of the lesion responsible for such dysfunction. A variety of different distant lesions may, unfortunately, produce the same neurologic signs and symptoms. It is the thesis of this paper that the clinical syndrome known as stroke is a symptom complex representing cerebral dysfunction, the precise form of this dysfunction being dependent upon a number of complex variables in cervical-cerebral circulatory structure and function. These vascular unknowns are best investigated with the use of serial cervical-cerebral angiography. In many instances accurate diagnosis is possible only by use of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the utility of thromboelastography in the study of vascular diseases. Schematic description of the thromboelastograph; Ability of thromboelastography to diagnose increases in coagulation and the difference between thrombosis and hemorrhage; Usefulness of the procedure in determining whether or not the prescribed anticoagulant is beneficial.

The author examines several published and unpublished literature concerning the study of tardive dyskinesia from 1967 to 1971. The paper is divided into various sections including the accounted frequency of the said disorder in patients treated with neuroleptic drug and the sample of subjects that were never exposed to the drug, the characteristics of patients with dyskinesia, the onset and evolution of the symptoms, the predisposing factors to the disorder and the possible treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Information regarding the anatomical and biochemical studies related to the condition is also discussed.

The article presents a study which discusses the division of childhood psychoses. They can be grouped into: (1) children with early onset and a slow chronic course; (2) children age three to five years with an acute course followed by regression; and (3) children aged over 5 years with a late onset and a fluctuating subacute course. Details of the researchers' ascertainment criteria in the study, the infantile psychosis and late onset psychoses are also discussed. Meanwhile, the study reported in the paper evaluates the value of distinction by age onset and creates the frequency of occurrence of the different signs in the different clinical groups.

The article presents the paper, the first of a series of reporting a five to fifteen year follow-up study of children with infantile psychoses, which attempts to provide a fairly detailed description of the children and their disorders in England. The group consisted of the 69 children who were all those who attended the Maudsley Hosspital between 1950 and 1958. The group is compared with a group of non-psychotic children who attended the same hospital at the same time, and who were individually matched for age, sex and intelligence levels.

Inefficient psychoneurological skills may be the outstanding reason for scholastic failure in many intellectually normal young school children. This opinion is based upon the results of an ongoing survey of 1000 normal 5 to 7% year old school children with a neurologically-oriented screening test designed to discriminate potential school failures. The test is called the Meeting Street School Screening Test for Learning Disorders (MSSST) and has undergone several revisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in nurses. Symptoms of LBP; Loss of nurses from the profession because of LBP; Diagnosis of LBP.

The article examines the research literature regarding the dermatological condition Pyogenic Granuloma, including the appearance of the lesion, pathology, and etiology. The difficult inherent in making a correct diagnosis of this condition is explained, especially regarding the high incidence of malignancy.

The article presents a report of four cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris. Topics discussed include suggestive psoriasis in some of the cases, tonsillitis, and erythrodermic forms. In addition, reference is made to other manifestation of the disease, such as follicular patterning, pityriasiform state of the scalp and face, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and nail changes.

The article discusses several aspects of the scleroderma-like changes accompanying certain collagen diseases. Topics discussed include erythema multiforme, chronic cellulitis, some allergic vascular states, urticaria, and lupus erythematosus. In addition, reference is made to the normal histological appearances of collagen-ground substance masses, and the effects of necrosin and of lymphatic blockage of superficial vessels.

A list of articles related to several body impairments is presented. The articles include "Diagnosis of deafness in the very young child," by Frederick R. Guilford, "The use of a group structure in speech therapy," by Ollie Backus, and "Mental health clinic services for children in the United States," by Maryland Y. Pennell.

The article presents the author's commentary on research conducted by F.W. McCormack on oral radiography. The author admires McCormack's work in terms of periodontitis, alveolitis, necrosis, osteosclerosis, and osteogenesis as related to diagnosis. Information is presented on radiograms, molars, and dental pulp as well.

Chronic renal failure precipitates a state of crisis for most patients and their families. This paper describes the contribution of the social worker in a renal unit operating a recurrent dialysis and renal homotransplantation program and shows some of the psychosocial and economic problems associated with chronic renal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between one's own personality traits and the traits he attributes to photographs of people and to known persons was used as a study of projection. Hypotheses based on Freudian theory were not confirmed. Tentative reasons for the absence of confirmation were given. The reasons were believed to lie in the unreliability of the ratings and diagnoses, although the possibility of the lack of validity of the hypotheses was considered. Within the theory, contradictions that lead to different predictions were noted and some of these contradictions were tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the Committee Report of the Psychology Section, examining Dr. Buck's endorsed paper, entitled "The Present and Future Status of the Psychologist in the Field of Mental Deficiency." The paper discusses on the problems of differential diagnosis, the psychologist as a therapist and as an educator. The paper concluded that the psychologists are no longer playing the traditional role of psychometrician. They already have a growing awareness on how to handle mentally-defective patients.

The article presents an analysis of the comparative evaluation of brain injured patients and of normal subjects. The article reports that prior to publication of their article researchers R.R. Blake and B.S. McCarty submitted the original manuscript to the writer for suggestions. The final paper shows an appreciation for some of the writer's comments in his letter of reply, but the basic points seem to have been slighted. At that time the writer comments that he did not consideration because it was a matter of merely commenting on their claims for the differential diagnostic value as between ill persons.

The author has written that he has written that he has reached the saturation point in regard to articles upholding and defending the "traditional method" or the behavior modification approach. As the author continues to read such articles, he begins to feel that the writers are more concerned with theoretical discussions and arguments than with service to people. In addition there is an overwhelming tendency on the part of these writers to generalize and distort in order to support their point of view. Writer H.G. Wadsworth's paper "Initiating a Preventive Corrective Approach in an Elementary School System," in the july issue is typical of the articles to which the author refers, although it is less scholarly than others and reflects his lack of knowledge of school social work. In the study the author begins by stating that the school social worker's procedure has included referral of a child by the teacher, various diagnostic studies and referral back to the teacher or an outside source.

The article presents a paper that reemphasizes and presents suggestions for avoiding or ameliorating the pitfalls in diagnosis and management of epiglottitis. Repeated attempts at direct visualization of the epiglottis may lead to sudden respiratory arrest; emergency endotracheal intubation may be impossible, and crisis tracheotomy too slow. Rapid confirmation of diagnosis by lateral neck film and early "elective" tracheotomy may be more acceptable alternatives. Acute epiglottitis of childhood is a well-described syndrome. There has been some coverage in more specialized journals, but the pediatric literature contains little detailed discussion of the problem of early and accurate diagnosis, the danger of direct visualization procedures and the difficulty inherent in emergency therapy. Two illustrative cases of epiglottitis at the Children's Hospital of Newark, New Jersey, demonstrate some of the less well-known facets of this frightening and extremely rapid disease.

Discusses speech retardation in children caused by brain injury. Initial impressions that indicate the speech disability; Signs to look for when diagnosing the disorder in brain injured children; Explanation on the phases of speech therapy.

Reports on the use of enemas in studying a patient who succeeded in denuding the mucosa of his transverse colon with combinations of common household detergents. Results of a rectal examination; Performance of sigmoidoscopy; Description of the ptotic transverse colon revealed by barium enema.

This article presents information on the paper "Tests of Peripheral Vascular Efficiency," by R.W. Wilkins and J.D. Coffman that was published in a 1962 issue of the periodical "Practitioner." A careful history with emphasis on the appearance, temperature and comfort of the limbs especially during exposure to cold or exercise, may be more helpful than many laboratory tests. The importance of careful clinical examination is stressed and simple tests are described.

This article presents information on the paper "New Growths in the Mouth," by J.P. Waterhouse that was published in a 1961 issue of the periodical "Practitioner." A review of hypertrophic and atrophic premalignant conditions of the oral cavity, with description of benign and malignant tumors.

This article presents information on the research paper "Plant Dermatitis," by A. Rook. The paper focuses on the influence of changes in horticultural fashion on the pattern and incidence of plant dermatitis. Most cases are the result of sensitization but little is known of the nature of the antigenic substances. Phytophotodermatitis is not an allergic mechanism but is due to the presence of furocoumarines which potentiate the action of ultra-violet light on the skin. The relationship between certain botanical features and the capacity to induce dermatitis is discussed. The common causes of plant dermatitis in Great Britain are tabulated and the clinical features and diagnosis are reviewed.

This article presents information on the research paper "Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease," by J. Alsop, T.H. Flewett and J.R. Foster. The paper reports on an outbreak in 24 patients. The disease was mild and persisted for less than a week. The majority of patients were under 4 years of age. The eruption consisted of small vesicles which affected the mouth, hands and feet, and in a few patients there was a maculo papular rash on the buttocks. Coxsackie group A type 16 virus was isolated from vesicle fluid from the hands of one patient.

The article presents information on the research paper "Localised Forms of Pemphigus and Pemphigoid," by A. Crosti. An illustrated description of varieties of localized pemphigus-like lesions and their differentiation in discussed in the paper. The Senear-Usher type of pemphigus is particularly likely to remain localized, sometimes for years.

This article focuses on the paper "Melanosis Circumscripta," by D. Grinspan and J. Abulafia. The authors in this paper describe 10 examples of their own, and review the literature and the newer ideas on the subject. If the lesions become malignant the prognosis is relatively good and the usual extensive extirpation is unnecessary.

This article focuses on the paper "Diagnosis of Tuberculous skin Disease," by A.K. Das. The paper discusses tuberculosis of the skin. The purpose is educational rather than the breaking of new ground and the standard is high.

The article presents a paper "Chronic Postherpetic Neuralgia," by L.S. Van Blartcom and G. Horrax. Postherpetic neuralgia affects men and women equally and is very uncommon before the age of 40. Thirty-five patients with neuralgia of more than 3 years duration were studied and the response to many types of treatment was assessed. The precise mode of production of the pain is unknown, the authors suggest that the virus causes extensive and persistent inflammatory changes which are the original source of the pain, when the central nervous system is bombarded by pain impulses for too long a period a central pain mechanism is established with self-perpetuating circuits.

The article presents a paper "Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Correlation of Clinical and Microscopic Observations," by Isadore Fisher. The author concludes that there is no correlation between clinical and histological diagnosis. There is no clear cut difference in the course or prognosis of cases showing intraepidermal (acantholytic) and subepidermal (non-acantholytic or tension) bullae. Both types of bullae may be found at different times in the same patient. All should be labeled "pemphigus" there is no call for a sub-class of" senile dermatitis herpetiformis" or " pemphigoid."

The article focuses on the research paper "History and Diagnosis of the Dermatophytes," by L. Grigoraki. In this paper, the author surveys his own work and classification based chiefly on examination of old cultures which allow a better study of the spores.

The article focuses on the research paper "Malignant Tumours Arising From the Axillary Sweat Glands," by N. Puente Duany. It informs that histological diagnosis of tumours arising from the axillary sweat glands may be difficult because of the resemblance of the cells in the early stage to those of the ducts of the glands, and in the later stage to those of mammary duct carcinoma.

The article presents information about a study on cutaneous smears, which was published in the "Journal of Investigative Dermatology." It informs about a diagnostic aid in certain malignant lesions of the skin. Fresh from biopsy and before immersion in fixative the sample is cut in half, gently pressed or smeared on the slide, air dried, and stained. In 176 cases comprising 52 distinct types of skin lesion the smears were compared with the section.

The article presents information about a study, which analyzes the role of capillary microscopy in the diagnosis of dermatological diseases, published in the "Journal of Investigative Dermatology." It informs that the study clearly needs much dexterity and experience. The study deals solely with appearances of the capillary loop supposed to be characteristic of different diseases.

The article presents information on the research paper "Concerning So-Called Thrombophlebitis Migrans," by M. Ruiter, published in 1953. The paper postulates an allergic aetiology as a result of detailed histological examination.

The article presents information on the research paper entitled " For and Against Treatment Before Diagnosis," by J. Kiwa., published in the 1954 issue of British Journal of Venerology. In the paper, the author presents his arguments against treatment before diagnosis as, purely on the grounds of common sense. According to him, it is better to know where one is going before one goes. The case is presented concisely and lucidly.

The article presents information on the research paper entitled "Treatment Before Diagnosis in Venerelogy," by R.R. Wilcox, published in the 1954 issue of British Journal of Venerology. In the paper, arguments are presented by the author for "cart before the horse" method of approach but much of the evidence has a distinctly sandy basis, is far from convincing, and incurs the risk of a loss of prestige to the venereologist.

The article discusses the paper "Balanitis Circinata in Reiter's Disease," by H. Reich. The paper reports that balanitis circinata may be the only cutaneous manifestation of Reiter's disease and therefore serve for diagnosis. The stratum corneum is parakeratotic and Reich likes the name balanitis circinata parakeratotica.

This article focuses on a note on the Bender-Gestalt test as a prognostic indicator in mental illness. During the course of performing some other research in prognosis the authors of this paper routinely administered the Bender-Gestalt to patients admitted to Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh. These patients were evaluated a year and a half later as improved or unimproved. Comparison of the Bender Z-scores of these two groups with those of the groups in the earlier study show rather strikingly similar results. This study included 28 patients of different diagnoses, ages, etc., admitted to Western Psychiatric during the first six months of 1951.

The article focuses on the increasing medical uses of radiation. The X-rays from various types of machines and the radiations from radioactive isotopes provide an invaluable and unique means of diagnosis and treatment of disease. The indispensable benefits of radiation are associated with possible hazards due to its biological action. The diagnostic procedures are the major source of medical X-ray exposure. X-rays are used diagnostically not only by radiologists but also by many other medical practitioners. The radiation can produce leukemia, cataracts, cancer and may shorten life. Other effects include the production of sterility and epilation.

The article presents the report of the Committee on Medicine and Psychiatry on their activities confined primarily to cooperative enterprises covering the development of a new diagnostic and classification manual to be published by the American Association on Mental Deficiency. It was discussed that a paper was developed covering a new classification with accompanying descriptive material which attempts to modernize the classification for mental retardation.

This article focuses on the information related to the research work "Psoriasis in Medical History," by L. Nardelli. Psoriasis has been traced through the pages of medical history and the story that emerges is well known but bears repetition. The first clear record comes from the Greeks who had several words for this disease of which lepra was perhaps the one which was to be remembered best in the subsequent centuries. Roman medicine was an eclectic art, and the main influence was derived from Greece.

This article presents information about a research paper "Rosacea-Like Tuberculide of Lewandowsky," by W.G. Van Ketel. A study of the literature casts grave doubt on all the supposed criteria for the diagnosis of rosacea-like tubereulide. From the author's own series of 55 cases of rosacea he concludes that neither the appearances, diascopy, the histology nor the Mantoux reaction justify the view that such a tuberculide exists, and he considers that the name should be abandoned.

This article presents information on a device useful in recording nail changes. Quite apart from the need, in photographically recording nail changes, exactly to reproduce the position of the nails on each occasion, this device is also useful in the case of patients who are too clumsy to "make a fist " for the purposes of casual clinical photography or even of x-ray treatment. If great accuracy is required a cast of colored plaster or of "Stent" must be made for each case; but for many purposes a set of "handles" in dark colored plastic in three different sizes will meet the case.

The article focuses on announcements about books and their authors. Some of the books are "Deviant Children Grown Up," by Robins, Lee N. The book is a longitudinal study that traces the social and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood of 524 child guidance clinic patients and compares them to those of a control group of 100 normal children. The childhood factors that appear to predict which disturbed children grow into adults with antisocial behavior diagnosed as the sociopathic personality are examined in detail. The next book is entitled "Auf der Suche nach Wirkllichkeit. Gesammelted ätze," by Helmut Schelsky. The book is a collection of Schelsky's most important papers and works with focus on the future and the development of society. The next book is entitled "The Forest of Symbols," by Victor Turner. The book is based on field work among the Ndembu of Zambia. It combines a very detailed description of the Ndembu with a theoretical analysis of the semantics of ritual symbolism. The Ndembu are a matrilineal, virilacal people with a high spatial mobility. Villages as well as individuals and families have a high rate of mobility.

The article attempts to validate new Rorschach indicators for the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia, drawing records from the writer's files of 50 schizophrenics and 50 neurotics. The article presents a table that shows that all the Weiner indicators are commoner in the schizophrenics than in the neurotics. Although the general trend of the results was in keeping with Weiner's, they were not statistically significant.

The paper presents two case histories of patients with kala azar disease. The clinical diagnosis of the condition is relatively simple and the timely institution of proper treatment may cure a potentially fatal disease. In both of the patients, kala azar was suspected. Promptly on admission, positive steps were taken to investigate this possibility. The diagnosis of kala azar, once suspected, is not difficult to establish. The clinical phenomena may suspect the possibility of brutellosis, tuberculosis, malaria, histoplasmosis or malignancy. Patients with kala azar often have an increase in the serum globulins and the reversal of A/G ratio. The definitive diagnosis can be made only by the finding of Leishmania donovani in aspirates or biopsies or cultures of the bone marrow, spleen, liver, skin or lymph nodes.

This research attempts to explain the sudden onset of a series of severe, physical symptoms found in a group of female workers. An attempt to explain the symptoms in classical biomedical terms proved fruitless. Explanations for the behavior indicate that persons who were the most dissatisfied with their work situation tended to present the most severe symptomatology and that these persons reported having friends who also experienced more severe symptoms. The research suggests the use of sociological theory to facilitate explanations of physical illness and provides a replication of the work of Kerckhoff and Back, The June Bug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]